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Kinesisk Kronologi Fra Ca. 1400

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Kinesisk Kronologi Fra Ca. 1400 Københavns Universitet - - Saxo-Instituttet - - Afdeling for Historie Kinesisk kronologi fra ca. 1400 Leif Littrup Uddraget fra database oparbejdet over tid – ofte i forbindelse med undervisningsforløb – med variationer i indtastningsformat, kronologisk tæthed m.v. Der tages forbehold for fejl og mangler. Tidspunkter = åååå-mm-dd. Uden måned/dato er det inden for den angivne højere enhed. Skråstreg '/' = enheder på samme niveau. Akronymer/initialforkortelser for de to vigtigste kinesiske politiske partier i 1900-tallet angives ved 3 forbogstaver på stavelserne i de kinesisk navne: GCD = Gongchandang 共 产党 = Kommunistpartiet (KKP/CCP) --- GMD = Guomindang 国民党 = Nationalistpartiet (KMT/Kuomintang). Navne skrives med pinyin, men der kan være variationer. Nogle steder bruges den mest anvendte stavemåde. 1368 Beijing erobret og Ming Dynastiet grundlagt. Tog frem til 1387. 1380 Embedet som statsminister afskaffet. 1381 og 1391: Folkeregistreringer m.v. 1403 7 store flådeekspeditioner --- til 1435. 1406 Jiaozhi provinsen i det nordlige Vietnam --- til 1427. 1429 Eunukker kunne få uddannelse. 1436 Sølv bruges til skattebetaling for første gang. 1441 Luchuan Kampagnen i Yunnan mod Shanfyrste. Varede 8 år, med metalkanoner. 1449 Professionelle soldater minzhuang. 1450 Nederlag til mongolerne. Tumu-affæren. 1506 Zhengde-kejseren = ZHU Houzhao = Wuzong. 1507 Eunukken LIU Jin i kontrol, også ude i provinserne --- til 1510. 1517 Portugiserne kommer til Kanton/Guangzhou. 1522 Jiajing-kejseren = ZHU Houcong = Shizong. 1530 1530erne: Amerikanske produkter begynder at dukke op. 1530 Enkeltpisk skattereformen yitiao bianfa 一条鞭法 begynder lokalt. 1530 Handel med Japan o.a. blev afbrudt. 1550 Mongolerne belejrer Beijing. 1562 XU Jie, ledende oversekretær, storsekretær fra 1552 --- til 1569. 1566 HAI Rui kritik. 1567 Forbud mod deltagelse i udlands handel afskaffet. 1567 Longqing-kejseren = ZHU Zaihou = Muzong. 1570 Aftale med mongolerne. De var i Tibet 1573 - 1578. 1571 Manila grundlægges. 1573 Wanli-kejseren = ZHU Yijun = Shenzong. 1579 Opmåling af land. 1581 Enkeltpisk skattereformen over hele landet. 1583 Matteo RICCI kommer til Kina - fra 1601 i Beijing. 1584 Bygning af Wanli Mausoleum påbegyndes. Afsluttet 1601. 1592 og 1597: Japanske angreb på Korea. Kinesiske styrker sendes til hjælp. 1601 Kronprins udnævnt. 1601 Manchuerne reorganiseres i 4 bannere, gule, røde, hvide og blå. Senere fire med kanter, og endnu senere også 8 mongolske og 8 kinesiske bannere. 1604 Donglin Partiet grundlægges. 1604 Hollænderne besætter Pescadorerne Penghudao 澎湖群岛. 1616 Jin dynastiet oprettes. © Leif LITTRUP 2015. Må med kildeangivelse anvendes til undervisningsformål. Forbehold for mangler og fejltagelser. 1 [23] Københavns Universitet - - Saxo-Instituttet - - Afdeling for Historie Kinesisk kronologi fra 1400 1617 Den femte Dalai Lama (1617-1682) konsoliderede Gule Hat lederskab. Byggede Potala Paladset. Besøgte Beijing 1652-1653. 1618 Manchu angreb Ming ved Fushun. 1620 Taichang-kejseren = ZHU Changluo = Guangzong. 1621 Tianqi-kejseren = ZHU Youjiao = Xizong. 1625 Eunukken WEI Zhongxian --- til 1627. 1625 Mukden/Shengjing (Shenyang) bliver hovedstad for manchuerne. 1626 Manchuer lider nederlag ved Ningyuan. Nurhaci dør. 1627 Oprør --- til 1644. 1628 Chongzhen-kejseren = ZHU Youjian = Sizong. 1630 1630erne: Chahar-mongolerne under manchuerne. 1635 Manchuerne overtager storkhanens segl efter sejren over Chahar mongoler. 1636 Qing staten oprettes med en regering efter kinesisk model. 1638 Korea anerkender manchu overhøjhed. 1644 Ming-dynastiet ophører. --- Sydlig Ming med Houguang-kejseren 1644-06-19. 1644 Qing dynastiet oprettes. Shunzhi-kejseren indsættes. Dorgon ledende regent. --- Erobringen tog ca. 20 år og den sidste Ming prætendent blev taget til fange i 1661 i Burma. Erobring blev først rigtigt afsluttet i 1683 med de tre vasallers og Taiwans overgivelse. 1645-06-08 Nanjing erobret. 1645-06-28 kom der igen ordre om manchu frisure med hårpisk. Varede til dynastiets afslutning. 1646 Eksamenssystemet genindføres, men mange holder sig tilbage. 1657 Begrænsninger i skatte og hoverifritagelse, nu kun for personen og ikke familien. 1661 Kangxi-kejseren bestiger tronen. Til 1723. 1662 Indbyggere beordres væk fra kysten. Koxinga tager Taiwan fra nederlænderne. 1667 Tælling af 80.000 templer og klostre. 1669 Kangxi-kejseren overtager magten efter regenterne. 1670 16 kejserlige maksimer. Opdateret 1724. 1671-10-05 Kangxi Tur til Mukden/Shengjing. 1673 Oprør af De Tre Vasaller --- til 1681. 1680 Dzungar-mongolerne under Galdan rykker mod øst og truer khalka-mongolerne i Ydremongoli. 1684 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 60 dage. 1685 Søhandel genoptages --- Hoppo 粤海关部 i Kanton/Guangzhou. 1689 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 71 dage. 1689 Nerchinsk Traktat med Rusland. 1691 Ydremongoli (khalkha) under Qing. 1696 Galdan blev endeligt besejret. 1699 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 103 dage. 1703 Sommerpaladset i Chengde/Rehe/Jehol grundlægges. 1705 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 109 dage. 1707 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 118 dage. 1711 Fastfrysning af hoveri- og skatteydelser. 1715 10.000 klædesrullere i Suzhou anmodede om ret til at have en huiguan. 1723 Yongzheng-kejseren bestiger tronen. --- Kobberimport fra Japan ophører. --- Første provinseksamen i Hunan. --- Qing resident i Lhasa. 1728-06-14 Traktater med Rusland ratificeret og i kraft: #1 Bura Traktaten 1727-08-27 om grænsen og #2 Kyakhta Traktaten 1727-10-21 om handel og politiske forbindelser. © Leif LITTRUP 2015. Må med kildeangivelse anvendes til undervisningsformål. Forbehold for mangler og fejltagelser. 2 [23] Københavns Universitet - - Saxo-Instituttet - - Afdeling for Historie Kinesisk kronologi fra 1400 1729 Forskellige grupper fik bedre status. 1729 Statsråd oprettes Junjichu Kontoret til at håndtere tilspidset militær situation. Dette er den tratitionele datering,det var en gradvis udvikling, der først tog endelig form nogle år senere. 1733 Oprettet nationalt system af fødeakademier for eksaminer. 1735 Qianlong-kejseren bestiger tronen. Til 1795. 1741 Baojia som det primære instrument for befolkningsregistrering. --- Mere effektivt fra 1775. 1751 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 110 dage. 1751 Qing fast fodfæste i Tibet. 1754 Dzungarerne besejret/udryddet - til 1757 - og Xinjiang underlagt, blev provins i 1884. 1757 Guangzhou (Kanton) Systemet for handel med europæiske lande. 1757 Mere praktiske opgaver fjernet fra eksamenssystemet. 1757 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 105 dage. 1759 Omfattende anvisning på officielt tøj for at regulere ceremoniel brug. 1762 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 112 dage. 1765 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 125 dage. 1767 Grænsekonflikt med Burma. --- til 1774. 1770 1770erne: Oprør i Shandong. Jævnlige oprør derefter. 1780 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 117 dage. 1784 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 121 dage. 1787 Kinesiske hære til hjælp i Vietnam. 1791 Straffeekspedition mod Gurkhaer i Tibet. 1793 Britisk ambassade til Kina. 1793 Nanxun = Kejserens Sydtur: 59 dage. 1796 Jiaqing-kejseren bestiger tronen. 1813 Oprørsbande i Den Forbudte By. 1816 Britisk ambassade til Kina. 1825 Muslimsk oprør i Turkestan --- til 1828. 1826 Forsøg med havsejlads. 1834 East India Company's monopol ophører. 1839 Kejserlig beslutning at opium skulle udryddes. LIN Zexu blev sendt til Kanton/Guangzhou. Importører og distributører skulle rammes. 1840 Opiumskrigen --- til 1842. 1842-08-29 Nanjing Traktaten med UK. Ratifikation udvekslet 1843-06 26. 1843-07-22 Tariffer og almindelige bestemmelse mellem UK og Kina offentliggjort. 1843-10-08 Boca Tigris Traktaten (Humen Tiaoyue 虎门条约 / Tigerporten) med UK, med eksterritorialbestemmelser og merbegunstigelsesklausul. 1844-07-03 Wanghia Traktat med USA, med bestemmelse om genforhandling efter 12 år. 1844-10-24 Whampoa Traktaten med Frankrig. 1851-01-01 Taiping Oprør 太平起义, til 1864. 1851-08-06 Kuldja/Yili 伊犁 Traktaten med Rusland --- Russisk datering 1851-07-25. 1853 Nanjing hovedstad for Taiping. --- Nian Oprøret begyndte, til 1868. 1854-06-29 Aftale om Kinesiske Toldvæsen underskrives af Toldintendant WU Jianzhang 吴健章 og 3 UK, FR & US konsuler som repræsentanter for traktatmagterne. --- Systemet i gang 1854-07-12. © Leif LITTRUP 2015. Må med kildeangivelse anvendes til undervisningsformål. Forbehold for mangler og fejltagelser. 3 [23] Københavns Universitet - - Saxo-Instituttet - - Afdeling for Historie Kinesisk kronologi fra 1400 1854-10 Britisk og amerikansk gesandt til Dagu. Mødtes af saltkontrolløren og krævede toldændringer, gesandt i Beijing, åbning af Tianjin, ret til jordkøb i indre, legalisering af opiumsimport, afskaffelse af lijin-skat. Afslag. 1855 Den Gule Flod Huanghe skiftede leje fra syd til nord om Shandong Halvøen. 1855 Muslimske oprør i sydvest og nordvest, til 1873. 1856-10-23 Britisk beskydning af Guangzhou som start på Arrow-krigen --- til 1860. 1858-05-28 Aigun Traktat med Rusland, afståelse af stort område nord for Amur og øst for Ussuri floderne. 1858-06-27 Tianjin Traktaterne med Rusland, USA, UK og Frankrig. 1860 Beijing besættes. Sommerpaladset Yiheyuan og Yuanmingyuan ødelægges. 1860-10-24 og 1860-10-25: Beijing Traktaterne med UK og Frankrig --- Diplomatiske repræsentationer i Beijing. 1860-11-14 Beijing Traktaten med Rusland. 1861 Cixi regent for Tongzhi-kejseren --- Hun døde 1908. 1861 Zongli yamen oprettes. Nært knyttet til Statsrådet indtil 1884. --- Yixin 奕訢 (Prins Gong) udnævnes til Statsrådet (Han havde også været medlem 1853-1855). 1862 Sprogskole i Beijing --- Kanonværk i Shanghai. 1863 Oprettelse af sprogskole i Shanghai --- LAY-OSBORN Flotille --- YUNG Wing
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