DOCSLIB.ORG

The Language Kinship of Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE LANGUAGE KINSHIP OF TEOCHEW, HAKKA, AND CANTONESE TESIS Oleh SHERLY NOVITA 177009023/LNG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 Universitas Sumatera Utara THE LANGUAGE KINSHIP OF TEOCHEW, HAKKA, AND CANTONESE TESIS Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Sains dalam Program Studi Linguistik pada Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Oleh SHERLY NOVITA 177009023/LNG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara TINGKAT KEKERABATAN ANTARA DIALEK TEOCHEW, HAKKA, DAN KANTON ABSTRAK Tesis ini berjudul "Tingkat Kekerabatan antara Teochew, Hakka, dan Kanton". Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi persamaan dan perbedaan bunyi pada dialek Teochew (TC), Hakka (HK), dan Kanton (CO). Perbandingan antara ketiga dialek ini dapat dikatakan sama usianya dengan timbulnya ilmu bahasa itu sendiri. Pemahaman tentang bahasa selalu menarik perhatian orang untuk mengetahui sejauh mana terdapat kemiripan aspek bahasa tersebut. Menghitung persentase kognat dan menemukan kapan ketiga dialek dalam tesis ini termasuk ke dalam satu keluarga bahasa sebelum akhirnya berpisah menjadi dialek yang berbeda atau waktu pisah didasarkan pada teori Linguistik Historis Komparatif. Metode penelitian yang diterapkan adalah metode kuantitatif-kualitatif dengan menggunakan daftar Swadesh proto Sino-Tibet. Metode dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan mengacu pada metode cakap dengan teknik rekam – catat. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode korespondensi kualitatif dan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik glotokronologi dan leksikostatistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dialek TC, HK, dan CO memiliki pasangan identik, korespondensi fonemis, satu fonem yang berbeda, dan satu suku yang serupa. Dialek TC~HK dan TC~CO memiliki 60 dan 75 kata berkerabat dengan tingkat kekerabatan atau persentase kognat sebesar 29 % dan 36 %, yang keduanya dikategorikan ke dalam subkelompok stok. Di sisi lain, HK~CO memiliki 121 kata berkerabat dengan tingkat kekerabatan atau persentase kognat sebesar 58 % dan dikategorikan dalam subkelompok famili. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa dialek HK dan CO merupakan dialek yang paling dekat dan berkerabat di antara ketiga dialek yang dibandingkan. Dialek HK dan CO merupakan dua bahasa yang berkerabat pada tahun 765 sesudah Masehi (2,020 – 1,255) sebelum akhirnya berpisah. Kata kunci — korespondensi fonemis, tingkat kekerabatan, persentase kognat, waktu pisah, dialek i Universitas Sumatera Utara THE LANGUAGE KINSHIP OF TEOCHEW, HAKKA, AND CANTONESE ABSTRACT This thesis is entitled "The Language Kinship of Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese". This research is aimed to identify the similarities and differences in terms of sounds of Teochew (TC), Hakka (HK), and Cantonese (CO). The comparison of these three dialects can be said to be the same lineage by seeing the linguistics itself. The understanding about languages is always attractive to some people to know the language aspect similarities further. To calculate the cognate percentages of relationship of them, and to discover when they were separated before they were considered to be a language family or the lineages are based on the theory of Historical Comparative Linguistics. The research method used is quantitative- qualitative method through Sino-Tibetan Swadesh List. The data collection method and technique used refer to interview method, recording and note-taking technique or rekam - catat. The data were analyzed by using qualitative method of correspondences and quantitative methods of glottochronology and lexicostatistics. The result of the research shows that TC, HK, and CO are having identical pairs, phonemic correspondences, different one phoneme, and one syllable similarity. TC~HK and TC~CO are having 60 and 75 related words at the percentage levels of 29 % and 36 %, both are categorized into the subgroup of clump or stock. On the other hand, HK~CO is having 121 related words at the percentage level of 58 % in the subgroup of family. The conclusion of this research is that HK and CO are the closest dialects of the three compared dialects. They were together and considered as family in 765 AD (2,020 - 1,255) before diverging. Keywords — sound correspondences, language kinship, cognate percentages, lineages, dialects ii Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer is grateful to The Almighty God for establishing her in completing this thesis. In compiling this thesis, the writer has received a lot of moral and material supports from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to: 1. Dr. Muryanto Amin, S.Sos., M.Si, as the rector in Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., as the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences in Universitas Sumatera Utara. 3. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP., as the Head of the Linguistic Program in Universitas Sumatera Utara, and the examiner of the thesis, who has been giving inputs and suggestions for this thesis. 4. Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A., as the Secretary of Linguistic Program in Universitas Sumatera Utara, who has been very supporting and motivating the writer during her study. 5. Dr. Dwi Widayati, M.Hum., as the advisor of the thesis, who has been guiding, motivating, supporting, and being considerate, as well as welcoming and providing free time for the writer to have a discussion during the counselling and study. 6. Dr. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A., as the advisor of the thesis, who has been guiding, motivating, supporting, and being considerate, as well as welcoming and providing free time for the writer to have a discussion during the counselling and study. 7. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D., as the examiner of the thesis, who has been giving inputs and suggestions for this thesis. 8. Dr. Dardanila, M.Hum., as the examiner of the thesis, who has been giving inputs and suggestions for this thesis. The writer also thanks board of lecturers in Department of Linguistics, all the iii Universitas Sumatera Utara faculty members for their expert, sincere, valuable guidance, assistance and encouragement; as well as her parents, friends, and informants for their unceasing encouragement and support. The writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect, yet the writer wishes that this thesis may be beneficial for the readers and the scientific purposes. Medan, 5th June 2020 The Writer, Sherly Novita iv Universitas Sumatera Utara BIOGRAPHY I. Personal Information Name : Sherly Novita Place / Date of Birth : Medan / 27 November 1991 Sex : Female Religion : Buddhist Status : Divorced Address : Jln. Pukat VII Gg. Indah No. 10 e-mail : [email protected] [email protected] II. Educational Background 1. TK Perguruan Jenderal Sudirman 2. SD Perguruan Jenderal Sudirman 3. SMP Perguruan Swasta Wiyata Dharma 4. SMA Perguruan Swasta Wiyata Dharma 5. S-1 Methodist University of Indonesia (UMI) III. Working Experience 1. English teacher at Leo English Course 2. English teacher at Winfield (Y.P. Karya Anugerah) 3. Kindergarten Principal at TK Karya Anugerah IV. Article Publication 1. A Semantic Analysis of Experiencer Construction in Hokkien (Macrothink Institute International Journal of Linguistics, 2019, Vol. 11, No. 1. P-ISSN 1948-5425) 2. Pembentukan Verba Ergatif dalam Bahasa Hokkien: Kajian Morfosintaksis (Jurnal Linguistika, 2019, Vol. 26. No. 1, P-ISSN 0854-9613 / E-ISSN 2656-6419) v Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Kekerabatan Kosa Kata Bahasa Karo, Bahasa Nias, dan Bahasa Simalungun di Kota Medan: Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif (Jurnal Linguistika, 2019, Vol. 26 No. 3, P-ISSN 0854-9613 / E- ISSN 2656-6419) 4. The Degree of Relationship among Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese (Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA), 2020, Vol. 3 No. 3, P-ISSN 2654-7058 / E-ISSN 2654- 7066) 5. The Sound Correspondence of Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese (Jurnal Humanika, 2020, Vol. 27. No. 2, P-ISSN 1412-9418 / E- ISSN 2502-5783) 6. Multilingualism as The Cause of Teochew Dialect Extinction in Medan (The 1st International Virtual Seminar on Endangered Language and Linguistics 2020 / IVSoELL) vi Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………………i ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................... iii BIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... .v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. ix LIST OF SYMBOLS ................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................xii LIST OF APPENDIX ............................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................
Recommended publications
  • Lowalangi: from the Name of an Ethnic Religious Figure to the Name of God

    Lowalangi: from the Name of an Ethnic Religious Figure to the Name of God

    HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-8050, (Print) 0259-9422 Page 1 of 6 Original Research Lowalangi: From the name of an ethnic religious figure to the name of God Author: This article shows the success of local cultural adaptation strategies in communicating the 1 Sonny E. Zaluchu gospel to people of the Nias ethnicity in North Sumatra, Indonesia. This adaptation is the Affiliation: name Lowalangi, the name of the god of the pre-Christian era, to become the name of God, 1Department of Theology, the creator and saviour of the world incarnated in the person of Jesus Christ. As a result, the Indonesia Baptist Theological use of this name was not limited to a translation process. Still, the whole concept of divinity for Seminary, Semarang, the Nias people was transferred and transformed into a Christian understanding. They know Indonesia him as Lowalangi, have faith in him and pray to him in that name. The author uses a Corresponding author: comparative analysis with other places in Indonesia. The author tries to establish parallelism Sonny Zaluchu, with methods used elsewhere, assuming that the methods used tend to be the same. [email protected] Contribution: Churches and Christians in Nias are strengthened in their beliefs by praying Dates: and mentioning Lowalangi’s name, which imparts the same faith quality as the biblical use of Received: 14 Nov. 2020 Accepted: 27 Feb. 2021 God’s personal name. This adaptation can be a strategy for introducing the gospel in Published: 20 Apr. 2021 missiology and church planting in response to local culture as a wealth that cannot be negated.
  • Phonological Elision in Malaysian Cantonese Casual Speech

    Phonological Elision in Malaysian Cantonese Casual Speech

    PHONOLOGICAL ELISION IN MALAYSIAN CANTONESE CASUAL SPEECH ONG YIN HSIAR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 PHONOLOGICAL ELISION IN MALAYSIAN CANTONESE CASUAL SPEECH ONG YIN HSIAR (B. ARTS), UM A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 Acknowledgement How does a person say “thank you” when there are so many people to thank? This thesis is dedicated to my family, who encourage me to pursue my dream without a fear. They are my mentors and heroes that make my life complete. In my course of learning at NUS, I have had the benefit of wisdom from three supervisors. A/P Lee Cher Leng took me under her wing at the crucial moment when I was nearing completion of this research; Dr. Yan Xiuhong offered me insightful comments and guidance after my first supervisor Wee Lian Hee left NUS. But it was also Lian Hee who started me on the journey of Linguistics. Even though he had left NUS, modern technology had made it possible for me to obtain much help from him. I would have been lost if not for his suggestions and patience in keeping an eye almost word-by-word in my thesis. I would also like to thank everyone who contributed in any way to the completion of this project. I am particularly grateful for the National University of Singapore Research Scholarship (2005-2007), without which my life would be peppered with much physical hardship. On fieldwork, recordings and phonetic analyses, I am indebted to A/P Robbie Goh, Mr.
  • 1 Syllable Structure San Duanmu in Encyclopedia of Chinese Language

    1 Syllable Structure San Duanmu in Encyclopedia of Chinese Language

    1 Syllable Structure San Duanmu In Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, Volume 4, ed. Rint Sybesma (general editor), 230-236. Leiden: Brill. Summary Despite its seemingly simple structure, there are many interesting questions about the Chinese syllable, such as its size, its structure, its interaction with stress and tone, and why the syllable inventory is so sparsely populated. Keywords: Weight-Stress Principle, Tone-Stress Principle, missing syllables, syllabic consonants 1. Introduction In this article “Chinese” refers generally to all varieties and dialects. The boundaries of the syllable are fairly clear in Chinese. In most cases, each Chinese written graph, zì 字, represents a syllable and thus syllable boundaries are unambiguous in writing. In most cases, each morpheme also corresponds to a spoken syllable, which may help speakers judge syllable boundaries whether they are literate or not. Chinese scholars have studied syllables for a long time. For example, Sūn Yán 孫炎 of the Three Kingdoms period (about 200-280) used a method, known as fǎnqiē 反切 ‘reverse cut’, to indicate pronunciation in his book Ěryǎ Yīn Yì 《爾雅音義》. Similarly, medieval Chinese rhyme books grouped written graphs into different sets based on their similarities in pronunciation. But some important questions were rarely discussed until modern times, such as the size and the structure of syllables, the relation between syllable structure, stress, and tone, and the compatibility of sounds within a syllable, which we address below. 2. Syllable size and syllable structure The analysis of syllables depends on the analysis of what a sound unit, or phoneme, is (where a sound unit can be V (vowel), C (consonant), or G (glide)).
  • Investigation of the Consonant Endings of the Chaoshan Dialect: a Result of Language Contact and Horizontal Transmission

    Investigation of the Consonant Endings of the Chaoshan Dialect: a Result of Language Contact and Horizontal Transmission

    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses Dissertations and Theses 5-8-2020 INVESTIGATION OF THE CONSONANT ENDINGS OF THE CHAOSHAN DIALECT: A RESULT OF LANGUAGE CONTACT AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION Jin Chen University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2 Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, Comparative and Historical Linguistics Commons, and the Computational Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Chen, Jin, "INVESTIGATION OF THE CONSONANT ENDINGS OF THE CHAOSHAN DIALECT: A RESULT OF LANGUAGE CONTACT AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION" (2020). Masters Theses. 903. https://doi.org/10.7275/17376168 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/903 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVESTIGATION OF THE CONSONANT ENDINGS OF THE CHAOSHAN DIALECT: A RESULT OF LANGUAGE CONTACT AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION A Thesis Presented by JIN CHEN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2020 Chinese © Copyright by Jin Chen 2020 All Rights Reserved INVESTIGATION OF THE CONSONANT ENDINGS OF THE CHAOSHAN DIALECT: A RESULT OF LANGUAGE CONTACT AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION
  • Consequence of Sounds the Consonants and Vowels

    Consequence of Sounds the Consonants and Vowels

    Consequence of sounds The consonants and vowels Péter Szigetvári Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest [email protected] GPRT 9, Budapest, 2013-04-20 1: vowel aeoiu 2: vowel as consonant (semivowel, glide) j w 3: consonant as vowel (syllabic consonant) r l n m s? t?? " " " " " " 4: consonant lnmvzfsbdgptk ◮ i : j = n : n ? " ◮ ⇒ three categories: V, transition (sonorant C), C? ◮ ⇒ syllabic consonants are vowels(?) vowel consonant z }| { z }| { aeoiu j w r l n m vzfsbdgptk | {z } | {z } | {z } syllabic possibly syllabic nonsyllabic vocalic consonantal syllabic aeoiu r l n m " " " " nonsyllabic j w rlnmvzsfbdgptk V r l mn O French, BE stressed →] ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ GA stressed, Serbo-Croat → →] ∗ ∗ ∗ Slovak → → →] ∗ ∗ English unstressed → → → →] ∗ Ci +“C i ” and “C i ”+Ci is okay yeast [j´Iist], beyond [bIj´Ond], woo [w´Uu], Kuwait [kUuw´Ejt], terrorist [t´ErrIst] (= [tErÄIst]?) " no Ci +C i canon *[k´ann], minimum *[m´InImm], parallel *[p´ar@ll] " " " C i #Ci is okay (no #C for independent(?) reasons) maple-leaf [m´Eipll`Iif], suddenness [s´@dnn@s] " " so [l n m] behave like consonants: they are syllabic consonants; but [r" ]" belongs" with [i] and [u] as vowels, not with syllabic consonants " [m n] after obstruents and [r] " " prism [pr´Izm], prison [pr´Izn], quorum [kw´o:rm], barren/baron" [b´arn] " " " [l] after any C but [l] " mortal [m´o:tl], morsel [m´o:sl], normal [n´o:ml], colonel [k´@:nl], moral [m´Orl]," loyal [l´oijl], narwhal" [n´A:wl] " " " " " [r] after any C but only before V or C " battery [b´atrIi], periphery [p@r´IfrIi], camera [k´amr@],
  • Originating Outside the Island, Westerners As Well As Non-Westerners, on the Other

    Originating Outside the Island, Westerners As Well As Non-Westerners, on the Other

    ACCULTURATION IN TANG NIHA (THE ISLAND OF NIAS)I James Danandj aj a University of Indonesia, Djakarta Acculturation on' Nias is discussed with special attention to religion and the role of missionaries as agents of change. The traditional social organization and religion are reviewed, followed by an examination of the processes of Dutch colonization and missionization by German Protest- ants. The role of an indigenous revitalization movement in the Christianization of Nias is dis- cussed at length. Finally, the Nias case is placed within a broader framework of acculturation and change. (acculturation, Christianity, colonial- ism, culture change, culture contact, Indonesia, Nias, religion, revitalization movements) I. INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper is acculturation on the island of Nias. Nias is a small island of 4,000 square kilometers, located off the west coast of Sumatra in the Republic of Indonesia. By acculturation I mean what Robert Redfield, Ralph Linton, and Melville J. Herskovits (1936) defined as: "Those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups." I shall discuss acculturation in terms of the culture of the indigenous people of Nias on the one hand, and the cultures of immigrants originating outside the island, Westerners as well as non-Westerners, on the other. The Westerners include Dutch and British colonial officers (civil as well as military) and German Protestant missionaries. The non-Westerners include other Indonesian ethnic groups, such as the Atjehnese traders and slavers, Minangkabau traders, Buginese migrants, Mr.
  • The Globalization of Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations

    The Globalization of Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations

    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Between transnational network and the state : the globalization of diasporic Chinese voluntary associations Lin, Chia Tsun 2019 Lin, C. T. (2019). Between transnational network and the state : the globalization of diasporic Chinese voluntary associations. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/86192 https://doi.org/10.32657/10220/48308 Downloaded on 27 Sep 2021 20:08:09 SGT BETWEEN TRANSNATIONAL NETWORK AND THE STATE: THE GLOBALIZATION OF DIASPORIC CHINESE VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS LIN CHIA TSUN SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 2018 Between Transnational Network and the State: The Globalization of Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations LIN CHIA TSUN School of Social Sciences A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 1 | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Nanyang Technological University for providing the scholarship, facilities and conducive working environment that allowed me to pursue my interest in this topic for the past four years. I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor Liu Hong for his expertise, guidance and patience that helped me through the fieldwork and thesis writing process. I am thankful for his feedback and timely responses to whatever questions that I had, and help that I needed. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis committee members, Professor Lee Chee Hiang for his assistance in the data collection process as well as Professor Els Van Dongen. The thesis would not have been written without their relevant assistance.
  • Christian-Muslim Relationships in Medan

    Christian-Muslim Relationships in Medan

    Christian-Muslim Relationships in Medan and Dalihan na tolu – A Social Capital Study of The Batak Cultural Values and Their Effect on Interreligious Encounters Godlif J. Sianipar Christian-Muslim Relationships in Medan and Dalihan na tolu – A Social Capital Study of The Batak Cultural Values and Their Effect on Interreligious Encounters by Godlif J. Sianipar A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Newcastle Australia November 2011 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Signed ………………………………………………. Date …………………………………………………. iv Abstract Interreligious disharmony between Christians and Muslims seems prevalent in the world. Indonesia, one of the democratic nations in the globe, offers no exception. In the last two decades, disharmonious encounters have been escalating in the country to a point where people commit violence towards adherents of other religions. Despite this phenomenon, few studies have addressed the issue. The literature suggests that the problems are related to three distinct areas: the history of the country, the method of evangelizing and socio-economic and political issues. The current study was conducted in the framework of the theory of multiculturalism – a contemporary social theory which has been developed by Amitai Etzioni and Bikhu Parekh – not only to address the issue of interreligious disharmony but also to promote interreligious encounters when a society is divided.
  • Apical Vowel in Jixi-Hui Chinese: an Articulatory Study

    Apical Vowel in Jixi-Hui Chinese: an Articulatory Study

    APICAL VOWEL IN JIXI-HUI CHINESE: AN ARTICULATORY STUDY Bowei Shao, Rachid Ridouane Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonolgoie (CNRS & Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris) [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT “voiced prolongation of the consonant”, and Duanmu [6] proposed to analyze it not as an underlying In this study, we analyze mid-sagittal and coronal phoneme, but as a segment triggered by an empty ultrasound data from four subjects in order to nucleus and the spreading of the feature [+fricative] investigate the articulatory properties of the apical from the onset. In our study, we adopt the [z] vowel /z/ in Jixi-Hui Chinese (JHC). We seek to transcription following Duanmu and Dell. determine whether this unique segment, particularly While SC apical vowels are studied in much detail, well studied in Standard Chinese (SC), has less is known about these segments in other Chinese articulatory characteristics of a vowel or a fricative languages. This current study is based on Jixi-Hui consonant. Mid-sagittal ultrasound data show that it Chinese (JHC), which is a Hui 徽 group Chinese displays the same tongue shape as consonant [s] and language spoken in Jixi 绩溪 County in Anhui 安徽 may have a slightly higher tongue tip, which could province, China [10, 22, 23]. It has two major explain the presence of abundant frication noise. The variants; our study is based on the city variant, which raising of the tongue dorsum, already observed in SC, has 9 phonological monophthong vowels: [i, y, u, ʉ, varies in JHC across speakers. Coronal ultrasound o, ɤ, ɔ, a], in addition to the apical vowel [z].
  • Vocal and Consonant PAN Features in Nias and Sigulai Languages

    Vocal and Consonant PAN Features in Nias and Sigulai Languages

    International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture Available online at https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/ Vol. 2, No. 4, November 2016, pages: 86~96 ISSN: 2455-8028 https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/article/view/142 Vocal and Consonant PAN Features in Nias and Sigulai Languages Dwi Widayati a Article history: Abstract This paper aims at describing the features of vowels and PAN consonants in Received: 10 September 2016 Nias and Sigulai languages, as well as their comparison bit of Devayan Revised: 25 October 2016 Language. The three languages were used as objects for comparing between Approved: 27 October 2016 Nias and Sigulai language that was spoken in two different islands mastering Published: 1 November 2016 enough similarity compared Sigulai Language with Devayan Language although both (Sigulai and Devayan Language) performed on the same Keywords: island, i.e. Simeulue Island. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the vowels and PAN consonants degrade many forms and in different ways in Vocal Feature; derivatives language, i.e. languages of Nias, Sigulai, and Devayan. Nias Nias Languages; language and Sigulai language shows fairly closely than in the Devayan PAN Consonant; Language. That was the consonants features of the Austronesian language Sigulai Languages; and vowels can evidence its existence in Nias language and Sigulai language. Devayan Language; The qualitative evidence that could be concluded from the above comparison was: (1) the sound was inherited linearly *i is a vowel and * u * l * g consonant. (2) The sound experience is fading *s/*S, *c, *y, *k, *q, and *h; (3) sound inherited linearly once-fading and change was * e> ǝ, o, and u; * A> a, o; * P> f, b; * B> f, w / v; * M> m, Ø; *> W, b; * T> t, d; * D> d, l, n; * N> g, k; * R / * R> r, l, Ø; * Ɲ> ɲ, n; * Z> j, l; and * ŋ> ŋ, Ø.
  • Textual Analysis of Power of the Government of Indonesia and Aceh in the Helsinki Mou Rosaria Mita Amalia

    Textual Analysis of Power of the Government of Indonesia and Aceh in the Helsinki Mou Rosaria Mita Amalia

    ISSN 1412-9655 Volume 17 (1), January 2019 Textual Analysis of Power of the Government of Indonesia and Aceh in the Helsinki MoU Rosaria Mita Amalia Javanese Varieties in Pringsewu Regency and Their Origins Suprayogi A Note on the Form and Use of the Language of Nias Wa’özisökhi Nazara Blended-Learning: The Responses from Non-English Students in the Indonesian Tertiary Context Fatimah Mulya Sari, Achmad Yudi Wahyudin An Analysis of Teacher’s Speech Acts in Teaching and Learning Process Widi Andewi, Winia Waziana Revisiting English Competence at Hotel Afrianto, Ingatan Gulö The Translation of English Passive Voice into Indonesian Herlina Lindaria Simanjuntak TEKNOSASTIK Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra TEKNOSASTIK journal is published on January and July every year. It presents articles on English language teaching and learning, linguistics, and literature. The contents include analysis, research report, application of theories, and material developments. Chief Editor Ingatan Gulö Editorial Team Laila Ulsi Qodriani M. Yuseano Kardiansyah Board of Reviewers Prof. Dr. Faridah Ibraim Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur Dr. Melly Ridaryanthi University College Sabah Foundation Dr. Rosaria Mita Amalia Universitas Padjadjaran Dr. Aslinda Universitas Andalas Akhyar Rido, Ph.D. Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia Editor and Administration Address: TEKNOSASTIK Publication Division, Arts and Education Faculty, Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia. Jalan H. Zainal Abidin Pagaralam No. 9-11. Kedaton, Bandar Lampung. Telephone (0721) 702022, 774061(hunting) 784945. E- mail <[email protected]> TEKNOSASTIK journal is published by Arts and Education Faculty, Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia. We invite articles that have never been previously published. Please see the guidelines for article contributions on the inside back cover of this journal.
  • Names of Chinese People in Singapore

    Names of Chinese People in Singapore

    101 Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 7.1 (2011): 101-133 DOI: 10.2478/v10016-011-0005-6 Lee Cher Leng Department of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore ETHNOGRAPHY OF SINGAPORE CHINESE NAMES: RACE, RELIGION, AND REPRESENTATION Abstract Singapore Chinese is part of the Chinese Diaspora.This research shows how Singapore Chinese names reflect the Chinese naming tradition of surnames and generation names, as well as Straits Chinese influence. The names also reflect the beliefs and religion of Singapore Chinese. More significantly, a change of identity and representation is reflected in the names of earlier settlers and Singapore Chinese today. This paper aims to show the general naming traditions of Chinese in Singapore as well as a change in ideology and trends due to globalization. Keywords Singapore, Chinese, names, identity, beliefs, globalization. 1. Introduction When parents choose a name for a child, the name necessarily reflects their thoughts and aspirations with regards to the child. These thoughts and aspirations are shaped by the historical, social, cultural or spiritual setting of the time and place they are living in whether or not they are aware of them. Thus, the study of names is an important window through which one could view how these parents prefer their children to be perceived by society at large, according to the identities, roles, values, hierarchies or expectations constructed within a social space. Goodenough explains this culturally driven context of names and naming practices: Department of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore The Shaw Foundation Building, Block AS7, Level 5 5 Arts Link, Singapore 117570 e-mail: [email protected] 102 Lee Cher Leng Ethnography of Singapore Chinese Names: Race, Religion, and Representation Different naming and address customs necessarily select different things about the self for communication and consequent emphasis.