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Commutation De Code Entre Le Ouïghour Et Le Chinois : Une Étude De Cas Sur La Communauté Linguistique Ouïghoure De Ürümchi Giulia Cabras

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Commutation De Code Entre Le Ouïghour Et Le Chinois : Une Étude De Cas Sur La Communauté Linguistique Ouïghoure De Ürümchi Giulia Cabras Commutation de code entre le ouïghour et le chinois : une étude de cas sur la communauté linguistique ouïghoure de Ürümchi Giulia Cabras To cite this version: Giulia Cabras. Commutation de code entre le ouïghour et le chinois : une étude de cas sur la com- munauté linguistique ouïghoure de Ürümchi. Linguistique. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016USPCF002. tel-01368949 HAL Id: tel-01368949 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01368949 Submitted on 20 Sep 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales École doctorale N°265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Centre des recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale THÈSE présentée par Giulia CABRAS soutenue le 17 Février 2016 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’INALCO Discipline : Sciences du langage - linguistique et didactique des langues COMMUTATION DE CODE ENTRE LE OUÏGHOUR ET LE CHINOIS : UNE ETUDE DE CAS SUR LA COMMUNAUTE LINGUISTIQUE OUÏGHOURE DE ÜRÜMCHI Thèse dirigée par : Mme Zhitang DROCOURT Professeur des Universités, INALCO RAPPORTEURS : Mme Arienne M. DWYER Professeur, University of Kansas (USA) M. Jean-Léo LEONARD Professeur des Universités, Université Paris-Sorbonne MEMBRES DU JURY : M. Giovanni DEPAU Maître de conférences, Université Stendhal, Grenoble M. Redouane DJAMOURI Directeur de recherche, CRLAO, CNRS Mme Zhitang DROCOURT Professeur des Universités, INALCO Mme Arienne M. DWYER Professeur, University of Kansas (USA) M. Jean-Léo LEONARD Professeur des Universités, Université Paris-Sorbonne Remerciements Cette thèse a été le résultat de cinq ans de recherches, de pérégrinations et de découvertes ; elle n’aurait pas pu aboutir sans l’aide des différentes personnes qui ont accompagné, du point de vue académique ou non, ce parcours. Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Zhitang Drocourt pour avoir accepté de diriger cette thèse au sein de l’INALCO/CRLAO, ainsi que pour l’aide et le temps qu’elle a bien voulu me consacrer tout au long de ce parcours doctoral. Je la remercie en particulier pour avoir cru en ce projet assez ambitieux et pour son soutien lors des difficultés et des changements d’objectifs que ce travail a requis. J’adresse mes remerciements aux membres du jury, qui ont accepté de consacrer leur temps pour évaluer cette recherche. J’exprime toute ma reconnaissance à Arienne Dwyer qui m’a accueillie au sein du département d’anthropologie de l’Université du Kansas. Je la remercie pour son sens critique, pour sa détermination et sa sympathie, pour avoir ouvert de nouvelles perspectives d’études. Je remercie également Carlos Nash pour avoir toujours répondu à mes questions et pour m’avoir initiée à la difficile tâche de l’enseignement aux jeunes universitaires, ainsi que Gülnar Eziz, Mahire Yakup et Amanda Snider pour avoir créé une véritable succursale d’Asie centrale au milieu du Mid-west américain. Je tiens à remercier deux professeurs qui ont suivi le développement de cette thèse. Je remercie Giovanni Depau pour sa disponibilité et ses commentaires pertinents au sujet des nombreux fondements théoriques de la commutation de code. Je remercie Jean Léonard Léonard pour son esprit critique et sa franchise ainsi que pour l’intérêt qu’il a montré pour ma recherche dès le début. Ma reconnaissance va également aux informateurs et aux personnalités académiques du Xinjiang pour leurs précieux conseils et informations, sans lesquels je n’aurais pas pu poursuivre cette recherche. Un remerciement particulier va aux institutions qui ont rendu possible le financement de ce parcours doctoral ainsi que des terrains de recherche : La Bourse Paola Sandri et la famille de celle-ci, l’INALCO, le CRLAO, la National Sciences Foundation et l’Université du Kansas. Ecrire une thèse, et en particulier l’écrire en français, est un authentique défi. J’exprime donc ma plus grande gratitude à Héloïse Thieulin, qui a eu la ténacité de corriger cette thèse. Grâce à son travail pendant les trois ans de rédaction, elle m’a permis non seulement d’écrire une thèse lisible mais également de devenir une vraie francophone. Merci aux amis et aux personnes que j’ai rencontrées dans mes différents « chez moi » : aux amis sardes, de Paris, de Ürümchi et de Lawrence et à ceux qui depuis les différentes coins du Monde ont été toujours présents par leurs pensées et leur soutien. Merci d’avoir accompagné avec humour et insouciance ces années. Un important remerciement va également à ma famille pour s’être intéressée dès le départ à mon travail, et en particulier à mes parents, pour avoir toujours accepté avec enthousiasme mes déplacements et pour avoir sans relâche supporté mes plaintes. Last but not least, mes plus profonds remerciements aux Ouïghours, Han et aux autres minorités du Xinjiang. Je les remercie pour m’avoir accueillie sur leur terre, dans leurs maisons, pour m’avoir ouvert leurs vies, pour m’avoir nourrie et faite sentir comme chez moi. Silerge barliq ishlargha rehmet éytimen ! TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES ............................................................................................. I INDEX DES TABLEAUX .......................................................................................... VI INDEX DES FIGURES ............................................................................................ VII Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Organisation de la thèse ............................................................................................... 3 PREMIERE SECTION : CADRE THEORIQUE ..................................................... 7 Chapitre 1 ...................................................................................................................... 8 Le Xinjiang, les Ouïghours et les politiques linguistiques à l’égard de la langue ouïghoure ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Le territoire : le Xinjiang, carrefour d’Asie ......................................................... 9 1.2 Les Ouïghours du passé et les Ouïghours d’aujourd’hui .................................. 10 1.2.1 Ethnogenèse des Ouïghours ............................................................................. 10 1.2.2 La revitalisation du terme uyghur .................................................................... 13 1.2.3 Les Ouïghours et les relations politiques avec la RPC .................................... 16 1.3 La question de la langue : politiques linguistiques à l’égard du ouïghour ...... 21 1.3.1 La dynastie Qing et les débuts de l’unification de la langue chinoise ............. 23 1.3.2 Avant la RPC : la promotion du multilinguisme .............................................. 24 1.3.3 Les débuts de la RPC : politiques accommodationnistes ................................. 25 1.3.4 Pendant la révolution culturelle : les politiques d’assimilation ....................... 26 1.3.4.1 La réforme de l’écriture : rapprocher les langues à travers l’orthographe 26 1.3.4.2 Formation de nouveaux emprunts : la supériorité lexicale de la langue chinoise ................................................................................................................. 28 1.3.5 Les années 1980 : les droits linguistiques et la diffusion du chinois standard . 30 1.3.6 Les années 1990 et 2000 : l’imposition du chinois standard ........................... 31 1.4 Considérations conclusives ................................................................................... 36 Chapitre 2 .................................................................................................................... 38 Notions introductives pour l’étude des langues et sociétés ...................................... 38 2.1 La communauté linguistique ................................................................................ 39 I 2.2 La diglossie ............................................................................................................. 44 2.2.1 La diglossie fergusonienne ............................................................................... 44 2.2.2 La diglossie fishmanienne ................................................................................ 46 2.2.3 Prises de distances ............................................................................................ 48 2.4 Considérations conclusives ................................................................................... 50 Chapitre 3 .................................................................................................................... 52 Le code switching : cadre théorique ........................................................................... 52 3.1 Contact des langues et code switching ................................................................. 54 3.2 Le code switching et ses définitions ...................................................................... 57 3.3 L’étude des aspects
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