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The Language Kinship of Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese

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The Language Kinship of Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese THE LANGUAGE KINSHIP OF TEOCHEW, HAKKA, AND CANTONESE TESIS Oleh SHERLY NOVITA 177009023/LNG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 Universitas Sumatera Utara THE LANGUAGE KINSHIP OF TEOCHEW, HAKKA, AND CANTONESE TESIS Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Sains dalam Program Studi Linguistik pada Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Oleh SHERLY NOVITA 177009023/LNG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara TINGKAT KEKERABATAN ANTARA DIALEK TEOCHEW, HAKKA, DAN KANTON ABSTRAK Tesis ini berjudul "Tingkat Kekerabatan antara Teochew, Hakka, dan Kanton". Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi persamaan dan perbedaan bunyi pada dialek Teochew (TC), Hakka (HK), dan Kanton (CO). Perbandingan antara ketiga dialek ini dapat dikatakan sama usianya dengan timbulnya ilmu bahasa itu sendiri. Pemahaman tentang bahasa selalu menarik perhatian orang untuk mengetahui sejauh mana terdapat kemiripan aspek bahasa tersebut. Menghitung persentase kognat dan menemukan kapan ketiga dialek dalam tesis ini termasuk ke dalam satu keluarga bahasa sebelum akhirnya berpisah menjadi dialek yang berbeda atau waktu pisah didasarkan pada teori Linguistik Historis Komparatif. Metode penelitian yang diterapkan adalah metode kuantitatif-kualitatif dengan menggunakan daftar Swadesh proto Sino-Tibet. Metode dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan mengacu pada metode cakap dengan teknik rekam – catat. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode korespondensi kualitatif dan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik glotokronologi dan leksikostatistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dialek TC, HK, dan CO memiliki pasangan identik, korespondensi fonemis, satu fonem yang berbeda, dan satu suku yang serupa. Dialek TC~HK dan TC~CO memiliki 60 dan 75 kata berkerabat dengan tingkat kekerabatan atau persentase kognat sebesar 29 % dan 36 %, yang keduanya dikategorikan ke dalam subkelompok stok. Di sisi lain, HK~CO memiliki 121 kata berkerabat dengan tingkat kekerabatan atau persentase kognat sebesar 58 % dan dikategorikan dalam subkelompok famili. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa dialek HK dan CO merupakan dialek yang paling dekat dan berkerabat di antara ketiga dialek yang dibandingkan. Dialek HK dan CO merupakan dua bahasa yang berkerabat pada tahun 765 sesudah Masehi (2,020 – 1,255) sebelum akhirnya berpisah. Kata kunci — korespondensi fonemis, tingkat kekerabatan, persentase kognat, waktu pisah, dialek i Universitas Sumatera Utara THE LANGUAGE KINSHIP OF TEOCHEW, HAKKA, AND CANTONESE ABSTRACT This thesis is entitled "The Language Kinship of Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese". This research is aimed to identify the similarities and differences in terms of sounds of Teochew (TC), Hakka (HK), and Cantonese (CO). The comparison of these three dialects can be said to be the same lineage by seeing the linguistics itself. The understanding about languages is always attractive to some people to know the language aspect similarities further. To calculate the cognate percentages of relationship of them, and to discover when they were separated before they were considered to be a language family or the lineages are based on the theory of Historical Comparative Linguistics. The research method used is quantitative- qualitative method through Sino-Tibetan Swadesh List. The data collection method and technique used refer to interview method, recording and note-taking technique or rekam - catat. The data were analyzed by using qualitative method of correspondences and quantitative methods of glottochronology and lexicostatistics. The result of the research shows that TC, HK, and CO are having identical pairs, phonemic correspondences, different one phoneme, and one syllable similarity. TC~HK and TC~CO are having 60 and 75 related words at the percentage levels of 29 % and 36 %, both are categorized into the subgroup of clump or stock. On the other hand, HK~CO is having 121 related words at the percentage level of 58 % in the subgroup of family. The conclusion of this research is that HK and CO are the closest dialects of the three compared dialects. They were together and considered as family in 765 AD (2,020 - 1,255) before diverging. Keywords — sound correspondences, language kinship, cognate percentages, lineages, dialects ii Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer is grateful to The Almighty God for establishing her in completing this thesis. In compiling this thesis, the writer has received a lot of moral and material supports from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to: 1. Dr. Muryanto Amin, S.Sos., M.Si, as the rector in Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., as the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences in Universitas Sumatera Utara. 3. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP., as the Head of the Linguistic Program in Universitas Sumatera Utara, and the examiner of the thesis, who has been giving inputs and suggestions for this thesis. 4. Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A., as the Secretary of Linguistic Program in Universitas Sumatera Utara, who has been very supporting and motivating the writer during her study. 5. Dr. Dwi Widayati, M.Hum., as the advisor of the thesis, who has been guiding, motivating, supporting, and being considerate, as well as welcoming and providing free time for the writer to have a discussion during the counselling and study. 6. Dr. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A., as the advisor of the thesis, who has been guiding, motivating, supporting, and being considerate, as well as welcoming and providing free time for the writer to have a discussion during the counselling and study. 7. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D., as the examiner of the thesis, who has been giving inputs and suggestions for this thesis. 8. Dr. Dardanila, M.Hum., as the examiner of the thesis, who has been giving inputs and suggestions for this thesis. The writer also thanks board of lecturers in Department of Linguistics, all the iii Universitas Sumatera Utara faculty members for their expert, sincere, valuable guidance, assistance and encouragement; as well as her parents, friends, and informants for their unceasing encouragement and support. The writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect, yet the writer wishes that this thesis may be beneficial for the readers and the scientific purposes. Medan, 5th June 2020 The Writer, Sherly Novita iv Universitas Sumatera Utara BIOGRAPHY I. Personal Information Name : Sherly Novita Place / Date of Birth : Medan / 27 November 1991 Sex : Female Religion : Buddhist Status : Divorced Address : Jln. Pukat VII Gg. Indah No. 10 e-mail : [email protected] [email protected] II. Educational Background 1. TK Perguruan Jenderal Sudirman 2. SD Perguruan Jenderal Sudirman 3. SMP Perguruan Swasta Wiyata Dharma 4. SMA Perguruan Swasta Wiyata Dharma 5. S-1 Methodist University of Indonesia (UMI) III. Working Experience 1. English teacher at Leo English Course 2. English teacher at Winfield (Y.P. Karya Anugerah) 3. Kindergarten Principal at TK Karya Anugerah IV. Article Publication 1. A Semantic Analysis of Experiencer Construction in Hokkien (Macrothink Institute International Journal of Linguistics, 2019, Vol. 11, No. 1. P-ISSN 1948-5425) 2. Pembentukan Verba Ergatif dalam Bahasa Hokkien: Kajian Morfosintaksis (Jurnal Linguistika, 2019, Vol. 26. No. 1, P-ISSN 0854-9613 / E-ISSN 2656-6419) v Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Kekerabatan Kosa Kata Bahasa Karo, Bahasa Nias, dan Bahasa Simalungun di Kota Medan: Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif (Jurnal Linguistika, 2019, Vol. 26 No. 3, P-ISSN 0854-9613 / E- ISSN 2656-6419) 4. The Degree of Relationship among Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese (Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA), 2020, Vol. 3 No. 3, P-ISSN 2654-7058 / E-ISSN 2654- 7066) 5. The Sound Correspondence of Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese (Jurnal Humanika, 2020, Vol. 27. No. 2, P-ISSN 1412-9418 / E- ISSN 2502-5783) 6. Multilingualism as The Cause of Teochew Dialect Extinction in Medan (The 1st International Virtual Seminar on Endangered Language and Linguistics 2020 / IVSoELL) vi Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………………i ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................... iii BIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... .v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. ix LIST OF SYMBOLS ................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................xii LIST OF APPENDIX ............................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................
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