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The Globalization of Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Between transnational network and the state : the globalization of diasporic Chinese voluntary associations Lin, Chia Tsun 2019 Lin, C. T. (2019). Between transnational network and the state : the globalization of diasporic Chinese voluntary associations. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/86192 https://doi.org/10.32657/10220/48308 Downloaded on 27 Sep 2021 20:08:09 SGT BETWEEN TRANSNATIONAL NETWORK AND THE STATE: THE GLOBALIZATION OF DIASPORIC CHINESE VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS LIN CHIA TSUN SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 2018 Between Transnational Network and the State: The Globalization of Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations LIN CHIA TSUN School of Social Sciences A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 1 | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Nanyang Technological University for providing the scholarship, facilities and conducive working environment that allowed me to pursue my interest in this topic for the past four years. I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor Liu Hong for his expertise, guidance and patience that helped me through the fieldwork and thesis writing process. I am thankful for his feedback and timely responses to whatever questions that I had, and help that I needed. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis committee members, Professor Lee Chee Hiang for his assistance in the data collection process as well as Professor Els Van Dongen. The thesis would not have been written without their relevant assistance. My personal appreciation to Professor Koh Keng We, Professor Evelyn Hu-Dehart and Professor Kuah-Pearce Khun Eng for taking their time off from their research to guide and motivate me through the thesis writing process. I am also deeply inspired by the works that they have done. Last but not least, I would like to express my appreciation to my husband, PhD friends and family members for their emotional and financial support. 2 | P a g e Contents SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter One – Introduction: Negotiating the Chinese Transnational Network ........................ 10 1.1. Research Outline ................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Context of study .................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Thesis structure ..................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Two-Transnationalism and Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations ....................... 26 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 26 2.2. Transnationalism in diasporic Chinese voluntary associations ................................ 26 2.3. Summary ............................................................................................................... 45 Chapter Three-Methodology and Research Methods ............................................................. 47 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 47 3.2. Fieldwork context .................................................................................................. 47 3.2.1. World Clan Convention: A sketch of the field site ................................................... 51 3.3. Methodology and research design ......................................................................... 54 3.4. Conducting research at multiple sites ..................................................................... 56 3.5. Archival documents ............................................................................................... 58 3.6. Methods of data collection .................................................................................... 60 3.6.1. Participant observation .......................................................................................... 60 3.6.2. Semi-structured interviews and informal discussion ............................................... 62 3 | P a g e 3.7. Research ethics ...................................................................................................... 63 Chapter Four-Forging Chinese “traditions” across an organisation network ............................ 65 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 65 4.2. Ancestral worship .................................................................................................. 69 4.2.1. Subculture: ancestral worship and local variations ................................................. 71 4.3. Network culture: forging a “standard” ancestral worship ....................................... 74 4.3.1. Description of space: building makeshift ancestral halls (zongci) ............................ 75 4.3.2. Standard ancestral worship rites ............................................................................ 81 4.3.3. Common ancestral image ....................................................................................... 84 4.3.4. Articulating a narrative of legends and obligations ................................................. 87 4.3.5. Obligations and duties ........................................................................................... 89 4.4. Gift giving and holding banquets ............................................................................ 92 4.4.1. Gift Exchange ......................................................................................................... 93 4.5. How is the continuity of traditions secured? .......................................................... 97 4.5.1. World Clan Conventions......................................................................................... 98 4.5.2. Organisation magazines ....................................................................................... 100 4.5.3. Websites ............................................................................................................. 100 4.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 101 Chapter Five-Organisation Dynamics and “Network Culture” ............................................... 102 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 102 5.2. Brief Overview of organisation process for World Clan Conventions ..................... 106 5.3. Environment ........................................................................................................ 107 4 | P a g e 5.3.1. Pre-1985: Cultural Renaissance Movement .......................................................... 107 5.3.2. Post-1985: Cultural synergy between Southeast Asia and Mainland China ............ 110 5.3.3. Post-1990s: ‘Going Out and Inviting In’................................................................. 115 5.4. Structural Forms of Network Governance ............................................................ 120 5.4.1. Lead Organisation-secretariat .............................................................................. 122 5.4.2. Centrality, Secretariat and “Lead Organisation” ................................................... 126 5.4.3. Variation in Governance Structure ....................................................................... 130 5.4.4. Network Management: Institutional Mechanisms and Mobilization ..................... 137 5.5. Relational Characteristics ..................................................................................... 145 5.5.1. Local Identification .............................................................................................. 145 5.5.2. Alignment of goals ............................................................................................... 148 5.5.3. Asymmetric Knowledge, Resources and Manpower ............................................. 148 5.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 150 Chapter Six- Qiaoxiang Governments and Network Organisations ....................................... 151 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 151 6.2. Engaging with World Clan Organisations as part of Diaspora Policy ...................... 155 6.3. Formal and informal rules and conventions .......................................................... 160 6.3.1. Qiaoxiang and membership criteria ..................................................................... 160 6.3.2. Forms of Existence and Behaviours of Qiaoxiang Governments ............................ 164 6.3.3. Expectations and Conventions ............................................................................. 169 6.4. Positioning Strategy ............................................................................................. 176 6.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 184 5 | P
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