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Child Labour in the Cotton Industry of Uzbekistan: a Sociological Study

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Child Labour in the Cotton Industry of Uzbekistan: a Sociological Study 1 Child Labour in the Cotton Industry of Uzbekistan: A Sociological Study Thesis Submitted to the University of Kashmir for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Sociology By BILAL AHMAD BHAT Under the Supervision of Dr TAREAK AHMAD RATHER Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006 (Sept. 2011) 2 3 Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir Srinagar NAAC Accredited Grade ‘A’ Declaration I solemnly declare that the thesis entitled, “Child Labour in the Cotton Industry of Uzbekistan: A Sociological Study ” submitted by me in the discipline of Sociology embodies my own contribution. It is a genuine piece of research work and has been completed while taking into account all the necessary requirements laid down for the purpose. This work which does not contain any piracy has not been submitted, so far, for the award of any degree in this university or anywhere else. Bilal Ahmad Baht Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir Dated: September, 2011 4 Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir Srinagar NAAC Accredited Grade ‘A’ certificate Certified that the present research work entitled “Child labour in the Cotton Industry of Uzbekistan: A Sociological Study” submitted by Bilal Ahmad Bhat, Centre of Central Asian Studies for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology, is a bonafide work and has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree to the best of my knowledge. We recommend that the thesis be placed before the examiner for evaluation for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the discipline of Sociology of the University. Prof. G.R. Jan Dr Tareak Ahmad Rather DIRECTOR SUPERVISOR Centre of Central Asian Studies Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir University of Kashmir 5 6 Preface Uzbekistan, with its enormous potential of natural resources like oil, natural gas, water, gold and minerals, has made it as one of the most potential investment countries in the globalized world after its separation from Soviet Union. The available natural resources have not been exploited yet by the state of Uzbekistan due to its lack of skilled manpower, sophisticated technology and marketization which could have sustained the ever growing population of the country if utilized properly. On the other hand agriculture which comprises around 40 percent of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Uzbekistan has turned black and white from coloured in the Post-Soviet era due to the decline in the sophisticated technology and manpower put into place and practice by the Russians. And the cotton industry, which constitutes around 47 percent of the agricultural production of Uzbekistan, gives billions of dollars in annual return. Due to the downsizing of skilled manpower and technology the cotton cultivation which was earlier in the pre-Soviet era practised by machines is now done by hand and often with the use of school children. Uzbekistan- the fifth largest exporter and second largest producer of cotton in the world- mostly cultivates cotton by the dint of child labour- mainly school children. From the first week of September every year schools are closed down for two to three months and all the children and teachers, irrespective of age and gender, are ordered by the autocratic state administration to take part in cotton-picking. Daily quotas are assigned to everyone by the supervisors and farm directors and those who do not meet the set quotas are bound to face punishment. The forced labour of children by the state of Uzbekistan is unique in its dimension and magnitude in the sense that in the rest of the world there are reasons like poverty, illiteracy etc. responsible for child labour but in Uzbekistan it is completely state-controlled to meet the totalitarian interests. Though the magnitude of the problem has been expanding in that more and more children turn to be working children, the amount of attention that the problem receives from the government and various non-governmental agencies is not in tune with its size because the tender-aged school going boys and girls who are part of the problem are not in a position to present their case before the concerned authorities as the administration in itself is fully responsible for this inhuman institution of child labour in Uzbekistan. Thus, the traditional nature of the problem becomes a limiting factor for its solution. 7 Amidst the plethora of literature on working children, the present work on the same subject is distinguished by its extensiveness and holistic treatment. Not only that a considerable number of child labourers were interviewed but their employers and parents were also interviewed to make the study multidimensional in character. In-depth interviews of human rights activists, senior citizens, government officials and social workers were also taken into consideration to make the findings of the study more viable. The case studies at the end of the findings chapter help to provide a holistic picture of the problem. I am sure this work will provide a very valuable addition to the existing literature on child labour in the cotton industry of Uzbekistan, besides being useful to those directly working with such children. Bilal Ahmad Bhat 8 AAAcknowledgementAcknowledgementcknowledgementssss I have accumulated a large number of debts in preparing this work. While a brief acknowledgement here in no way writes them off, it is a small courtesy whose sentiments are sincere. Without my supervisor’s (Dr. Tareak Ahmad Rather, Sociology Unit, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir) sustained attention, searching discussion, and painstaking comment on various themes, the study would never have become what it is. Prof. G. R. Jan, Director Centre of Central Asian Studies and Ex- Director, Prof. G. M. Mir also deserve special thanks for their timely assistance. Prof. M. A. Kaw, Director Area Study Programme, Centre of Central Asian Studies assisted and supported in clearing my case for visa at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Uzbekistan for field work in Uzbekistan rooted through Institute of History, Academy of Sciences. I thank Prof. Kaw for taking personal pains while assisting and supporting me for administrative and academic purposes. I am thankful to the Area Study Programme of Centre for financing my field study in Uzbekistan. I express heartfelt and most sincere gratitude to Prof. Vallery Khan, Vice-Director on International Relations, Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences, Republic of Uzbekistan for his parental treatment, help, cooperation and suggestions in different capacities. I am also thankful to the family members of Prof. Vallery for their generous support and help. I am equally thankful to Prof. Azad Shamatov of the Department of South Asian Languages, Institute of Oriental Languages; Prof. Ismat Bekmuratov, Dean Faculty of Economics, Institute of Oriental Studies, Tashkent and to Prof. Gafurov, Economist from the Fergana University for their generous support and help. I feel much obliged to Prof. B. A. Dabla, Head Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Kashmir for extending his services of the vast understanding of research and the useful suggestions he gave by opening his heart from time to time. The numerous libraries and their staff have very kindly helped to provide assistance with regard to this research work particularly The Fundamental Library of Uzbekistan, Tashkent; English Library of the Institute of History, Academy of Sciences; Library of the Faculty of Economics, Institute of Oriental Studies, Tashkent; Ulegbek Library, National University of Uzbekistan and the Libraries of the University of World Economy and Diplomacy, Namangan University, Fergana University, Andijan University, Samarkand 9 University, etc. Without mentioning individual names of the staff in these libraries, I express my gratitude to all of them. My sincere thanks are expressed to the Faculty Members, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir especially Dr Mushtaq A. Halwai and Dr Mohd. Afzal Mir, for their utmost cooperation, academic support and scholarly guidance throughout the research period. Non-teaching staff particularly Mukhtar Ahmad of the Centre also deserve special thanks. I would be remiss if I did not make special mention of the contribution faculty, Dept. Of Sociology and Social Work, University of Kashmir, made for the present study. I must also mention the contribution of my friends particularly Inam, Shahzad, Aijaz, Mudasir, Salim, Humaira, Tanveer, Shahnawaz, Owais, Nilufar, Sajad, Javaid, Bilal, Showkat, Mehraj, Nowshad, Hamid, Parvez, Rafiq, Zahoor, Mubashir, Shafia, Younis, Isha, Riyaz, Sarvar, Hilal, and Muzamil through their spontaneous generosity and empathy. Akbar Kak, attendant in the Gani Kashmiri Research Scholars Inn. Kashmir University where I stayed for three years has served me during difficult times; I thank him for all his services. I appreciate all help and cooperation, I got from faculty members and students of the various national and state institutes of Uzbekistan particularly Institute of History, Academy of Sciences; Department of South Asian Languages, Institute of Oriental Languages; Faculty of Economics, Institute of Oriental Studies; University of World Economy and Diplomacy; University of World Languages; Pedagogical University, Tashkent; Fergana University; and Lal Bahadur Shastry Centre for Indian Culture of the Embassy of India in Uzbekistan, Tashkent, who inspite of their busy schedule, spared time for finishing various types of information for the completion of this work. I am much beholden to Dr. Nasir Raza Khan (Director) of the Lal Bahadur Shastry Centre for Indian Culture and to Nargiz Apaa (English teacher) of Tashkent who gave me good initial advice and very helpful introductions. Nor do I forget my kind apartment hosts, Dilnora, Timur and especially her daughter Camila who helped a lot in translation of English into Russian of Mirabad district, Tashkent and other members of their family for their selfless devotion, love and a congenial retreat.
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