China Mercury-related Information Analysis Report
China Chemicals Registration Center,
State Environmental Protection Administration
April 2005
1 Content
ABSTRACT ...... 3
PREFACE...... 5
CHINA MERCURY-RELATED INFORMATION ANALYSIS REPORT ...... 6
1 INDUSTRIES CONSUMING MERCURY FOR “INTENTIONAL USE”...... 6 1.1 Industries with detailed information ...... 6 GROSS PVC PRODUCTION...... 7 1.2 Products with limited information...... 11 1.3 Industries/activities with information gap...... 12 2 THE INDUSTRIES OF MERCURY RELEASE FROM UNINTENTIONAL USE ...... 13 2.1 Industries with detailed information ...... 13 2.2 Industries with limited information ...... 14 2.3 Industries with information gap...... 14 3 MERCURY IN VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA...... 15 3.1 Atmosphere...... 15 3.2 Soil...... 17 3.3 Living Organisms...... 19 3.4 Comprehensive Data...... 20 4 INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS...... 22 4.1 Typical area ...... 22 4.2 Nationwide...... 25 4.3 Comprehensive analysis and evaluation...... 26 5 CONCLUSION...... 28 6 REFERENCE...... 30 APPENDIX 1 Industries intentionally using mercury APPENDIX 2 Industries/activities unintentionally using mercury APPENDIX 3 Mercury in different environmental media.
2 Abstract
This project is in collaboration with the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) of China and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA). The tasks for this project consist of two parts:
(1) Collection of various information relating to mercury in China, including policy and legal standards, science research documents, statistics, publications, etc. (2) Analysis and estimation of data for industries mercury use (including discharges of mercury into the environment from “intentional” and “unintentional” use) and the environment (i.e. air, water, soil and biology) for China, according to the categorization in the report of “Global Mercury Assessment” by UNEP.
All materials and data were synthesized into three appendices: Appendix 1: Industries intentionally using mercury; Appendix 2: Industries/activities unintentionally using mercury; Appendix 3: mercury in different environmental media.
All mercury emission sources listed in GMA can be found in China to some extent. Among them, there are over 10 industries that intentionally use mercury during their production process, and 4 industries/activities that emit mercury unintentionally. The analysis and evaluation of this report categorizes mercury-related industries into three groups, namely “good”, “medium” and “bad”, according to the amount of available and credible information these industries possess regarding mercury use.
Comprehensive basic information is available for industries of the “good” category, including the background for these industries, statistics for consecutive years, and other more sufficient and reliable information. The industries in the “good” category include PVC, battery, thermometer and sphygmomanometer producers. For industries/activities assigned the “medium” category, the industries possess some information related to their mercury use, but the integrity and continuity of this information is of lower quality. These industries include florescent light and reagent producers, and coal burning activity. No information is available for industries in the “bad” category. These industries include automobile, electric switches, cement producers and metallurgical plants.
Different environmental media can also be categorized into “good”, “medium” and “bad”, according to the amount of available and credible information. For
3 media such as water, which is categorized as “good”, sufficient background and historical data from routine monitoring have been accumulated. With relatively more literature, scientists can make scientific evaluations on the regional and national levels. For media such as air, which is categorized as “medium”, neither background nor historical data from routine monitoring have been accumulated. Yet, with relatively more literature, scientists can make partial scientific evaluations on the regional and national levels. For media such as soil and living organisms, which is categorized as“bad”, there are neither background nor historical data from routine monitoring. Although there is some relevant academic literature, it is not sufficient for making scientific evaluations on the regional and national levels.
The data show that, in China, mercury-related information varies rapidly and significately, especially in the intentional use; weaknesses and inconsistencies in the fundamental data collected; and, mercury consumption is influenced deeply by the policy and management. On the base of analysis, it is suggested before carrying out any plans/actions for making release lists or deductions on essential limitations or restrictions, detailed investigations on the historical development, current status and prospects for mercury must be carried out, and the methods for investigation must be harmonized.
4
Preface
Mercury is confirmed as a global pollutant. It draws close attention from the public, scientists, governments and international organizations. UNEP completed the Global Mercury Assessment at the end of 2002. In February 2005, UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum passed the international action plans for mercury.
China’s consumption and release of mercury not only affects the health of its people and eco-environment, but also has deep impacts globally. China’s Sate Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) initially started cooperating in this area with the objective to summarize and analyze China’s mercury situation.
This report was completed by the Chemical Registration Center of the SEPA of China, with the support of the Pollution Control Department and Foreign Affairs Office of SEPA. From October 2004 to April 2005, all public information concerning mercury in China was collected, including various policies, regulations and standard; scientific research literature; statistics, and other publications.
According to “Global Mercury Assessment” (GMA), mercury discharge sources are divided into: mercury release resulting from intentional and unintentional use; and the key environmental elements are divded into four parts: air, water, soil and living organisms.All data are analyzed and assessed separately.
5
China Mercury-related Information Analysis Report
1 Industries consuming mercury for “intentional use”
1.1 Industrie s with detailed information
Basic information for industries consuming mercury is either relatively complete or easy to acquire; mercury utilization techniques and discharge approaches are already well known; and policies, legal standards and laws have been enacted and are well supported. On the other hand, there have been actions and measures taken in the form of policies and legal standards to restrict the mercury use or render it obsolete.
The PVC Industry
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) constitutes a vital part of China’s manufacturing economy. The demand for PVC in China is high and is predicted to continue at an increasingly rapid rate.
The Chinese PVC industry has its own guild with approximately 100 members. The chemical industry publishes an annual yearbook (“CHINA CHEMICAL INDUSTRY YEARBOOK” Newsroom, 1990-2004) with statistical data for each of the sectors.
It is clear for the technics route to manufacture vinyl chloride monomers by mercury chloride as a catalyst. It is determined for the method to estimate theoretically the amount of mercury used and the rough range of key parameters.
Some case studies are necessary for determining the value of key parameters to assure the accuracy of estimation.
6
The first stage of PVC manufacturing which involves a polymerization reaction utilizes mercury chloride as the catalyst. Firstly, acetylene is produced by the hydrolysis of calcium carbide. Next the acetylene is combined with hydrogen chloride to produce chloroethylene or vinyl chloride monomers with the aid mercury chloride as the catalyst for the reaction. Finally, the vinyl chloride monomers are polymerized to produce PVC polymers. The above reactions can be described as: ?? ? 1)CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
2)C2H2 + HCl CH2=CHCl
3)n CH2=CHCl CH2 – CH n
Cl
The use of mercury chloride as the catalyst for producing chloroethylene monomer is a well-established process.
Gross PVC Production
According to the Yearbook statistics, gross PVC resin production(Pgross) between 1990 and 2002 assumed an upward trend, which can be described by the regression equation: (Hao Chun-ling et al., 2005)
2 ? Pgross =0.1172x- 228.87 r = 0.9667
The ratio of PVC resin produced by the acetylene technics (R)
Based on the Yearbook statistical and Pgross data, the gross sales of PVC resin produced by the acetylene technics (Pacet)can be calculated using the formula: Pacet=Pgross * R.
Despite a decline in ratio of Pacet from 1999 to 2001, the general trend for Pacet has been upward since 1990, with an especially large increase in 2002. From 1990 to 1997, ratio of Pacet fluctuated around 67.45% of Pgross. This ratio figure declined to 30.19% between 1999 and 2001 but rebounded to 56.70% in 2002. Data from other sources suggests that 60% of the reported ratio figures are related to new expenditure for Pacet manufacturing projects.
Mercury consumption/wastage for unit production (k)
7 In theory, a catalyst will not be consumed in a reaction; and therefore, it’s quality and chemical properties will not be changed. But in fact, a small amount of the catalystic mercury chloride will be wasted in the reaction and constitute as a contaminant in the waste acid from the production of vinyl chloride. Hence, mercury losses from the production process need be replenished,or substituted by another catalyst or manufacturing process. The amount of mercury consumed for every metric ton of vinyl chlorde produced is so-called mercury consumption for unit production, expressed as ‘k’. The distinction between mercury consumption and mercury wastage, is that the former is mercury used and, after production, remained in waste catalyst, contained in waste acid and other wastes (e.g. emissions); the later is only mercury wasted during the production, i.e. excluding mercury remained in the waste catalyst. According to investigations, the rough range of mercury wastage for unit PVC resin manufactured by acetylene technics has been known.
Calculation method for mercury consumption/wastage for unit production To estimate the amount of mercury consumption/wastage (Vcons/wast), Hao Chun-ling et al. (2005) utilized the following computing method:
Vt= Pacet, t *k =Pgross t*Rt*k Where: Vt = amount of mercury consumption/wastage in year t (tons) Pacet t: yield of PVC resin produced by acetylene technics in year t (tons) Pgross t : yield of gross PVC resin production in year t (tons) Rt :the ratio of Pacet and Pgross in year t k : mercury consumption/wastage per unit production
Data and information gaps
The amount of mercury consumption/wastage from PVC resin production by the acetylene technics, lies in Pgross, k and R. However, the following information is unknown: ---- precise amount of PVC resin produced by the acetylene technics; ---- mercury consumption/wastage per unit of production (k) ---- distribution and scales of mercury after consuming, i.e. remained in waste catalyst, contained in waste acid, and released by other path.
Approach and feasibility to narrow the gaps
At present, there are no technical difficulty to research the current situation. With some financial support, the information gaps above-mentioned can be
8 narrowed by increasing the channels of communication with the Chinese PVC industry guild, and some case studies focused to corporations at different scales.
Batteries Industry
The use of batteries is part of everyday life, and will continue to be more and more for many years.
In China, there are about 400 battery-related corporations, and a Batter Industry Guild that maintains a significant influence over the industry. The information of the industry (e.g. quantity, sizes and yields of corporations) is known and the channels of communication between the guild and environmental protection departments are open. In 1995, the annual consumption of mercury in batteries was 582.4 metric tons. Since, 1997, however, the industry has been initiating the process of low-mercury and mercury-free. There are many legislation and regulations, polices (such as related to the elimination of mercury from products, construction materials and waste batteries, and excluding foreign investment in mercury-utilizing industries), and other related activities. As a result, the consumption of mercury declined significantly, by approximately 106 tons per year by 2000, mercury consumption had fallen to 18.8% of the amount in 1997.
However, some data and information gaps remain: A) The actual amount of mercury consumption per unit of production has yet to be determined; b) Information on the production and import of button cell batteries are not clear; c) Counterfeit and inferior products increasingly infiltrate the market making it difficult to accurately measure the amount of mercury consumed.
Investigations on the above-mentioned products are currently underway and will be completed by first half of 2006.
The Production of Medical Thermometers In China, there is a guild for industries that produce medical thermometers. The business enterprises that make up the Guild cover all industries related to fever thermometers and sphygmomanometers (The China Association for Medical Devices Industry, 2002).
In 2003~2004, China’s mercury-containing fever thermometer output was above 90% of total yield, which translates to 120-150 million fever thermometers. Exports of mercury thermometers, with more than 60%
9 produced, exceeded home consumption. In 2003, following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), the demand for clinical thermometers increased significantly, stimulating the production of mercury thermometers. However, it is forecasted that the mercury-containing fever thermometer industry will diminish with time, as alternatives and substitutes become available and more feasible.
The small number of business enterprises and the relatively notable influence of the Guild has aided in the understanding of this downward trend for mercury-containing thermometer use and the collection of data on mercury output and usage. On the whole, the position of mercury industries and the effects on the environment in relation to thermometers are clear. The management of mercury solid wastes (including defective and broken thermometers), conforms to the provisions set, but problems continue to exist in eliminating them from general circulation.
In China, the replacement of mercury thermometers with non-mercury is still at the early stages. The replacement is limited by the high cost of substitutes, a lack of knowledge and ability to overcome behavioral attitudes, and an absence of clinic diagnostic standard. (Hao Chun-ling et al., 2005)
Within the industry for medical thermometers, the circumstances for sphygmomanometers and thermometers are similar; except, that sphygmomanometers have more specialized and concentrated consumers, fewer producers, and a greater amount for mercury use in terms of unit production.
Phase-out production/technology
In China, the production/technology, including mercury-based chlor-alkali production, mercury-based gold extraction, insecticides and high mercury batteries etc., has been phase-out or forbidden.
Mercury-based chlor-alkali process: As cited in the Provision of the Catalogue of Eliminated Behindhand Production Ability, Craft and Products (the first passel), implemented on 1 February 1999, mercury-based chlor-alkali production should be eliminated immediately.
In China, mercury-based chlor-alkali production has been eliminated in large enterprises since 2003. in the Catalogue of the Part of Industries Stopping the Low Level Repetition Construction (2004), the mercury-based chlor-alkali process was included as a the forbidden mothod of production.
Mercury-based gold extraction: In China, the practice of mercury-based
10 gold extraction was phase-out because it belongs an out dated craft.
Insecticide: In China, mercury is forbidden used for agrochemicals and for animals as food..
High mercury battery: see one section of “ Batteries industries".
Restrained products Standards exist for cosmetics, indoor furnishing materials (e.g. wooden vessel solvent paints, inside wall coating, wallpaper) and pollutants-free food etc., The Standards restrict the mercury-content in these materials.
1.2 Products with limited information
The information available for product types (e.g.electrical lighting, laboratory reagents, etc.)is scattered, disorganized and less reliable.
Electrical Lights
China is the world’s largest manufacturer of electrical lights, and therefore has the potential to introduce substantial new developments to the industry. There is a Guild in the industry. In 2001, the industry consists of more than 500 different business enterprises of variable sizes but not all business enterprises are covered by the guild.
Domestic production qualities of electric light products are internationally on par and is nearing or attaining world advanced level. The development target is to build several enterprises to an international level, and change from a big country producing electric light sources into a power one.As this, industry is vital to the national economy growth, it will be placed continuously developed.
In China, current production utilizes liquid mercury or the mercury pill to produce the fluorescent lamps and mercury lights. Substitutes are not yet available.
The data about the quantity, categories, techniques etc. related to mercury are available; and there is an industry’s development plan.( Liang Zhen, 2002)
Information gaps: - The mercury consumption for unit product, which is relative to the scale of
11 business enterprises, management, product, craft, etc.and changes greatly. - The influence of price and cost to environmental protection, reform of the craft, substitutes for old products, etc.
Chemical reagents industries
Mercury-containing reagents make up a small proportion of the industry in chemical reagents. Although, there are 300 to 400 mercury-based chemical reagents, only about 30 of them are in common use.
There are few mercury producers, and the majority of these are dispersed (except for few provinces, e.g. Guizhou Province). These producers are mostly town and village enterprises running small-scale operations. They are affected by the policy and management requirements set for the industry. Even though there is a guild present, data and statistics for the industry are difficult to acquire.
In 2002, investigations were carried out to collect data from the industry(The Petroleum and the Chemistry Industry Programming Academe, 2002). Howenver, the following information is still unclear: - The quantity and regions distribution of business enterprises; - The product categories and yields; - The downstream Industries and their scales of consumption.
1.3 Industries/activities with information gap
For certain industries or activities, there is hardly any basic information on the current status. Potentially, there may be some information sources but this will require an investment of time, effort and financial support.
For some other industries mentioned in the GMA (i.e. automobiles, electric switches, artisanal gold mining, religious rituals, pigments, tanning, browning and etching steel, color photograph paper, explosives, fireworks, artisanal diamond production, recoil softeners for rifles, bandages, executive toys, running track surfaces and ammunition, etc.) there is basically no information for China.
Among these industries or activities, automobiles and electric switches are large industries. Therefore, there may be some background information available, but the information concerning mercury is negligible. Therefore the followings are needed: - To invest time, effort and money to collect any information or data
12 available; and - To refer to foreign literature, then search for more specific information in China, especially for the automobile industry, which is developing dramatically in China.
The research and survey should start as early as possible. And proper policy or management measure should be implemented rapidly.
Artisanal gold mining is illegal in China. Despite its existence, information about it is too hard to gather. As a result, basic information about astisanal gold mining is sparse.
2 The industries/activeties of mercury release from unintentional use
According to the GMA report, combined with the practices in China, the mercury emission from unintentional use comes mainly from cement production, sulfuric acid preparation, metallurgy, and as well as coal burning both from industrial activeties (such as coal-fired power plants) and through daily consumption.
A common characteristic of the three industries above-mentioned is their grand scales with numerous enterprises of varying sizes, and their own guilds. The background information about the industries can be acquired comparatively easily. The amount of data and information available concerning mercury is the important impact factor.
2.1 Industrie s with detailed information
Coal combustion
The GMA report shows that coal combustion is the most important and the primary source of mercury emissions.
Coal is China’s primary energy source. The combustion of coal has led to environmental degradation in the form of SO2 pollution and acid rain, which the Chinese government is dedicated to eradicating; and alongside mercury contamination to the land, air and water. There has already been a great deal of scientific research literatures on mercury emission from coal combustion.
13 (Jing Zhi-yan, 1992; Feng Xin-bin, Hong Ye -yang, 1996; Wang Qi-chao et al, 1997, 1999, 2001; SEPA, 2001; Qu Li-ya, 2004; Zhou Jin-song et al, 2004) Among them, there are some researches on the national scale with qualitative conclusions which provide a scientific support for policy-makers
Many types of coal are present in China due to its large geographical coverage. The data is limited by the inconsistencies in the methodology, which has affected the outcome and application of suitable and feasible mitigation techniques.
2.2 Industrie s with limited information
Sulfuric acid production industry
The wastewater discharging standard for mercury in this industry has been well established and implemented. Some techniques processes and low level repetition construction in the industry are banned or controlled by the government. At the end of the 1990’s, comprehensive research and data was collected for mercury release from this industry (SEPA, 2001). In Addition, little scattered literatures, including mercury concentration in sulfide ore (Liang Hui-feng, 1998), mercury treatment methods for waste water (Hu Chu-yun, 2002), techniques to eliminate mercury (Zhou Kai-zu, 1992; Dong Feng-ku, 1993; Ma Zhuang, 2004; Yang Rei, 2004) and mercury contaminated sulfuric acid. (Ling Huifeng, 1998; Liu Qi, 2001).
Sulfuric acid is a vital component of China’s manufacturing industry. Once contaminated with mercury, it will contaminate products arising from the production and usage of this acid in its downstream users(Liang Hui-feng, 1998; Liu Qi, 2001). Therefore, efforts to retain to resolve the problem rising from the mercury pollution in sulfuric acid manufacture should be one with main priority.
2.3 Industrie s with information gaps
At the end of the 1990’s, a comprehensive research was carried out and data was collected for mercury release from non-ferrous metal refining (SEPA, 2001) The imformaiton released on mercury includes several aspects such as, cement production, the smelting of iron, steel and iron-manganese alloying within the metallurgy industry; emission standards or the policy of eliminating
14 inefficient production capacities or crafts eradicating mercury from scattered l lead-zinc smelters (Dong Si-lu, 1997), and a research report on hydrargyrism and its provention in a workplace (Zhang Man-li; Li Xue-da, 2002). There is basically no other information abavilable concerning mercury.
3 Mercury in various environmental media
Mercury is released into the environment through various natural processes and human activities. This report discusses the issues related to the anthropogenic release of mercury into the environment.
3.1 Atmosphere
Among all human activities, coal-burning is considered to release the most mercury into the atmosphere. This is discussed in detail in section 2.1.
Standards Atmospheric mercury is not yet listed as a routinely monitored item in China. In residential areas, comprehensive standards for air pollutants emissions and highest allowance limits for air hazardous substances include mercury. The standards for the incineration of household and hazardous waste stipulate that mercury emissions should be controlled. In the standards, there are restrictions for mercury pollutant emissions and for the release of harmful pollutants from industrial furnaces (including metal melting pots). The emission standards set different limits, with stricter standards imposed on furnaces and kilns built after 1 January 1997, to take into consideration the differences between old and new equipments.
Research According to the currently collected materials, the researches on mercury in air are concentrated in its elemental forms, distribution and polluting characteristics(Chen Le-yi & Zhang Xiao-shan 1999; Fang Feng-man & Wang Qi-chao 2001; Wang Wen-hua & Liu Jun-hua 2002; Xiu Guang-li et al.2003; Zhao Tian-qiao et al.2003; Shang Li-hai et al.2003; Wang Zhang-wei et al.2004, 2005), mercury precipitation(Tan Hong & He Jin-lin 1997, 1999; Tan Hong & Liang Lian 2000; Liu Jun-hua et al.2001; Qiu Guang-le & Feng Xin-bin 2003), flux(Fang Feng-man et al 2001), influential factors(Fang Feng-man & Wang Qi-chao 2001), and analytical methods(Feng Xin-bin 2003), etc. The surveyed sites cover Beijing City (Chen Le-yi & Carl R.J. 2000;
15 Liu Jun-hua et al.2001; Wang Wen-hua & Liu Jun-hua 2002; Wang Zhang-wei et al.2004); Chongqing City (Wang Ding-yong & Li Xiao-hua 1996); Guizhou Province (Tan Hong & Liang Lian 2000), which includes Guiyang City (Shang Li-hai et al.2003), Hongfeng Lake Area(Wang Shao-feng 2004), Fanjing Mountain Natural Reserve(Ke Jin-lin & Tan Hong 1999), Chuangchun City (Fang Feng-man et al.2001; Fang Feng-man & Wang Qi-chao 2001), and Hohhot City (Zhao Tian-jiao et al.2003).
3.2 Water Among all the environment elements, the information for mercury in water is the most comprehensive. Firstly, there is adequate background information available on mercury for various major water systems in China. (SEPA 1993a; b; Zhang Licheng et al. 1996). Mercury is a regularly monitored component for water quality. Therefore, national historic data and information for mercury is comprehensive and continuous. Secondly, there are more indicators for water quality monitoring. Thirdly, there are more research literatures, including both regional research and fundamental research.
Owing to the abundant information on mercury in water and its contribution to environment protection, mercury once became one of the twelve controlled pollution indices nationwide.
Standard
Mercury monitoring for water covers two aspects: environmental quality and pollutant emission.
Environmental quality standards for surface water, ground water, seawater, fishery water, and irrigation water have been released and implemented. In respect to pollutant emission, there are comprehensive control standards for sewage water and sewage marine disposal. In addition, there are technical requirements for the burning medical garbage, standards for sewage water treatment in urban areas, pollutant disposal from alkali and PVC production plants and other industries.
Scientific Research
The research fields are concentrated on survey and assessment of the current pollution situation (Li Ting-hui 1991; Wen Yu-fang 1994; Zhang Qi-xian et al.1994; Ren Yong & Zhang Bao-ping 1996; Diao Wei-ping et al.2004), forms and distribution characteristics (Yang Wei-li et al. 1982; Hao
16 Xiao-di 1992; Chai Song-fang 1998; Yang Wen-jin 2001; Jiang Hong-mei et al. 2004; Hou Ya-min et al. 2004), biogeochemical features and cycle (Zeng Shao-hua 1998; Yang Wen-jin 2001; Yan Hai-yu 2003), capacity model(Liu Fen et al. 2002), sources (Wang Wen-hua et al. 2001), flux (Liu Qi 1999; Sun Xiang-tong et al..2001), prevention techniques (Liu Yong-mao 2000), and analytical methods (Shi Wei & Wang Bing-wu 1992; Xiong Zheng-jie 1999).
The surveyed sites were in the Guizhou Province, which included Baihua Lake and catchment (Zhang Wei 2000; Hou Yamin et al. 2004) and Hong Feng Lake area (Sun Xiang-tong et al. 2001), Liaoning Province (Liang Hui-feng 1998), Taiyuan Basin, acidic precipitation area (Yan Hai-yu 2003); several major water systems, which includes the four river mouths in the North, namely Daliaohe River, Ya lujiang River, Luanhe River and Dongcunhe River (Liu Su-mei 2001), (Chen Jing-sheng & Liu Yuji 1993; Liu Qi & Fu Guo-wei 1999), Songhuangjiang River (Liu Yong-mao et al.1998; Su Hua & Liu Wei 2002; Qu Ping-yang 2004; Zhang Xin-yu 2004), the second Songhuajiang River (Jilin-Fuyu Section), Songhua Lake (Wang Ning & Zhu Yan-ming 2000), Yellow River (Deng Rui-wen & Xu Yufen 1983), Wujiang River Catchment (Jiang Hong-mei et al. 2004), upper reaches of the Wujiang River, (Li Ting-hui 1991), lower reaches of Wujiang River (Wen Yu-fang 1994), Min-Tuo Rivers (Wen Yu-fang & Liao Ji 1991), Xiangjiang River (Rao Li-li & Zhang Shen 1982; Jin Xiangcan et al. 1987; Liu Fen et al. 2002), reservoir area of the Three Gorges Dam (Xu Xiao-qing & Qiu Chang-qiang 1999), areas of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (Zeng Zhao-hua 1998), Yangtze River Mouth (Chen Ze-ling 1992), Tingzikou Resrvoir Area (Ren Yong & Zhang Bao-ping 1996), and Zhujiang River (Wu Jian-zhong & Huang Ai-zhu 1997). The research area also covers marine area, such as Bohai Sea (Zhang Xiao-lin 2001), Seashore along Jinzhou City (Wang Dong-mei & Feng Jun 2001), Jiaozhou Bay (Chai Song-fang 1998), sea area adjacent to the Yangtze River Mouth, the inshore of Hong Kong, north part of Beibu Bay, (Qiu Li-sheng 1988), and sediment like Second Songhuanjiang River (Zhang Qixian et al. 1994), Yalu River mouth, Tai Lake (Zhang Yuping & Qu Wenchuan 2001), Yangtze River at the Reservoir of the Three Gorges Dam (Xu Xiaoqing & Deng Guanqiang 1999), Xiangjiang River, and the inshore area of Hong Kong (Gao Jie et al. 2004).
3.3 Soil
The information concerning mercury in soil is as follows: ? Background data is available for the whole of China (China National Environmental Monitoring Center 1994); ? A number of environment standards for soil have been
17 established and implemented; ? No regular monitoring exists for mercury in soil; ? Even though literature on mercury may be abundant, it is not systematic and lacks of large-scale research; and is therefore, inadequate for the basis of decision-making for the region or the nation.
Standards Currently, the national standards established and implemented include: ? Environmental quality standard for soils; ? Standard for pollution control on the security landfill site for hazardous wastes; ? Standard for pollution control on the landfill site for domestic waste; ? Control standards for urban wastes for agricultural use; ? Control standards for pollutants in sludges from agricultural use; ? Control standards of pollutants in fly ash for agricultural use; and, ? Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant.
Scientific research
Research content Since the 1980s, Chinese scientists have conducted comprehensive research in the field of mercury in soil, which covers soil background values for the nation (Chinese National Environmental Monitoring Center 1994) and specific areas (Wang Ya -ge et al. 1983; Li Chun-lan & Xu Qian 1987; Wang Xin 1992; Zhang Mei-qin 1992), environmental capacity (Xiong Xian-zhe et al. 1988); pollution evaluation (Wang He-cai & Xia Hong 2003); pollution prevention and treatment (Guo Cui-hua & Zhang Hong 2000); recovery of contaminated soil (Wang Xin 1994; Qu Liya 2004), prevention strategy (Dai Qianjin et al. 2002); mercury emission flux (Fang Fengman & Wang Qichao 2004); distribution characteristics and influential factors (Liu Ruhai et al.2003); transport of mercury (Tang Qing-he et al.2003), geochemical behavior (Dai Qian-jin et al.2002); geochemical characteristics (Liu Ru-hai et al.2002); mercury species (Liu Jun-hua & Wang Wen-hua 1997); activity of the soil enzyme (He Xiang-wen et al.2001, 2002); and analytical methods (Zhou Jun & Zhou Jian 1997; Chen Su-lan& Chen Wei-bing 1999; Dong Wen-guang et al.2002).
Soil/Land types The types of surveyed soil/land include Red Soil (Luo Zhi-gang et al.1996), Brown Soil in meadows (Xiong Xian Zhe et al.1988), wetland in Sanjiang Plain (Liu Ru-hai et al.2003), the ecosystems of sphagnum marsh land (Liu Ru-hai et al.2002), cropland soil (Cheng Ying et
18 al.2002), land irrigated with polluted water (Zhang Naiming 2001), cropland ecosystems (Guo Cui-hua & Zhang Hong 2000), landfills (Tang Qing-he et al.2003), swelling soil (Jin Hui & Fu Jiang 1999), surface soil (Liu Jun-hua & Wang Wen-hua 1997; Guo Cui-hua & Shi Jun-hua 1996).
Areas The researched areas include Beijing City (Wang Ya-ping et al.2004), Shanghai City (Wang Ya -ge et al.1983), Small Xing’anling Mountains (Liu Ru-hai et al.2002), Sanjiang Plain (Liu Ru-hai et al.2003), Wulihe, Huludao City (Zhao Lian-di & Yan Hui-fen 1997), Dalian City (Wang Xin 1992), Taiyuan City (Guo Cui-hua & Shi Jun-hua 1996; Zhang Nai-ming et al.2001; Wang Ying-gang et al.2003), Tibet (Zhang Xiao-ping & Zhu Yan-ming 1994), Suzhou City (Wang He-cai & Xia Hong 2003), Anhui Province (Zhang Mei-qin 1992), Chengdu City (Yao Xue-liang & Liao Yuan’an 2002), Guilin City (Qian Jian-ping & Zhang Li 2000), Nanning City (Li Jun-fang 1999), Shenzhen City (Tao Shu et al.1993), area in South China areas (You Zhi-lin & Luo Zhi-gang 1996), and heavy industrial cities (Guo Cuihua & Zhanghong 2000), etc.
3.4 Living Organisms
As mercury can easily be accumulated in living organisms, close attention has been paid to the bioaccumulation of mercury up the food chain, especially for aquatic orgnisms. Data in this respect has two characteristics: - Hygiene standards exist for mercury in food products, such as for meat, eggs, dairy, crops, vegetables, fruits, dry mushrooms, aquatic products (fishes in marine or freshwater, shrimp, prawn) and canned foods. - Information for mercury in wild edible aquatic products is very limited; and, the monitoring of mercury concentration in wild fish sold at markets is rare.
In terms of mercury accumulation in fish, Zhang Ming-shi and Wang Ai=min (1991) surveyed the aquatic species for methylmercury contamination in the upper reach of Wujiang River; Yu Chang-rong (1992) conducted research on the conversion of elemental mercury into methylmercury in fish; Zhang Ping-qing (1993) researched on the impacts and the trend of mercury on commercial fish stock in the Ningxia section of Yellow River in 1980s; Yu Chang-rong et al. (1994) researched on the general situation of mercury-contaminating fish in Songhuajiang River and predicted the trend of mercury or methylmercury pollution in the fish; Liu Yong-mao et al. (2004) researched on the bioaccumulation of methylmercury in fish inhabiting in Songhuajiang River, and the influencing factors; Feng Dan et al. (2004) investigated the current situation of the mercury contamination fish inhabiting in the Harbin Section of Songhuajiang River; Lu Ling and Chen Hua (2000)
19 analyzed the level of mercury contained in several species of fish in Songhuajiang River; Lu Yan-sheng and Shang Fu-quan (2000) and Yan Sheng et al. (1999) surveyed and analyzed mercury accumulation in fish inhabiting in the mainstream of Songhuanjiang river; Yang Hai-sheng and Liu Zhong-xian (2000) surveyed the average level of mercury amount contained in cultivated fish in Mudanjiang City; Gu Yong-he and Liao Li-ling (1998) investigated mercury caccumulation in fish inhabiting in the upper reaches of Wujiang River; Ye Fen-xia (2002) surveyed the current situation of mercury pollution to the marine products of Ninbo area; Xu Xiao-qing and Zhang Xiao-hua (1998) predicted the impacts of the bioavailability of mercury on fish inhabiting in the Three Gorges Reservoir; Xu Xiao-qing and Qiu Chang-qiang (1998) predicted the bioaccumulation of mercury in fish inhabiting the reservoir; Jin Li-jun and Xu Xiao-qing (1997) researched on the distribution of methylmercury in fish inhabiting the Three Gorges Reservoir; Liu Yu-mei (1999) analyzed the source of mercury in reservoir fish; Dong Ke-yu and Lin Chun-ye (1998) the laws of how mercury bio-accumulates and remains in of four types of fish; Huang Hongyu and Xu Yuesheng (1998) monitored the mercury pollution occurring in water produces in Zhuhai City; Xu Xiao-qing and Qu Changqiang (1998) researched on the composition of different elements in carp, which inhabited in the rivers and reservoirs of the Yangtze River catchment; Zhang Hui-ying and Ni Ze-cheng (1997) surveyed the pollution of some pools and mercury-contaminating fish in Yinchuan area.
3.5 Comprehensive Data
Comprehensive data is also available besides the single environmental medium, i.e. air, water, soil and living organisms.
Pollution source Liu Jun-hua and Wang Wen-hua (2000) conducted research on the pollution pollution sources for two major industrial districts of Beijing. Yao Xue-liang and Yang De-fen (1999, 2000) analyzed the mercury pollution sources in Chengdu Plain. Zhang Lei et al. (2004) researched mercury pollution in some Chinese cities, and the correspondent prevention and treatment strategies.
Flux The flux of mercury between different media is a research field that is important not only to the study of the environmental impact of mercury, but also for correspondent environmental policy. Feng Xin-bin et al. (2002) researched the exchange flux of mercury vapor at the interface between natural water bodies and atmosphere in summer time. Wang Shao-feng et al.
20 (2004) researched the exchange flux of mercury between the soil and atmosphere, and the influential factors in Lanmuchang mercury mine, Guizhou Province. Li Huabin and Wang Wen-hua (2000) researched the exchange flux of methylmercury at the interfaces of atmosphere, water and soil. Ouyang Shu and Liu De-chao (1998) surveyed the mercury pollution in upland soil-vegetation system. Feng Man and Wang Qi-chao (2002) summarized the methodology for research on mercury exchange at the interfaces of atmosphere, water, and soil.
Regional Level Aimed at the mercury pollution resulting from gold mining by amalgamation method, Dai Qianjin and Feng Xin-bin (2004) summarized the progress with regards to the research in this field.
In China, acidic precipitation areas make up a large proportion of the country. Moreover, there are overlaps of acidic precipitation areas and mercury-polluted areas. Mu Shu-sen (1992) researched mercury pollution occurring in the soil-vegetable system in some acidic precipitation areas. Wang Ding-yong and Mu Shu-sen (1999) surveyed and researched the cumulative impacts of mercury on the soil-vegetation system in some acidic precipitation areas.
Mercury mining has incurred regional environmental problems. Ding Zhen-hua et al. (2004) researched the impacts of mercury pollution on regional ecosystems for Wanshan Mercury mine in Guizhou Province. Huang Ya -li (1999) analyzed the concentrations of some toxic elements, including mercury, existing in the environment of the Xining area, and proposed correspondent prevention and treatment strategies. Lu Xin-wei (2003) researched the health problems occurring in some mercury mines in the area between Guizhou Province and Hunan Province. Wang Xian-guo et al. (2004) researched the environmental geological problems including mercury pollution in Pingdingshan mining area, and proposed correspondent prevention and treatment strategies.
Methylmercury
Wang Shu-hai et al. (1983) researched the pollution features of methylmercury in the second Songhuajiang River. Su Hua and Liu Wei (2002) conducted theoretical analysis on the hazards of methylmercury in the Songhuajiang River. Liu Yong-mao and Qu Ping-yang (1998) surveyed and researched the environmental parameters of methylmercury. Liu Yong-mao (1999) researched the safe threshold levels of methylmercury and its ecological impacts, prevention and treatment of methylmercury. Liu Yong-mao (2000) proposed a technological and managerial strategy with
21 regards to the prevention and treatment of methylmercury in rivers and lakes. Li Hua-bin and Wang Wen-hua researched the exchange flux of methylmercury at the interfaces of the atmosphere, water and soil. Zhang Xin-yu (2004) reviewed the transformation of the mercury pollutant into methylmercury in the Songhuajiang River. Li Yong-mei (1998) researched the methodology for measuring methylmercury in the environment.
In addition, for the heath aspect of methylmercury, Pan Yun-zhou (1982) researched methylmercury poisoning in the areas adjacent to the Songhuajiang River. Liu Qi-zhong and Huang Chun-ying (1986) determined the benchmark data for organic mercury, inorganic mercury and total mercury using the hair of healthy Cantonese adults. Qu Ping-yang et al. (1991) researched the amount of methylmercury contained in people living along the Songhuajiang River. Hou Tie-ning et al. (1994) conducted a clinical survey and analysis of fishing populations affected by methylmercury pollution in the Songhuajiang River. Wu Shi-an et al. (1994) conducted environmental epidemiological research on the hazards of methylmercury pollution in the Songhuajiang River. Lin Xiu-wu (1995) summarized the research results with regards to the health impacts of methylmercury pollution on fishing populations in the area of the Second Songhuajiang River over the past 20 years.
With aspect to aquatic species, Zhang Ming-shi and Wang Ai-min (1991) conducted a survey on methylmercury contained in aquatic species, which inhabit the upper reaches of Wujiang River. Yu Chang-rong (1992) researched on the conversion of inorganic mercury into methylmercury. Yu Chang-rong et al. (1994) predicted the trend of methylmercury pollution and the total mercury contained in fish in the Songhuajiang River. Liu Yong-mao and Qu Ping-yang (1996) researched on the biomagnification with regards to bioaccumulation of methylmercury in aquatic species. Jin Li-jun and Xu Xiao-qing (1997) conducted research on the distribution of methylmercury in surface water and fish in the Three Gorge Reservoir.
4 Integrative analysis
4.1 Typical area
In China, there are several typical areas concerning mercury-polluted and correspondent accumulated information.
Songhuajiang River
22 The mercury pollution of the Songhuajiang River is one of the earliest environmental problems in China. The initial research and treatment of the river was regarded as the beginning of environmental science and environmental protection in China. Over many years, scientists have systematically researched, monitored, and assessed methylmercury pollution; the law of transmission and the impacts of methylmercury in the environment; the forecast for the trend of mercury and methylmercury pollution; and the prevention and treatment strategies integrated to eliminate mercury pollution (Wang Shu-hai et al.1983; Liu Yong-mao & Qu Pingyang 1998; Liu Yong-mao 1999; Su Hua & Liu Wei 2002). Researches on the quality standards for methylmercury in surface water have also been completed (Liu Yong-mao 1999). Based on the researches on the conversion of inorganic mercury into methylmercury in fish (Yu Chang-rong 1992) , Yu Chang-rong et al. (1994)predicted the trend in the total mercury content of fish and methylmercury pollution in the Songhuajiang River. In addition, assessments have also been performed on how the residents living along the Songhuajiang River have been impacted by mercury in different years (Pan Yun-zhou 1982; Qu Ping-yang et al.1991; Hou Tie-ning et al.1994; Wu Shi-an et al.1994; Lin Xiu-wu 1995). Over 20 years of control and treatment, the level of pollution in the Songhuajiang River has been reduced significantly.
Guizhou Province
As a region accommodating the major mercury mines and with high mercury background values, Guizhou holds ample and systematic mercury-related information. The information includes the situation of mercury mines, especially the impacts of amalgamation process on water, air, soil, crops, ecosystems and humans,and the reclamation of the land in obsolete mercury mines, etc. Researches were also conducted in fields such as the exchange flux of mercury vapor at the interface between soil and atmosphere in the mercury mine areas and their influential factors (Wang Shao-feng et al.2004); the comparison of the exchange flux of mercury at the interface between soil and atmosphere in warm and cold seasons in the Hongfeng Lake area (Wang Shao-feng et al.2004); the species distribution of gaseous mercury in the atmosphere above Guiyang City (Shang Li-hai et al.2003), the atmospheric mercury deposition in Guizhou (Tan Hong & Liang Lian 2000); the flux and wet/dry deposition of atmospheric mercury in mercury mine areas (Tan Hong & He Jin-lin 1999); the deposition of atmospheric mercury in Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve (He Jin-lin & Tan Hong 1999); the environmental impacts of mercury pollution generated from organic chemical plants (Qu Li-ya 1999); the mercury pollution and its environmental impacts in Wanshan mercury mine area (Ding Zhen-hua et al.2004); mercury contained in the hear of people who live in mercury-polluted areas (Liu Li et al.2003), the prevention and treatment of mercury pollution, and ecological restoration in
23 Guizhou Province (Qu Li-ya 2002); and amendment of mercury contaminated soil (Qu Li-ya 2004). Moreover, a monograph (Qu Li-ya 2004) systematically address the prevention and treatment of mercury pollution in Guizhou, which covers the natural environment; mineral resources in the province; mercury emissions from some typical mercury mines; typical model of mercury emission from coal burning; mercury pollution from the chemicals industry; the features and impacts of mercury pollution in the province; and corresponding prevention and treatment strategies.
Besides the pollution resulting from the exploitation of mercury mines, literatures show that majority of pollution comes from the burning of coal that is high in mercury. The average mercury content of this coal is higher than the national average (SEPA 2001). Research on mercury continues in the province.
Three Gorges Reservoir The Three Gorges Reservoir is adjacent to the Wuling mountainous area which extends into the Hunan Province, Hubei Province, Sichuan Province and Guizhou Province and is a typical area in China with high mercury background values. In 1990, some researches were conducted for the Three Gorges Reservoir with a large amount of data collected. The researchers investigated the current status of mercury pollution in the Reservoir area; the sources of mercury pollution (mercury mines and coal burning); and, the coverage of the resulting pollution. The researchers also documented the characteristics of the mercury pollution, especially the activation effects of mercury in the reservoir. A formula was deduced from the results to estimate the accumulation of mercury in fish. It was observed, after the reservoir stores up water, the activation effect of mercury enhances. Thus the accumulation of mercury in fish intensifies. There is a possibility that the mercury accumulating in fish will exceed the safety level, especially in the lower reaches of the Wujiang River. In fact, the possibility of exceeding the safety level has already passed the alert stage.
Considering the origins and level of mercury pollution in the Reservoir, the situation will be worse after the dam is built. The branches on the south bank of the dam, west of the Wujiang River are already facing serious mercury pollution. (SEPA, 2001)
Researches were concentrated on predicting the influence of the activation effet of mercury, and the mercury content of fish in dams (Xu Xiao-qing & Zhang Xiao-hua 1999); methylmercury distribution in surface water and fish in the reservoir area (Jin Li-jun & Xu Xiao-qing 1997); the mercury distribution in the coal, soil and sediment in the reservoir area (Jin Li-jun & Xu Xiao-qing 1997); the pollution features of heavy metals in the sediment of the reservoir
24 (Xu Xiao-qing & Deng Guan-qiang 1999); the chemical-ecological effects of mercury pollution in the reservoir area (Xu Xiao-qing & Qu Chang-qiang 1999); the of the non-linear and delayed environmental effects in the reservoir area; and the correspondending strategies (Xu Xiao-qing et al.2002).
4.2 Nationwide
From 1996 to 1998, the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) conducted research on the prevention and control for mercury pollution, which is a commitment under one of the National Ninth Five-Year Programs for environmental protection. The research was the first of its kind to compile a list for industries in China that consume mercury, and proposed the control of mercury use and release. It also provided a detailed study of the characteristics, quantities released and direction of mercury released for various industries; and, a solid scientific foundation for studying the trend of mercury pollution in China. (SEPA, 2001).
In 2002, to enhance the management to industries addressing mercury, The SEPA and the former State Economic and Industries Commission worked together to carry out nationwide surveys on the consumption of mercury in the chemicals industry (e.g. PVC and reagents), light industry (including batteries and electric light sources), gold refining, and medical instruments and materials (e.g. fever thermometers, sphygmomanometers and dental materials). The surveys also involved the operations of various environmental protection facilities, the disposal of mercury-containing waste and the development and application of mercury-containing substitutes. The surveys and research helped to determine the demand for mercury in the four industries, the status quo for environmental protection, and the development, and applications of mercury substitutes (Research on the Application of Mercury Chemicals in Mercury Industries by the Environmental Science Research Institute of Guizhou Province). However, the research and surveys did not cover the volume of mercury released, and the industries included were not as many as the research performed in 1996-1998 by CAS.
There were also other nationwide researches and surveys. Jian Xiao-dong et al.(2004) determined the status quo and studied the prevention of mercury pollution, from the perspectives of production, import, atmosphere and several large water systems. Shen Ying-wa and Jian Xiao-dong (2004) discussed eliminating mercury consumption in China.
25 4.3 Comprehensive analysis and evaluation
The information suggests the following characteristics for the intentional use and unintentional release of mercury in China:
(1) In the industries intentionally using mercury, the information and data changes rapidly as well as dramatically. By comparing the statistics in 1995 and 2000, Table 1 shows in terms of proportions that dramatic changes took place in the consumption of mercury. The consumption of mercury was usually within a two-digit change. Some products showed a dramatic increase (e.g. thermometer and PVC), while other products showed a sharp decrease (e.g. batteries and artisanal gold refining). In 1995, the top three industries using the most mercury were gold refining (about 160t, sharing 40% of China’s total consumption), batteries (582t, sharing 38.3% of China’s total consumption) and chemical manufactures (chlor-alkali and PVC, 80.8t and 88.8t, respectively sharing 5% of China’s total consumption). In 2000, the rankings for the top three industries changed to, reagents production (about 500t, sharing 44% of China’s total consumption surveyed), PVC (ranging between 264.26 and 352.35 tons, about 25% of China’s total consumption surveyed) and batteries (106t, near 10% of China’s total consumption surveyed).
These statistics show the significant changes in mercury consumption in China. It also suggests that the data collected for mercury is of time dependance. When trying to illustrate the situation in a particular industry, the relative data should be collected and updated in time.
Table 1 Estimated mercury consumption in China ( 1995 and 2000) 1995(a) 2000(b)
Industry Application consumption consumption proportion% proportion% (tons) (tons)
Chemical chlor-alkali 80.8 5.31 manufacture PVC 88.8 5.84 264.26~352.35 25.19~28.93 Electronic and batteries 582.4 38.3 106 8.70~10.10 Electric fluorescent lamp 30.9 2.03 47 3.86~4.48 State owned mines 80.27 5.38 <10 0.80~0.82 Gold mines (large, medium scale) small scale >500 32.88 thermometer 40.4 2.66 100 8.01~8.21 Medical sphygmomanometers 15.7 1.05 50~60 4.77~4.92 dental material 6 0.39 5~6 0.48~0.49 Sources: (a) State Environmental Protection Administration (2001); (b) Shen Ying-wa and Jian Xiao-dong (2004).
26
(2) Weaknesses and inconsistencies exist in the fundamental data collected for industries during the same period, due to differences in the methods of approach, data collection and calculations. Assessments for mercury consumption in the PVC industry and coal burning are the examples of this lack in consistency between different data sets. Therefore, it is necessary for more in-depth evaluations for mercury, in terms of its historical development, current status, and consumption prospects, before carrying out any plans for making release lists or deductions on essential limitations or restrictions.
(3) Policy and monitoring has an important influence on the degree of mercury consumption. It is evident from Table 1, that a sharp drop in mercury consumption for batteries and artisanal gold refining took place from 1995 to 2000. The average reduction was hundreds of tons, and was the result of the introduction of new regulations and policies, and a strengthening of the monitoring of standards. In 1997, nine Ministries jointly declared the regulations for limiting mercury in batteries, which involves a two-step plan.
The first step minimizes mercury consumption. From 1 January 2001, batteries containing mercury more than 0.025% by weight should be banned from production; and, from 1 January 2002, batteries containing mercury more than 0.025% by weight should be banned from sales.
The second step is an implementation of the policy for zero-mercury alkaline batteries. From 1 January 2005, batteries containing mercury more than 0.0001% by weight should be banned from production; and from the 1 January 2006, batteries containing mercury more than 0.0001% by weight should be banned from sales.
A series of policies complement the above regulations. For example, in the Catalogue of Preventing Repetition in Some Industries and Industries (2004), high-mercury batteries are listed as a banned product. On 20 June 1995, the National Development & Reform Commission issued the Interim Provisions for the Guidance of Foreign Investment. The Provisions stipulate which investments are encouraged, permitted, limited and prohibited. The zero-mercury alkaline batteries industry is listed as an encouraged investment. On 31 December 1997, the State Council approved the Guiding Directory on Industries Open to Foreign Investment, which the zero-mercury alkaline batteries industry was listed. The Regulations on Limiting Mercury Added in Batteries specify that only Hg, Cd, and Pb Free Rechargeable batteries(HJBZ 7-1994)and mercury-free batteries (HJBZ 009-1995) meet the standards for the environmentally-friendly label. On 9 October 2003, the National Environmental Protection Administration, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Technology, and
27 Ministry of Commerce, jointly issued the Policy for Preventing Pollution from the Disposal of Batteries.
After the policies had been passed, effective actions were taken, e.g. obligated inspections on all batteries. The Guild helped to introduce new production techniques for batteries, in order to adjust the structure of the industry and help to train technicians to check domestic equipments and key raw materials. To promote mercury-free technology, the Guild also provided a list of preferred companies for supplying equipments and raw materials for alkaline battery production. A market access scheme with mandatory measures was also gradually adopted for the zinc powder manufacturers. The first batch of “genuine, green, high quality batteries” was approved with the environmentally friendly label, and recommended to consumers.
These policies and actions are a great encouragement for the battery industry to develop low-mercury batteries and mercury-free alkali batteries.
Another example where policy and management has reduced mercury consumption is for the gold refining industry. Research in 1995, estimated the consumption of mercury for this industry was near to 600 metric tons. Artisanal gold refining notably consumed over 500 tons of mercury. It was apparent that this industry contributed significantly to mercury pollution. After 1995, China issued a number of policies to eliminate amalgamation process, such as restricting access to land, investment and loans; and there was a large-scale crackdown on artisanal gold refining techniques. As a result, pollution from this industry has been kept under control and the situation has greatly improved.
The same took place in the chlor-alkali industry. With the effort of years, the mercury-adding technique for the production of alkali was ended in 2003, and mercury pollution in the chlor-alkali industry was eliminated.
5 Conclusion
(1) Currently, in China, there are in more than ten industries intentionally using mercury, and 4 industries or activities unintentionally releasing mercury.
(2) Among the industries intentionally using mercury, data and information is comprehensive for PVC manufacture, batteries, fever thermometers and sphygmomanometers. Hardly any information or data is available for the automobile and electronic swich industries. Among the
28 environmental medium, most of information, background values and historical monitoring data is for water, by which the scientific assessment on the regional or national level can be deduced. Air ranks second on availability of information. Though neither background nor historical data from routine monitoring has been accumulated, with relatively more literature, scientists can make partial scientific evaluations on the regional or national levels.Soil and living organisms drop behind
(3) Among the unintentional mercury releasing industries/activations, there is relatively more information for mercury in coal burning. On the other hand, there is no information for concrete.
(4) Data and information shows significant changes in mercury usage in China; weaknesses and inconsistencies in the fundamental data collected; and, a significant reduction in mercury consumption, as a result influenced by the policy and management.
(5) Before carrying out any plans/actions for making release lists or deductions on essential limitations or restrictions, detailed investigations on the historical development, current status and prospects for mercury must be carried out, and the methods for investigations must be harmonized.
29 6 References
1. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 1996/97. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 1996.136. 2. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 1997/98. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 1998.123. 3. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 1998/99. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 1999.113. 4. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, /2000. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 2000.100. 5. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2000/2001. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 2001.107. 6. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2001/2002. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 2002.143. 7. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2002/2003. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 2003.120. 8. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2003/2004. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 2004.135. 9. Survey on Mercury Consumption in Medical Device Industry in China by China Association for Medical Device Industry 2002 10. Survey on Mercury Consumption in Lighting Industry by Liang Zhen 2002 11. Survey on the Environment Protection in Mercury Industries Petrolum and Chemistry Industry Development Institute 2002 12. The Atlas of Soil Environmental Background Value in the People’s Republic of China. Chinese National Environmental Monitoring Center. Chinese Environmental Sciences Press:Beijing 1994
30 Appendix 1 Industries Using Merury Intentionally Industries Regulations and standards References Chlor-Alkali production The List of Phasing out Hao Chunling, Shen Yingwa, Zhang Yazhen (2005): Study on Plans of Cutting Mercury Consumption for PVC Resin Industry (chlorine and caustic Behindhand Throughput, in China. Research of Environmental Sciences 2005; 18(4)( in printing) soda) Technology and Product “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2003/2004. Beijing: China National ( Catalogue one) (1999/2/1) Chemical Information Center, 2004.135. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2002/2003. Beijing: China National The Refrain List of Present Chemical Information Center, 2003.120. Some Industries “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2001/2002. Beijing: China National Reconstructed at Low Level Chemical Information Center, 2002.143. (2004) “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 2000/2001. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 2001.107. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 1999/2000. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 2000.100. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 1998/99. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 1999.113. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 1997/98. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 1998.123. “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom. China Chemical Industry Yearbook, 1996/97. Beijing: China National Chemical Information Center, 1996.136. Dental amalgam Zuo Yuhong (2004): Inmongolia Medicine Journal 2004; 36(6):413-414 Wang Xinling, Tang Yuejun, Liv Chuntang (2004): Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 2004; 5(6):641,648 Jiang Rongfang (2003): Chinese Environmental Sanitation 2003 Qin Zongchang (2003): Journal of Tianjin Medical University 2003; 9(4): 471 Fu Jinqiu, Hu Jinhua, Zhang Miaomiao et.al.(2004): Investigation of health influence of mixing amalgam to dentists. Chinese
31 General Practice 2004; 7(1):42-43 Liu Ailian (2003):Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003; 7(14):2108 Liu Dengxiang, Xu Baojun (2003): Therapeutic observation on solitaire and silver amalgam filling in treating cavity. Journal of Linyi Medical College 2003; 25(3):173-174 Ma Rong, Liu Chunhua (2003): Journal of Oral Science Research 2003; 19(2):135 Wang Yanchun Sun Xiaoling et al.(2002): Heilongjiang Medical Journal 2002; 26(11): 889-890 Liu Wei (2002): Modern Diagnosis & Treatment 2002; 13(5):305 Zhang Yalin, Ma Jingzhi et.al. (2002): Clinical Evaluation of Different Dental Materials for Restoration of Molar with Heavy Defects. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Health Sciences) 2002; 31(2):206-209 Chen Zhen, Wu Ligeng, et.al (2001): Effect of SYNERGY composite and silver amalgam on filling of class ? cavities, Journal of Modern Stomatology 2001; 15(5):371-372 Guan Cuiqing, Guo Min (2001): Shanxi Medical Journal 2001; 30(6):531-532 Zhou Xiaoxian (2001): Observation of clinical curative effects on repairing abutment cricoid caries by three kinds of materials. Chinese Journal of Dental Materials and Devices 2001; 10(3):133-135 Liu Qi, Zhang Wenyan et al.(2001): Journal of Dental Rrevention and treatment 2001; 9(2):108 Zhao Jianan, Wang Jiade et al.(2001): Journal of Modern Stomatology 2001; 15(4): 314 Wu Min,Chen Zhihong et.al (2001): Treatment of tooth hypersensitivity caused by attrition with plombage. Chinese Journal of Conservative Dentistry 2001; 11(2):111-112 Li Rongxin, Chen chuanjun (2000): Glass inomer lining along the side walls of the cavity to seal the fissure between tooth-tissue and silver amalgam restoration, Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui 2000; 35(2):141-143 Tao Ming,Wu Feifei (1999): Clinical observation of treatment of dentin caries by silver amalgam filling after smearing layer with silver iodide. Acta Academiae Medicinae Wannan 1999; 18(1):19-20 Zhu Qingping (1999): Adhesion of BISCO complex material and amalgam restorations: a SEM studies. Stomatology 1999; 19(4):177-178 He Hongying, Song Guangtai (1998): Journal of Comprehensive Stomatology 1998;14(3):184-185 Pan Cuixia, Zhang Caixia (1997): Chinese Journal of Dental Materials and Devices 1997; 6(4):190-191
32 Zhu Zhongli (1997): Zhejiang Journal of Preventive Medicine 1997; 9(6):55-56 Hong Guoqing, Huang Ling (1997): Journal of Practical Stomatology 1997; 13(3):220-222 Zhu Shengrong, Wang Yanqiu (1997): Chinese Journal of Dental Materials and Devices 1997; 6(1):14-17 Sai Xingpeng, Feng Benzheng (1996): Chinese Journal of Dental Materials and Devices 1996; 5(2):61-64 Mai Yufeng, Ren Juguang(1995): Journal of Clinical Stomatology 1995; 11(3):154-155 Li Xiao Hong, Zhu Hong (1994): Chinese Journal of Dental Materials and Devices 1995; 4(3):114-115 Artisanal gold and silver The List of Phasing out Wang Daizhi, Zhao Yanping, Zhou Shan (2004): Study on Treatment of Hg-containing Wastewater by Modified Bentonite. mining Behindhand Throughput, Non-Metallic Mines 2004 Technology and Product( group Yuan Chaoxin, Wang Yun, Li Yun (2003): Prospect on Gold Extraction Techniques from Arsenic and Mercury Bearing Gold three) (2002/7/1) Ores. Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy) 2003(4):32-34,37 Bai Meifu (2004): Gold Science and Technology 2004 The List of Phasing out Tang Chaoxia, Lu Xiaozan, Wang Qinhua et.al (2003): Separation technology of the fracture zone altered rock type gold ores Behindhand Throughput, in north Guangxi. Mineral Resources and Geology 2003 Technology and Product( group Zhang Manli, Li Xueda (2002): Mercury Poisoning and its prevention in smelter. China Nonferrous Metallurgy 2002 one) (1999/2/1) Yu Honglin (2002): The Process study on gold extraction from refractory Hg-Au ores in the Sixiangchang gold deposit, Danzhai, Guizhou. Guizhou Geology 2002 Liu Dejun (2002): Mineral processing scientific research on a gold-bearing polymetallic. Non-ferous Mining and Metallurgy 2002 Xu Xiangrong, He Haijian et.al (2002): Survey on mercury content in the air of gold smeltery and in the urine of workers. Occupation and Health 2002;18(1) Wang Sulan(2001):Occupation and Health 2001 Wang Jianbin, Yang Rongyao et.al (2001): Commercial tests on decreasing K2Cr2O7 consumption in Hg-Sb flotation separation. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources 2001 Wang Jianbin, Yang Rongyao (2000): Nonferrous Metals 2000 Yan Yetie, Hu Jiaju (2000): Study on chromium-dropping technology in Hg-Sb separation process of livingstonite ore. Rock and Mineral Analysis 2000
33 Feng Junsheng (2000): Gold Science and Technology 2000 Zhang Chengyu, Zhang Xin (1999): Mercury pollution of gold-extracting from gold-mercury compound in gold mineral belt of XiaoQinling. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation 1999 Wang Wei, Sui Chunsheng (1999):Chinese Journal of Public Health 1999 Bai Xiumei (1998): Nonferrous Metals 1998 Wang Hongwei (1997): Mining and Processing Equipment 1997 Liu Di, Zhou Jun, Mao Huixin (1997): Determination of atomic Ratio in Bi-K-Ba superconductor by XRF with fusion disk technique for sample preparation. Rock and Mineral Analysis 1997 Tang Zhaoqi, Li Deliang (1997): An innovative gold laching method for reeractory gold ores. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources 1997 Zeng Ying, Tang Minglin (1997): Technological research of extracting Au from amalgamating tailings. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources 1997 Li Huaizhu (1996): West-China Exploration Engineering 1996 Zhao Bin, Lu Lizhu (1996): Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources 1996 Li Yishi (1996): Xiangjiang Nonferrous Metals 1996 Yuan Daolin (1995): Environment and Development 1995; 10(1):37-39 Zhang Dengfu (1995): Hydrometallurgy 1995 Xing Huodong (1993): Gold 1993 Zhang Jingxuan (1992): Gold 1992 Zou Deqing (1992): Nonferrous Mines 1992 Li Jiuliang (1991): Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources 1991 Batteries The forced country standard: Xi Guoxi, Li Yunqing, Liu Yumin (2004): Study on preparation of manganese-zinc ferrite using spent Zn-Mn batteries. ? Primary batteries-part 2: Research of Environmental Sciences 2004; 17(3):48-50 physical and Zhou Neng, Huang Zhongqiang, Zhang Hongzhi (2004): Spectrophotometric determination of mercury with technological p-chlorobenzenzene. Guangdong Trace Elements Science.2004; 11(6):63-66 specifications (GB Tang Baoying, Li Yujie, Xie Xiaodan et.al (2004): Determination of mercury in battery by microwave digestion cold atomic
34 8897.2-2005) absorption spectrometry. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 2004 ? The certifiable technical Li Suying, Zhao Liya, Luo Dongmei (2004): Heilongjiang Environmental Journal 2004; 28(2):22-23 requirement for Li Liang, Qiu Keqiang, Tan Yanzhi et.al (2004): Demercuration in waste zinc-manganese cells by vacuum aided system. environmental labelling Chinese Journal of Power Sources 2004; 28(5):303-307 products (Hg- Cd - Pb Zhao Lianchao, Wang Xiao (2004): RecyclingResources Research 2004; (2):29-30 free rechargeable Xiao Yongqing (2004): Metal World. .2004; (2):11-13 battery ) Nokown (2004): Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection 2004; (2):1-4 HJBZ 7-1994 Meng Fangui, Tang Yougen, Jiang Jinzhi et.al (2004): Study on organic mercury - substituting inhibitors in alkaline ? The certifiable technical zinc-manganese batteries. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 2004; 28(3):137-140 requirement for Ma Yonggang (2004): China Resources Comprehensive Utilization 2004; (1):3-4 environmental labelling Discharge performance of free-mercury zinc alloy powders as anode materials for alkaline zinc manganese batteries, Wan products (Hg-free dry Xinhua, Wang Jing, Yu Zhongbao et.al, Chinese Journal of Power Sources 2004; 28(2):72-74 cells and batteries) Huang Wei, Hou Xiuping (2004): Recovery and treatment of waste battery. Energy Environmental Protection 2004; HJBZ 009-1995 18(1):57-60 Jiang Li (2004): Several thinks of retrieving and making use of discard batteries industrially. Recycling Research The regulation of limiting 2004;(3):27-29 mercury content in battery Gao Guihua (2004): Gansu Science and Technology 2004; 20(5):20-21 (1997/12/31) Cheng Jianliang, Gao Xiaowei, Qin Xuyang (2004): Restoring waste dry cell to produce MnZn-ferrites. China’s Manganese Industry 2004; 22(1):37-40 The pollution control Yu Yuan (2004): Recycle and treatment of the waste battery. Hebei Chimical Industry 2004;(1):56-57 technology Policy on waste Li Zhe (2004): On abolished dry battery to pollution of environment and harm of body health. Gansu Metallurgy 2004; battery(2003/10/9) 26(1):60-61 Bai Qingzi, Bai Yunqi, Zhong Nailiang (2004): Recovery and utilization of waste battery, prevention and cure of repollution. The Refrain List of Present China Resources Comprehensive Utilization 2004; (5):30-32 Some Industries Reconstructed Nie Yongfeng (2004): Analysis of discarded batteries pollution possibility. Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection at Low Level (2004) 2004; (2):5-6
35 Yu Yuxin, Li Jianjun (2004): Recovery and disposal of waste battery in China. Sichuan Environment 2004; 3(1):94-96 Qian Bozhang (2004): Energy Conservation 2004; (3):3-7 Yang Shuhua, Guo Dufa (2004): Shandong Normal University (Nature Science) 2004;19(1):55-58 Nie Yongfeng (2004): Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection 2004;(1):9-10 Wu Tao, Liu Zhihong, Zhang Duomo (2003): A study on corrosion inhibitors of negative electrode material used in mercury-free alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Battery Bimonthly.2003; 33(6):373-374 Liao Rong, Ma Chen, Jing Xiaoming et.al (2003): Comparison of ways of recycle and treatment on waste battery. Sichuan Environment 2003; 2(4):78-82 He Jing (2003): Guangdong Science and Technology 2003;(12):10 Jia Zheng, Zhou Derui, Zhang Cuifen (2003): Composite additives to negative electrodes for mercury-free rechargeable alkaline manganese batteries. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology 2003;35(11):1344-1346 Guo Tianli (2003): World Nonferrous Metals 2003; (11):15-18 Jiang Jinzhi, Meng Fangui, Tang Yougen et al.(2003): Battery Bimonthly 2003; 33(5):294-296 Li Hongren, Ma Jianghong (2003): Zinc corrosion inhibitors used in alkaline zinc- manganese dioxide batteries. Journal of Shenyang College of Education 2003; 5(4):116-118 Jiang Yusi (2003): Surface treatment of negative current collector in mercury-free alkaline manganese dioxide batteries. Journal of Guangdong Non-Ferrous Metals 2003; 13(2):114-117 Guo Renhong, WU Shengfeng, Huang Yubin(2003): Inspection and Quarantine Science 2003;13(6):29-31 Zhang Yuankang (2003): China Science and Technology Achievements 2003;(13):29-30 Zhao Dongmei, Qiu Xiaoying et al.(2003): Guangdong Quality 2003;(1):25 Yan Mingying (2003): Research on action of Mercury in Hydrometallurgical Treatment for Waste Dry Battery. Sichuan Nonferrous Metals 2003;(3):41-45 Wang Lizhen, Gu Shuhua (2003): Causes of gassing and leakage during storage and discharge of mercury-free Zn/MnO2 batteries. Battery Bimonthly 2003;33(4):221-223 Liu Xu, Song Yuanyuan (2003): Study on harmless development of Zn-MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry 2003; 8(4):185-188
36 Zhang Shuzhen, Liu Jianfeng (2003): Study on Leak in the Storage of Mercury-free alkaline Zn-Mn. Anhui Chemical Industry 2003; 29(3):36-37 Ni Xiaorui, Zhang Peng, Guo Bin (2003): Disposition of waste dry cell with dry and wet techniques. Journal of North China Electric Power University 2003; 30(4):100-102 Wen Li (2003): Battery circles must set up the forewarning mechanism (?). Battery Bimonthly 2003; 33(3):197 Zheng Xuanpei, Chen Ruizong, Liu Xiangqian et.al (2003): Review on development of secondary non-mercury zinc electrode. Marine Electric & Electronic Technology 2003; 23(3):30-32,37 Liu Dan, Yan Wujiu (2003): Study on the pollution of onetime dry cells and the adopted measures. Research of Land and Nature Resource 2003; (2):59-60 Yang Fengting, Liu Jingshuang, Wang Nianhua (2003): Estimation on the amount of mercury used in domestic batteries and potential amount of mercuryeEmissions in China. Shanghai Environmental Sciences 2003; 22(5):322-328 Li Liang, Qiu Keqiang, Chen Qiyuan (2003): Status and problems on waste dry battery recycling research in China. Nonferrous Metals 2003; 55(2):122-126 Yu Shen, Xi Hongjie (2003): Research on Factors affecting the Quality of Hg-free Battery Zinc Powder. Non-ferous Mining and Metallurgy 2003; 19(2):40-41 Zhang Ling Yin Lifang (2003): Battery Bimonthly 2003; 33(2):124-125 Tong Qi (2003): Study on the harm of Hg in abandoned cell to water. Chinnese Environmental Management 2003; 22(1):41-42 Wang Yi-chao, Wang Lu (2003): Designing & manufacturing of charger for zinc-mrcuric oxide cell in "Zhinong 70-2" electronic measure meter. Ground Water 2003; 25(1):46,51 Wang Wenli (2002): Prospect and state of home-made mercury-free zinc powder. Hunan Nonferrous Metals 2002; 18(6):30-33 Cao Guo-qing, Shen Yingwa, Jian Xiaodong (2002): Management of spent batteries and environment protection regulations. Chinese Battery Industry 2002; 7(6):322-325 Zheng Shunde (2002): Improvement study of the quality of mercury-free battery zinc powder. Battery Bimonthly.2002; 32(6):335-336 Li Yanhong, Lai Yanqing et.al (2002): Investigation on alkaline zinc electrode inhibitors as the substitute for mercury. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources.2002; (6):47-52
37 Zhou Min, Chen Yong et.al (2002): Digestion method for measuring the mercury content in discharged batteries. Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Sciences) 2002; 31(4):52-55 Chen Hui, Tang Yougen et.al (2002): Study on Hg-substituted inhibitor for alkaline zinc manganese battery. Chinese Journal of Power Sources.2002; 26(6):410-412 Wang Chunfang,Liu Huiru et.al (2002): The study of inhibitors on zine-manganese cell. Hebei Journal of Industrial Science & Technology.2002; 19(5):67-70 Liao Rong, Sun Bo et.al (2002): Treatment of the Zn-Mn waste battery Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities(Natrual Science Edition).2002; 28(4):504-507 Liu Yan (2002): The Realization way of Mercury - free of alkaline- manganese cell. Journal of Chongqing Polytechnic College.2002; 17(3):26-28
Li Ning, Xiong Genliang et.al (2002): Preparation of Zn-MnO2 dry cell with low temperature resistance and Hg free. Guangxi Sciences.2002; 9(3):186-187 Zhang Junxi, Wang Liping et.al (2002): A technology study on recovery and utilization of waste dry battery. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization.2002; (7):15-17 Dong Qingmu, Luo Jinsong (2002): Determination of mercury in cell by hydrogenation combined with atomic fluorescent spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory.2002; 19(4):482-484 Bai Yonglan, Li Fengming et.al (2002): Mercury- free inhibitors used in neutral zinc- manganese dioxide batteries. Guangdong Chemical Industry.2002; 29(3):50-52 Bai Yonglan, Li Fengming et.al (2002): Zinc corrosion inhibitors used in alkaline zinc manganese dioxide batteries. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(3):116-120
Cao Shiwen, Deng Zongyu et.al (2002): High performance EMD for mercury- free alkline Zn/MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(3):179-182 Wu Tao (2002): State and developement of home made zinc powder mercury-free. hinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(3):186-188 Zhao Zhi-qiang, Li Xinhai et.al (2002): Research on zinc powder for mercury-fnee alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(3):189-190 Bi Dao-zhi (2002): Prospect of batteries development in the 21st century. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(3):205-210
38 Jin-Xing Wu et.al (2002): Determination of micro amount mercury in Zn/MnO2 battery by flow injetion hydride generation - atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analytical Instrumentation.2002; (2):30-32 Huang Zhenmao (2002): Research of manufacture of mercury-free Zn/MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(1):18-22 Gao Dianwei (2002): Study on nonmercurization manufacture of alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(1):23-24
Zhao Zhiqiang (2002): Mercury-free zinc-powder for alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(1):25-26 Xu Pingguo (2002): Experiments and analysis of homemade materials and fittings for mercury-free alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry.2002; 7(1):9-13 Nie Yong-feng, Han Jie, Ma Junwei et.al (2002): Study on the leaching characteristics and hazards of heavy metals in dry batteries in landfill. echniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control.2002; 3(7):32-34 Guo Li,He Shensi (2002): The obstacle and measure in recling waste dry batteries. Environmental Protection.2002; (4):42-44 Liu Kaiyu et.al (2002): Spectrophotometric determination of trace Hg(II) in battery and waste water by polyvinyl alcohol-butyl rhodamine Jiangxi Nonferrous Metals.2001; 15(1):37-40 Jiang Jinzhi, Chen Hui et.al (2002): Organic mercury-substituting inhibitors for alkaline manganese battery. Battery Bimonthly.2001; 31(6):298-301 Luo Yuanhui, Huang Xiaoke (2001): Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy).2001; (6):37-41 Bi Daozhi (2001): Research development of mercury-free zinc-powder. Chinese Battery Industry.2001; 6(6):243-246 Hu Jing-wei, Gao Cuiqin et.al (2001): Study on environmental-friendly second zinc electrode. Environmental Science & Technology.2001; 24(5):10-12 Li Chengfang (2001): Effects of mercury on alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery and removal measure. Chinese Battery Industry.2001; 6(4):150-152 Li Qingxiang, Wu Tao et.al (2001): Characteristics of mercury-free zinc powder for alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Chinese Battery Industry.2001; 6(4):155-157 Li Fengming (2001): Import and assimilation. Chinese Battery Industry.2001; 6(4):158-160 Wang Jinliang,You Beichuan et.al (2001): Use of chemical manganese dioxide in mercury-free filterboard batteries. Chinese
39 Battery Industry.2001; 6(4):165-170 Liu Liying, Xu Wei et.al (2001): Study on composite organic mercury-substituting inhibitor with high efficiency. Chinese Journal of Power Sources.2001; 25(4):257-259
Huang Qingming, Zhang Shiyong et.al (2001): Application of indium in mercury-free alkaline Zn/ MnO2 batteries. Battery Bimonthly.2001; 31(5):233-235
Tang Aiyong, Li Hui et.al (2001): Research on mercury-free zinc powder for alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Hunan Nonferrous Metals.2001; 17(2):15-17 Peng Defu (2001): Environmental Protection 2001(5):33-35 Liu Aijie, Fu Ming et.al (2001): Determination of mercury in battery by sodium borohydride reduction-non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory 2001 Gao Xiaoyue (2001): Alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery in the early 21 century. Battery Bimonthly.2001; 31(3): 130-132 Wang Jinliang (2001): Quicken the step of non - mercurialized of battery. Battery Bimonthly.2001; 31(2): 62-64 Tan Chuner(2001): Yunnan Metallergy.2001; 30(1):35-37, 25 Xi-ming Fei et.al (2001): Research of zinc electrode in mercury-free alkaline manganese-dioxide battery( ? ) Journal of Central China Normal University(Natural Sciences) 2001; 35(1):57-60 Suan Song (2000): Study on the feasibility of preparing Zn-Ce alloy electrode substituting for mercury by means of molten salt electroosmosis. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 2000; 24(5):253-254, 264 Niu Dongjie, Nie Yongfeng (2000): Analysis on pollution and recycling value of waste battery. Shanghai Environmental Sciences 2000;19(10):461-463 Liu Huiru (2000): Hebei Chemical Industry 2000;(4):4-6 Yang Ziyun, Xu Wei (2000): Study of organic mercury-substituting inhibitors in zinc electrode. Battery Bimonthly 2000; 30(6):251-253 Yu Guohua, Jin Chengchang (2000): Introduction of alkaline-manganese battery production line imported by Changhong Corporation and its specifications. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 2000;24(3):162-164
Li Yuangao, Liu Kaiyu (2000): Determination of trace mercury in alkaline Zn/MnO2 battery. Battery Bimonthly 2000;30(5):228-230
40 Li Ruxiong, Wang Jianji(2000): Environment Protection 2000;(10):39-40 Guo Bingkun, Li Xinhai (2000): Preparation of electrodes used in rechargeable mercury-free alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide batteries and their properties. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 2000;24(1):15-17,31 Wei Jie, Zhou Ding (2000): Research on mercury-free alkaline zinc-manganese battery. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 2000;24(1):8-11 Wang Jinliang (2000): Chinese Battery Industry 2000 Zhu Youchun, Zuofen (1999): Environmental Protection 1999; (3):12-13,16 Gao Cuiqin, Luo Liechao (1999): The research of free-mercury additive in alkaline battery. Environmental Science & Technology 1999; (3):4-7,47
Xia Xi (1999): The fifty years of chemical power sources in China( I )-Zn/MnO2 batterie. Battery Bimonthly 1999; 29(5):209-216 Zhang Shulin (1999): Research on new mercury-free inhibitor in zinc-manganese dry cells. Journal of Sichuan Institute of Light Industry and Chemical Technology.1999; 12(1):68-72 Guo Xueyi, Li Qingxiang (1999): Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy) 1999; (1):41-45
Xia Xi (1998): Advanced technologies and development potentiality for alkaline Zn/MnO2 batttery. Gao Ruizhi, Battery Bimonthly 1998; 28(6):243-250 Wang Lizhen (1998): Chinese Battery Industry 1998; 3(5):148-152
Wang Jinliang (1998): On mercury-free of alkaline Zn/MnO2 batteries. Battery Bimonthly 1998; 28(3):112-116 Zhang Shulin, Li Minjiao (1998): Investigation into mechanism of reaction in nonemercuro Zn-Mn dry cell.,Chemical Research and Application 1998; 10(4):423-427 Wang Jianming, Zhang Jianqing et.al (1998): The reaction characteristics of the inhibitor substituting mercury for alkaline zinc electrode. Battery Bimonthly 1998; 28(1):7-8 Xiong Yueping, Cui Yuncheng (1998): Studies on organic complex mercury substituting inhibitor MA in zinc-manganesn dry cells. Songliao Journal(Natural Science Edition) 1998(1):8-10 Geng Shichang, Liu Yuejuan (1998): Battery Bimonthly 1998; 28(6):278-282 Qiao Zhanping, Wang Quansheng (1997): Mercury-substitution inhibitor for zinc-manganese dry cells. Journal of Nanyang
41 Normal Academy 1997; 17(6):38-41 Gao Cuiqin, Wang Mingwu (1997): Study on mercury-free zinc manganese dry cells. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 1997; 21(2):47-52 Hang Chubao (1997): Eliminating mercury from zinc-manganese batteries. Battery Bimonthly 1997; 27(6):259-262 Chen Yongxin, Zhang Qingshu n(1997): Research on mercury—free alkaline manganese dioxide battery. Battery Bimonthly 1997; 27(5):195-198 Qiu Miaoyun, Huang Jinwen (1997): Battery Bimonthly 1997; 27(2):72-73 Wang Wei, Zhang Wenli (1997): Chemical Engineer 1997; (2):14-16 Meng XIanguang (1997): Non-Metallic Mines 1997; (1):41,51
Xiong Yueping,Lin Xianfeng (1997): Studies on inorganic mercury -substitutiong inhibitor BiCl3 in zinc-manganess dry cells. Jilin Normal University Journal(Natural Science Edition) 1997; (2):21-24 Qi Daoduo, Zhou Ding (1997): Organic mercury-substituting inhibitors in alkaline zinc-manganesebatteries. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 1997; 21(3):127-133 Xia Xi (1997): Batterry industry and strategy of sustainable development. Battery Bimonthly 1997 Xia Xi, Wen Li, Guo Kejun (1997): The status and prospects of battery import and export in China. Battery Bimonthly 1997 Mao Yongzhi, Jia Zheng (1996): Study on inhibitors for mercury-free secondary alkaline manganese dioxide battery. Battery Bimonthly 1996; 26(6):257-259
Zheng Guangzhong, Lin Yaolun (1996): Preparation of low mercury alkaline Zn-MnO2 battery. Battery Bimonthly 1996; 26(6):271-273 Xiong Yueping, Cao Xuejing (1996): Application of a nodic type inhibitors to zinc-managanese dry batteries. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry 1996; 13(2):76-78 Xiong Yueping, Xu Shuzhi, Songliao (1996): The study of the influence of mercuric chloride on zinc corrosion. Journal(Natural Science Edition) 1996; (4):14-17 Zhang Xiaogang, Li Juan (1996): Battery Bimonthly 1996; 26(5):212-215 Xiong Yueping, Cao Xuejing (1995): Mechanism of the action of organic inhibitor in zinc manganese dry cells. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 1995; 19(2):11-14
42 Gao Cuiqin, Liu Wenjun (1995): Selection of mercury-fFree iInhibitors in zinc-manganese dry cells. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 1995; 19(1):5-9 Zhang Shengtao, Li Minjiao (1995): Performance of zinc-manganese cell without mercury. Battery Bimonthly 1995; 25(3):108-111 Xia Xi Zhang Xuegang (1995): Battery Bimonthly 1995; 25(1):31-33 Shen Yuwei et.al (1995): Technology process of rechargeable alkaline zinc manganese dioxide batteries.Battery Bimonthly 1995; 25(1):5-9 Xia Baojia, Wang Suqin (1995): Study of Low-mercury zinc electrode and inhibitors in alkaline solution. Chinese Journal of Power Sources 1995; 19(5):5-11 Measuring and control equipment Medical thermometers The forced country standard: Hao Chunling, Shen Yingwa (accept) Production and mercury consumption of mercury fever thermometers in China. Research Clinical thermometer of Environmental Sciences (GB1588-2001) Wu Shunze, Sun Ning, Zhou Feng, et al.(2005): Environmental Protection 2005; (1):36-38 Chen Yuzhu (2004): Chameleon changes with temperature. Chinese Journal of Chemical Education 2004;(12):7-9 The regulation of gas defence Li Huiping, Wang Xiaowan (2004): Characterization and classification of health-care waste. Chinese Hospital Management in mercury thermometer 2004;24(3):18-21 production (1989) Liu Yanmin, Zhang Yuanyue (2004): Journal of Environment and Health 2004;21(2):77 Other thermometers The recommendatory country Yu Yun, Zhou Hua (2003): The Journal of Medical Theory and Practice 2003; 16(3):347 ( laboratory) standard: Shen Yingwa (2003): Don’t despise mercury pollution by thermometer. Beijing Youth Newspaper Aug.12,2003 GB/T 514-83) China Association for Medical Device Industry (2002): Survey on mercury consumption in medical device industry in China. 2002 Xu Xiaohua,Gao Yang, Wang Yan et.al (2002): Survey on mercury hazard in a private medical instrument factory. CHINESE Journal of Industrial Medicine 2002; 15(3):173
43 Blood pressure gauge The forced country standard: Liu Yi (2002): Development and application of the work device with a calibrating apparatus for environmental-protection Sphygmomanometer (GB columnmercury sphygmomanometer. Chinese Medical Equipment Journal 2002; (1):23-24 3053-1993) Xiong Youzheng (2001): Thermometer in the future. Medical and Health Care Instruments 2001(7):92 Lu Huaichu, Zhou Chenglai (2002): Survey on mercury damages in a medical instrument factory. Occupation and Health 2001; 17(8):23-24 Cai Jie, Lin Shihong, Qiao Lizheng (2000): Investigation and measures of mercury leaking. JOURNAL OF YOUJIANG MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR NATIONALITIES 2000( 2) . Pi Guangjie, Lu Zhaoyun, Xu Hua (1999): Review of China agricultural Science and Technology 1999(1):77-80 Peng Taiyao, Guo Wenhong (1995): Journal of Hygiene Research 1995; 24(3):188-190 Industry and Sun Weidong, Wang Xiaoyan et.al (2000): The verification of a kind of digital anerold manometer. Meterage and meteorological manometers Overhaul.2000; 20(2):10-11 Pressure valve ( district Huang Yasong (1995): Environmental Protection in Transportation: water carriage 1995 heating system, industry ) Gyroscopes
Electric and electronic Tang Lisen, Wang Guiqin, He Deyang et al.(1994): Study on the subminiaturized technique of mercury-wetted contact relay switches Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University 1994; 28(9):83-88,97 Level switches ( sewer Tang Lisen, Wang Guiqin (1994): Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University 1994 pumps, door bells, railway Xie Benliang (2001): The design of five - layer transducer for Hg2Cl2 acousto- optic device. Journal of Gannan Teachers signals, car boot lids, College 2001; (3):21-24 refrigerators, freezers, etc) Xie Benliang, Yang Xuelin (1998): Optimal design of three-layer transducer for Hg2Cl2 acousto-optic device. Piezoelectrics & Multiple poled switches Acoustooptics 1998; 20(6):370-376,422 Yang Xuelin (1994): Optimal design of mercuous chloride new acoustooptic devices. Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics 1994; Mercury -wetted 16(1):17-20,33 microelectronic switches Zhang Guangming, Wang Guogan (1995): Recent progress in making HgI2 detectors. Nuclear Techniques 1995; 18(9):557-559 Thermo-switches
44 Switches in sports shoes Li Weitang, Li Zhenghui et.al (1995): Energy resolution of HgI2 detectors at room temperature. Nuclear Techniques 1995; with lights in soles 18(9):560-563
45 Discharge lamps Liang Zhen (2004): China Light & Lighting 2004;(1):10-17 Liang Zhen (2004): China Light & Lighting 2004;(2):9-15 Liu Peng (2003): Lamps and Lighting 2003; 27(3):38-40,60 Wang Erzhen, Wang Chunfeng (2003): Develpment and application of new HID lamps. China Illuminating Engineering Journal 2003; 14(3):9-14 Wang Erzhen, Wang Cunfeng, (2003): Evironmental protection type of new light sources –mercury free metal halide lamps. Electro-optics Technology 2003; 44(2):11-16 Wang Erzhen, Wang Cunfeng, (2003): Evironmental protection type of new light sources –mercury free metal halide lamps. China Illuminating Engineering Journal 2003; 14(2):23-27 Liu Wei (2003): Survey on the situation of mercury contamination and its occupational damages in a fluorescent lamp factory of Anyang. Occupation and Health 2003; 19(8):20-22 Sun Xiaoqin et.al (2003): mercury pollution of fluorescent lamp and its control countermeasures. Shandong Chemical Indusry 2003; 32(4):31-33 Li Weng (2003): Practice of treating mercury-bearing waste gas during production of rare-earth energy -saving fluorescent lamp tubes. Environmental Engineering 2003; 21(4):70-72 Zhong Wei, Xu Baodu (2003): Lamps and Lighting2003; (2):15-18 Unknown (2003): Lamps and Lighting 2003; 27(2):55 Unknown (2003): Lamps and Lighting2003; 27(2):55 Xu Baodu (2003): Lamps and Lighting2003; (1):14-16 Zhu Shenghe (2003): China Light & Lighting 2003; (1):6-9 Wang Erzhen (2002): Determination of mercury adsorbed on phosphor. Electro-optics Technology 2002; 43(3):11-18 Li Long, Guo Weibin (2002): Electro-optics Technology 2002; 43(3):9-10 Ma Lin, Hu Jianguo (2002): Chinese Journal of Luminescence 2002; 23(4):409-412 Wang Shihe (2002): China Light & Lighting 2002; (8):1-2 Wang Erzhen (2002): Photoelectricity technique 2002; 43(2):18-23 Zhang Shanrui, Zhu Shaolong (2002): China Light & Lighting 2002; (7):1-4 Zhang Shanrui, Zhu Shaolong (2002): China Light & Lighting 2002; (6):1-7 Zhang Shanrui, Zhu Shaolong (2002): China Light & Lighting 2002; (5):1-4
He Rongkai (2002): China Light & Lighting 2002; (4):16-17 46 Liangzhen (2002): Survey on Mercury Consumption in Lighting Industry 2002 Zhu Shaolong (2002): Lamps and Lighting 2002; (1):11-13,36 Wang Jianji, Li Ruxiong (2002): China Light & Lighting 2002; Fluorescent lamps The forced country standard: The certifiable technical requirement for environmental labelling products (Energy -saving fluorescent lamps HJBZ 15.1-1997)
47 Other mercury-containing lamps
Laboratory chemical, Liu Wei, Du Zenghui et.al (2002): Preparation of mercury sulfate reference electrode and its analytical application on electrodes and apparatus penicillins. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal 2002; 37(4):294-298 for analysis Wu Zhihong (2001): Sci/Tech Information Development and Economy 2001 Jiang Liange, Ji Yuan (2000): Determination of amoxicilline sodium by mercurous nitrate potentinmetric titration. Heilongjiang Medical Journal.2000; 13(4):199-200 Lin Songwei (1996): Cement 1996; (4):11-14
48 Pesticides( seed dressing The List of pesticides and/or others) prohibited using and high toxic Pesticides not used in vegetable, fruit tree, tea leaf, herbal medicine Biocides for different products and processes Paints( latex paints and The forced country standard: possibly others) ? Indoor decorating and refurbishing materials - limit of harmful substances of solvent coatings for woodenware (GB18581-2001) ? Indoor decorating and refurbishing materials - limit of harmful substances of interior architectural coatings (GB 18582-2001) Slimicides for paper The forced country standard: production Indoor decorating and refurbishing materials - limit of harmful substances of wallpapers (GB 18585-2001) Pharmaceuticals(biocide The forced industry standard: Wang Jinhua, Ye Zuguang (2004): China Journal of Chinese Material Medica 2004;29(2):119-122
49 or system functions) Green Trade Standards of Yang Chengsheng (2004): Scientific Fish Farming 2004; (2):47-47 Importing & Exporting Tong Aiwu (2004): Liaoning Pharmacy and Clinical Remedies 2004;7(2):93-94 Medicinal Plants & Chen Bo, Liu Chunnong (2003): Sandong Medical Industry2003; 22(1):12-13 Preparations (WM2-2001) Xu Renliu, Xiao Minxia, Zhang Shu (2003): Chinese Medicine Industry2003; 12(4):47 Ding-cheng Cao et.al (2003): Therapeutic experiments of myxosporidiasis for big-head carp cyprinus pellegrini pellegrial tchang. Chinese journal of fisheries2003; 16(2):59-62 NY/T 5022-2001 Huang Bin et.al (2003): The effect of different chemicals on ichthyophthirius disease in goldfish. fisheries science2003; 22(2):18-20 SFDA (2003): Chinese Clinician2003; 31(8):43-45 Liang Guogang (2002): China Journal of Chinese Material Medica 2002 Liang Shichong, Cai Yufa (2001): Fujian Journal of TCM February 2001 Wang Shumei, Liang Shengwang (2000): determination of mercuric oxide in banyueqine powder. Chemical Reserch2000; 11(3):63-64.2000; 11(3):63-64 Yang Liping, Xiao Jian et.al (2000): Preparation and quality control of control of compound hydrargyrum aminochloride cream. West China Medical Journal 2000; 15(4):420-420 2000; 15(4):420-420 Wang Gangjun, Xie, Jun et.al (2000): Studies on the toxicity of five drugs to the fingerling of epinephelus fario. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Natural Science)2000; 19(4):381-383 Wen Rushu (2000): Journal of Jiaying of University (Natural Science) 2000 18(3):83-86 Shen Zhongming (2000): Inland Aquatic Product2000; 25(1):42-43 Liu Yi, Luo Guifa (1999): Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities(Natrual Science Edition) 1999; 25(2):166-168 Li Yi, Chen Jian et al.(1999): Journal of Sichuan Animal & Veterinary Sciences Institute 1999; 13(1):29-33 Zhuang Ping Zeng Lingbin et al.(1999): Fresh Water Fishery 1999; 29(11):6-8 Shen Zhongming (1999): Chongqing Aquatic Product 1999; (4):41-43 Huang Kai, Yang Zijiang (1999): Water Conservancy Related Fisheries 1999; 19(4):37-39 Xu Shuying, Xiegang (1998): Water Conservancy Related Fisheries 1998; (4):4-5 Zhang Jiebin, Zhao Hualong (1997): Studies of Trace Elements and Health 1997; 14(3):50-50,53
50 Zeng Lina, Huang Yuedong (1997): Guangdong Phamacy 1997; 7(2):20-21 Dong Shunling (1996): determination of Cu,Cr,Cd,Pb,As,Sb,Sn and Hg in EJIAO BY AAS Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 1996; 16(6):91-98 Preservatives in vaccines Liu Haitang, Cang Lei (2004): Sichuan Animal & Veterinary Sciences 2004;31(1):28,30 Zhao Huimin (2000): Illness Inspect 2000;15(11):438-440 Liu Yun Sun Lianli (1999): Capital Medicine 1999;6(9):19-21 Liu Haitang (1999): Sichuan Animal & Veterinary Sciences 1999;26(12):29 Huang Yinjun, Wang Zhenhai (1998): Creature Toxicology 1998;13(1):68-70
Preservation in eye drops
Disinfectants, e.g. in Wang Limin, Zhou Yi et.al (2002): A study on the use of disinfectants in plant tissue culture. Journal of Guizhou Normal hospitals University(Natural Science) 2002;20(1):15-17 Du Qin, Wang Zhenhua (2002): China Journal of Chinese Meteria Medica 2002;27(3):179-181 Sun Jianqiu, Yang Dezhu et.al (1999): Study on the method isolating the endophytic fundi of Taxus Cuspidata. Journal of Qiqihar University( Nature Science) 1999;15(3):13-17 Xu Hongying (1999): Effect of three kinds of disinfectants on germination and seedling growth of tomato. Henan Sciences 1999;17(A06):113-115 Herbal medicine, Zhang Yazhou (1995): Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition) 1995, 25(6): 743-746 Catalytic mercury compounds Catalysts for Wang Zheguang (2004): Environmental Protection 2004;(3):51-55 polyurethane/other polymer
51 production Catalysts in The forced country standard: Zhang Zhaolong, Xu Shuqun, Zhu Junmin (2004): Pollution and its controlling measurews in chloroethylene production by acetylene-based production Discharge standard of calcium carbide technology. China Chlor-Alkali 2004;(2):35-38 of vinyl chloride monomer, water pollutants for caustic Guo Yangwu (2004): Polyvinyl Chloride 2004;(3):61-62 vinyl acetate, and alkai and polyvinyl chloride Lou Yanli, Feng Guangwei, Wang Yanwen (2004): Security and Environment in Chemical Industry 2004;17(12):16-17 acetalydehyde industry (GB 15581-1995) Liu Jianguo, Feng Yunwei, Miao Guomin (2004): Treatment of waste water containing mercury. China Chlor-Alkali 2004;(6):44
The Refrain List of Present Zhao Yingqian (2003): Measures ensuring the quality of environmental protection type composite HgCl2 catalyst. Polyvinyl Some Industries Chloride 2003;(4):44-45 Reconstructed at Low Level Li Zhiqin et.al (2003): Environment protection measures in vinychloride monomer production. China Chlor-Alkali (2004) 2003;(5):30-31 Jia-ling Zhang et.al (2003): PVC film soild phase photometric determination of mercury in waste water. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis Part B:Chemical Analysis 2003;39(12):725-726,729 Li Yu et.al (2003): Analysis for mercuric chloride catalyst. Chlor-Alkali Industry 2003;(5):39-40 Li Zhiqin et.al (2003): Prevention and treatment of mercury pollution in the production of vinyl chloride monomer. Polyvinyl Chloride 2003;(1):59-60 Li Donghui et.al (2003): Determination of mercury(?) in sewage with a new PVC-membrane Hg(? )-ISE. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis Part B:Chemical Analysis 2003;39(4):215-216 Wang Guowen (2002): Research and application of compound mercuric chloride agent. Applied Chemical Industry 2002;31(5):37-38,44 Fen Jinxiang (2000): Rapid determination of mercuric chloride content in mercuric chloride catalyst. Chlor-Alkali Industry 2000;(10):40-41,43 Weng Qicao (2000): Fujian Chemical Industry 2000;(3):33-34 Zhang Wei (2000): Chlor-Alkali Industry 2000 Han Jianwei, Wang Songbo (1998): Polyvinyl Chloride 1998;(3):44-45 Jin Yansa, Cao Enwei (1998): Environmental Science and Technology 1998;(2):28-30
52 Zhang Zhaolong ,Chen Zhe (1998): Treatment of in mercury and chloroethylene production. China Chlor-Alkali 1998;(12):35-36 Xu Yongzhi (1996): Guihzhou Environment Science 1996;2(1):30-33 Cheng Shuhua, Li Yuhua (1996): China Chlor-Alkali 1996 Zhang Yaxiang (1995): China Nonferrous Metallurgy 1995 Zhao Qi (1995): China Chlor-Alkali 1995;(5):25-27,24 Yang Biguang, Tian Bo (1992): Polyvinyl Chloride 1992;(3):6-8 Liu Dazhuang, Yang Biguang, Song Chengying (1990): Polyvinyl Chloride 1990;(6):6-9 China Chemical Industry Yearbook, “China Chemical Industry Yearbook” Newsroom 1996/97,1997/98,1998/99,1999/ 2000; 2000/ 2001; 2001/ 2002; 2002/ 2003; 2003/2004 Cosmetics(creams, soaps) The forced country standard: Wang Ping, Li Jie et.al (2004): Survey on sanitary quanlity of a series of beautifying cosmetics. Chinese Journal of Public Hygienic standard for Health Engineering 2004;3(3):141-143 cosmetics( GB 7916-1987) Chen Zhiqun, Zhang Qingbi, Gan Zhonglin, et al.(2004): Journal of Occupational Health and Damage 2004;19(2):104 Standard methods of Tan Yilei, Gu Liwen et.al (2004): Determination of mercury levels in cosmetics, wood and interior wall paints using hydride hygienic test for atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. Journal of Instrumental Analysis 2004;23(4):110-111 cosmetics—Mercury (GB Liu Fang (2003): Chemicals and Health 2003;(4):88-89 7917.1-1987) Li Songqing, Zhang Yaoqing, Lu Heng (2004): Occupation and Health 2004;20(5):50-51 Qi-ying Zhang et.al (2004): Study on spectrophotometric determination of mercury in cosmetic with a new reagent Industry standard 2,6-dimethybenzenediazoaminoazobenzene. Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory 2004;23(3):19-21 QB 1644-1998 Kan Xiurong (2003): Jiangsu Hygiene 2003;(3):41 QB/T 2488-2000 Wang Hongju, Chen Xuhui et.al (2003): Simultaneous determination of As & Hg in cosmetics by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory 2003;20(5):735-738 Yi Yong (2001): Conditions concerning the detection of contents of mercury in cosmetics by atomic spectrofiuorometer. China Tropical Medicine 2001;1(2):194-195 He Hongkai, Huan Ping, Zhao SHuhong et al.(2003): Inspection and Quarantine Science 2003;13(6):39-41 Lin Xinhua, Luo Youxiong (2003): The effect of sample treatment on determining mercury. Guangdong Trace Elements
53 Science 2003;10(3):57-60 Chen Wei, Shu Jialian, Lian Tailan (2003): Occupation and Health 2003;19(8):40-41 Lin Xin, Lin Qiang, Chen Jinhua et al.(2003): Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003;9(4):64 Dai Jinjing, Liu Fen, Liang Wei (2003): The determination of Pb,As,Cd,Hg elements in cosmetics by inductively coupled plasma-MS spectrometry. Practical Preventive Medicine 2003;10(3):322-324 Li Wencheng, Xing Buqian (2003): Occupation and Health 2003;19(4):34-35 Lai Fanghua (2003): Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology 2003;13(5):621-622 Gao Rong, Yu Jun, Gou Yanling, et al.(2003): JOURNAL OF SHENYANG MEDICAL COLLEGE 2003;5(3):177,182 Chen Xuhui, Wang Hongju, Xu Dezhen (2003): Study on determination of mercury and arsenic in cosmetics. Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology 2003;13(3):283-284 Lan Feng, Yu Yongxi (2002): Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;8(5):80-81 Wang Genrong (2002): Shanghai Measurement and Testing 2002;29(6):44-46 Wu Xun, Chen Tao (2002): Guangxi Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;8(6):367-368 Li Zaijun, PanJiaomai (2002): Study of spectrophotometric determination of mercury in cosmetics and application. China Surfactant Detergent and Cosmetics 2002;32(4):65-67 Chen Xuhui, Wang Hongju et.al (2002): Study on pre-treatment of cosmetics. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory 2002;19(4):566-568 Zhu Yongfang (2002): Determination of lead arsenic and mercury in cosmetics using microwave sample digestion technique. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis Part B:Chemical Analysis 2002;38(6):305,307 Lin Zhong, Lin Xin et al.(2002): Journal of Environment and Health 2002;19(2):135 Yu Xiaoping, Duan Zhimin, et al.(2002): Occupation and Health 2002;18(5):48-49 Fang Hong, Yang Xiaobing (2002): Determination of As, Pb and Hg in cosmetics by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory 2002;19(1):74-77 Li-ping Liu et.al (2002): Determination of trace amounts of mercury in cosmetic products by atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis Part B:Chemical Analysis 2002;38(1):35-36,38 Yang Yaohua, Qiu Ming et al.(2001): Hubei Journal of Control Medicine 2001;12(5):22
54 Xie Yanying (2001): Studies of Trace Elements and Health 2001;18(2):67-68 Huang Wei (2001): Guangxi Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;7(1):42-43 Fan Zhefeng (2001): Microwave assisted digestion-hydride generation ICP- AES method for the determination of Hg, As and Pb in cosmetics. Journal of Instrumental Analysis 2001;20(1):55-57 Zhou Miaohong (2000): Liaoning Tussah Silk 2000;(4):31-32 Fu Jiahua, Zhang Weiguo (2000): Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology 2000;10(3):352-353 Song Guoxi, Zheng Hongwei (2000): Simultaneous determination Hg As Pb in cosmetics by ICP-AES. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis Part B:Chemical Analysis 2000;36(3):118-119 Liu Qing (1999): Journal of Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1999;16(1):54-56 Zhang Huimin, Kang Li (1999): Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology 1999;9(5):375-376 Lighthouse( marine use; for stabilising lenses) Production of counterfeit money Religious ceremonies ‘superstition’ activities Pigments Tanning Browning and etching steel Colour photograph paper Explosive, fireworks Airbag activators and anti-lock braking system(ABS) mechanisms
55 in cars Artisanal diamond production Recoil softeners for rifles Arm and leg bands Executive toys Surfacing material used in running tracks in sports stadium Ammunition Note: all regulations, standards and reference written in Chinese except marked [in English].
56 Appendix 2 Industries/activities unintentionally using mercury Industries Regulations and standards References Coal The forced country standard: Wang Ligang, Chen Changhe et al.(2005): Impacts of unburned carbon fractal characteristic to its mercury sorption Emission standard of air reaction. Environmental Chemistry 2005; 24(1):59-62 pollutants for industry kiln and Zou Bendong, Aodenggaowa Shang Hongshan et al.(2005): Environmental Chemistry 2005; 24(1):68-71 furnace (GB 9078—1996) Zhou Jingsong et al.(2004): Experimental study on mercury emission and control for CFB boilers. Thermal Power Generation 2004; (1):72-75 The recommend country standard: Wang Qianhai, Qiu Jianrong, Yang Jianfeng (2004): Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power 2004 GB/T 19229-2003 Wang Ligang Chen Changhe (2004): Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2004 Ren Jianli, Zhou Jinsong et.al (2004): An experimental study on activated carbon sorbents for gas-phase mercury removal The List of Phasing out Behindhand from flue gas. Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering 2004; 24(2):171-175 Throughput, Technology and Qu Liya, Liu Li et.al (2004): Environmental effect of burning coal for power station. Journal of Guizhou University of Product( group one) (1999/2/1) Technology 2004; 33(1):92-94 Gao Hongliang, Zhou Jinsong, Luo Zhongyang, et al.(2004): Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science) 2004; 38(6):765-769 Hong Bing, Zhu Yongxuan, Feng Xinbin et al.(2004): Earth and Environment 2004;32(2):12-16 Tang Shunlin, Feng Xinbin, Shang Lihai (2004): Research of Environmental Sciences 2004 Wang Xuesong, Qin Yong (2003): Study on mode of occurrence of trace elements in coal in China. Energy Environmental Protection 2003;17(4):3-5,9 Wu Hao, Qiu Jianrong et al.(2003): Mercury transformation in coal of the power plant. Environmental Protection in Electric Power 2003;19(1):29-31 Liu Jing, Wang Quanhai et al.(2003): Mercury speciation in coal fired flue gas. Environmental Chemistry 2003; 22(2):172-176 Shan Xiaomei, Zhu Quanshu, Li Zhonghe et al.(2003): Element in coal on environment and its control. Goal Preparation Technology 2003 ZhaoYi, Hua Wei et al.(2003): Study on the control technique and the law of transport for mercury resulting from
57 combustion of coal in power plant. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control 2003;4(11):59-63 Ruhai Liu, Qichao Wang, Xianguo Lu, et al.(2003): Distribution and speciation of mercury in the peat bog fo Xiaoxing’an mountain, northeastern China. Environmental Pollution 2003; 124:39-46 [in English] Zhou Jinsong, Luo Zhongyang et al.(2002): Measurement and control of mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers. Chinese Journal of Power Engineering 2002; 22(6):2099-2105 Zhang Mingquan, Zhu Yuancheng et al.(2002): Evaluation of mercury emissions to the atmosphere from coal combustion, China. AMBIO 2002 Ren Jianli, Zhou Jinsong, Luo Zhongyang, et al.(2002): Study of mercury emission during coal combustion.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 2002;22(3):289-291 Zhang Qin, Liu Zhihong (2002): Mining & Metallurgy 2002 Li Jiaqiu (2002): Metallurgy Analysis 2002 Lu Jing, Wang Zhongke et al.(2002): Progress in restraining of heavy metal pollution of coal combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 2002;25(5):40-42 Bing Hong et al.(2002): Distribution of mercury in piping gas producing procedure. Environmental Science & Technology 2002;25(5):3-5 Liu Yinghui, You Xiaoqing et al.(2001): Most volatile toxic trace elements in coal and their behavior during coal combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 2001(4):9 Fang Feng-man, Wang Qi-chao, Ma Zhuang-wei, et al.(2002): Estimationof atmospheric input of mercury to south lake and Jingyue Pool. Chinese Geographical Science 2002; 12(1): 86-89 [in English] Qi-chao Wang et al.(2001): Organic mercury in coal and its cinder. China Environmental Science 2001;21(1):54-57 Qi-chao Wang, Zhuang-wei Ma, Wen-guo Shen, et al.(2001): Organic mercury in coal and its cinder.International Conference on Environmental Concerns and Emerging Abatement Technologies Beijing, China, October 9-12, 2001[in English] Ying-hui Liu et al.(2001): Effect of chlorine on the speciation of mercury in flue gases. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 2001; 21(1):69-73 Ying-hui Liu et al.(2000): Speciation and analysis of mercury in coal combustion flue gas. Journal of Fuel: Chemistry and
58 Technology 2000; 28(5):463-467 Feng-man Feng, Qi-chao Wang, Jun-feng Li (2001): Atomosheric particulate mercury concentration and its dry deposition flux in Changchun City, China. The Science of the Total Environment 2001; 281:229-236 [in English] Feng-man Feng, Qi-chao Wang, Ruhai Liu et al.(2001): Atmospheric particulate mercury in Changchun City, China.Atmospheric Environment 2001; 35: 4265-4272 [in English] Qi-chao Wang, Wen-guo Shen, Zhuang-wei Ma (2000): Estimation of mercury emission from coal combustion in China. Environmental Science & Technology 2000; 34(13):2711-2713 [in English] Qi-chao Wang et al.(1999): The estimation of mercury emission from coal combustion in China. China Environmental Science 1999;19(4):318-321 Jun-ying Zhang et al.(1999): Mercury in coal and its effect on environment. Advanced in Environmental Science 1999; 7(3):100-104 Lu-min Wang et al.(1998): Study of longkou lignite to purify of mercury-containing waste water. Journal of Yantai University(Natural Science and Engineering) 1998; 11(2):153-156 Liu Lixia, Xi Kemin (1998): Guizhou Science 1998; 16(3):207-211 Zhang Ruguo, Wang Liangping, et al.(1997): Coal Geology of China 1997; 9(3):23-25 Qi-chao Wang (1997): The mercury in coal and its cinder. China Environmental Science 1997; 17(1) Feng Xinbin, Hong Yetang (1996): Environmental Protection in Coal Mine1996; 10(3):10-13,24 Zhi-yan Jing (1992): A study on the technique for testic mercury in exhaust of coal burning. China Environmental Science 1992 Cement production The List of Phasing out Behindhand Throughput, Technology and Product( group one) (1999/2/1)
The Refrain List of Present Some Industries Reconstructed at Low Level (2004)
59
Vitriol production The forced country standard: Ma Zhuang (2004): Artificial Fibre 2004;34(1):23-26,10 Discharge standard of pollutants Zuo-tang Li et.al (2004): Study of the influence of the oxidation and reduction agent to the observational data of mercury in for vitriol industry (UDC groundwater. Journal of Seismological Research 2004; 7(1):43-48 628.191:661.25) Yun-chu Hu (2002): Methods for removal of mercury, arsenic and fluorine in the wastewater from sulphuric acid Discharge standard of pollutants production. Technology of Water Treatment 2002 for vitriol industry (GB 4282-84) Liu Qi, Huang Qingmin (2001): The research for containing of mercury sulfuric acid. Urban Environment and Urban Emission standard of air Ecology 2001 pollutants for industry kiln and Dong Fengku (1993): Sulfuric Acid Industry 1993; (3):18~ 22 furnace (GB 9078—1996) Zhou Kaizu (1992): Sulfuric Acid Industry 1992; (4):10~ 13
The List of Phasing out Behindhand Throughput, Technology and Product( group three) (2002/7/1)
The Refrain List of Present Some Industries Reconstructed at Low Level (2004)
????????? The forced country standard: Dong Silu (1997): Sulfuric Acid Industry 1997; (5):28-30 ????????? Emission standard of air Zhang Manli, Li Xueda (2002): Mercury poisoning and its prevention in smelter. China Nonferrous Metallurgy 2002 ?? pollutants for industrial kiln and furnace (GB 9078—1996)
The List of Phasing out Behindhand Throughput, Technology and
60 Product( group one) (1999/2/1) Note: all regulations, standards and reference written in Chinese except marked [in English].
61 Appendix 3 Mercury in Environment
Environmental Standard References factors Atmosphere Environmental quality standard: Wang Zhangwei, Zhang Xiaoshan, Zhang Yi et.al (2005): Particle size distributions of atmospheric mercury in Beijing. Environmental Standard on hygiene in industrial. Chemistry. 2005; 24(1): 72-75. enterprise design (TJ36-79) Wang Zhangwei, Zhang Xiaoshan, Zhang Yi et.al (2004): Mercury of atmospheric particle PM2.5, PM10 and snow in Beijing. Environmental Chemistry. 2004; 23(6): 668-673. Wang Shaofeng, Feng Xinbin, Fu Xuewu et.al (2004): Comparison of air/soil mercury exchange between warm and cold season in Hongfeng reservoir region. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science 2004. Zhao Zhenping,Deng Baojun, Ye Xinqiang et.al (2004): Determination of hydrogen chloride in the atmosphere particulate by
spectrophotometric method of Hg(SCN)2. Chemistry Analysis Compulation 2004. Zhao Tianjiao, Song Caijun, Tong Qing et.al (2003): Distribution of Hg in the different diameters of air particles of HUHHOT. Inner Mongolia Environmental Protection 2003. Qiu Guangle, Feng Xinbin (2003): The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring 2003. Feng Xinbin, JonasSommar, OliverLindqvist, Zhu Yongxuan (2003): Determination of gaseous divalent mercury in ambient air using KCl coated denuders. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2003. Xiu Guangli, Shi Shuangyan, Zhang Danian et.al (2003): Preliminary study on characteristics of particulate mercury in fine particles in ambient air. Shanghai Environmental Sciences 2003. Shang Lihai, Feng Xinbin, Zheng Wei et.al (2003): Preliminary study of the distribution of gaseous mercury species in the air of Guiyang City, China. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry 2003. Wang Wenhua, Liu Junhua et.al (2002): Distribution of mercury on the aerosol in the atmosphere of Beijing. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University 2002. Huang Yongjian, Zhou Rongsheng et.al (2002): Advances in the study of mercury pollution in atmospheric environment. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration 2002. Fang Fengman, Li Dongxia et.al (2001): Atmospheric particulate mercury concentration in Changchun city and its dry deposition
62 flux. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science 2001. Fang Fengman, Wang Qichao (2001): Characteristics of particulate mercury pollution in atmosphere of Changchun and the affecting factors. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 2001; 21(3): 368-372. Fang Fengman Wang Qichao et.al (2001): Atmosphere mercury-an overview of its sources, specification and envrionmental process. Environment Herald 2001. Liu Deshao Qing Changle et.al, (2001): Vertical distribution of mercury in the air close to the earth surface. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 2001. Wu Jian, Song Wei et.al (2001): The study on the method for determination of trace mercury in natural gas and air. Acta Metrologica Sinica 2001. Liu Junhua, Chen Letian et.al (2001): The estimation of mercury deposition in Beijing. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 2001. Chen Letian et.al (2001): The application of denuder to mercury analysis in atmosphere. Environmental Science & Technology 2001; 24(1): 36~ 38,15. Tang Hong, Liang Lian (2000): Guizhou Science 2000. Chen Letian et.al (2000): The preliminary investigation of gaseous mercury pollution in Beijing area. Environmental Chemistry 2000; 19(4): 357-361. Tan Hong, He Jinlin (1999): Study on air Hg flux, day and wet distribution in mercury mine. Environmental Chemistry 1999; 18(1): 34-38. Chen Letian, Zhang Xiaoshan (1999): The species and analysis of mercury in atmospheric environment. Environmental Chemistry 1999. He Jinlin, Tan Hong (1999): Atmosphere Hg deposition in Guizhou Fanjing mountain. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 1999; 19(2): 164-169. Wang Dingyong, Shi Xiaohong, Yang Xuechun (1998): Transformation of atmospheric mercury in soil and its influence on the accumulation of mercury in soil. Chongqing Environmental Science 1998; 20(5): 22-25. Wang Dingyong, Mou Shusen, Qing Changle (1998): The study on the effect of atmospheric mercury on its accumulation in the soil-plant system. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 1998; 18(2): 184-189. Tan Hong, He Jinlin (1997): Chinese Journal of Environmental Science 1997; 18(6): 70-72.
63 Wang Dingyong, Li Xiaohua (1996): Preliminary investigation on the atmospheric mercury in Chongqing. Chongqing Environmental Science 1996; 18(4): 59-62. Water ? Environmental quality Jiang Hongmei, Feng Xinbin, Dai Qianjin et.al (2004): Priliminary study on speciation and distribution of mercury in Wujiang river. standard: Environmental Chemistry 2004; 23(5):556-561. Environmental quality standards Zhu Chenhong (2004): Determination of Pb, Cd, Hg and Zn is sea-water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry..Shanghai for surface water( GB 3838—2002) Measurement and Testing 2004. Quality standard for ground water Zai Pingyang (2004): Twenty years ecological prevention and control for methylmercury in Songhua river of China. North ( GB/T14848-1993) Environment 2004. Sea water quality standard Tao Cheng, Deng Tianlong, Li Zeqin (2004): Mercury species and its analysis in aquatic environment. Environmental Science & ( GB3097-1997) Technology 2004; 27(5):96-98. Water quality standard for Hou Yamin, Feng Xinbin et.al (2004): Distribution of different species of mercury in Baihua lake, Guizhou province. Journal of Lake fisheries( GB11607-1989) Sciences 2004; 16(2):125-132. Standards for irrigation water Gao Jie, Wang Yu et.al (2004): Study on residual mercury contamination in sediment of Hong Kong sea. Environmental Protection quality( GB5084-1992) Science 2004. ? Emission standards of Zhang Xinyu (2004): Heilongjiang Science and Technology of Water Conservancy 2004; (2):102,105. pollutants: Tang Qinghe, Ding Zhenhua, Huang Renhua et.al (2003): Urben Environment and Ecology 2003. Standard for pollution control of Yan Haiyu, Feng Xinbin et.al (2003): Speciation analysis of ultra trace levels of mercury in natural waters. Journal of Instrumental sewage marine disposal Analysis 2003; 22(5):10-13. engineering(GB 18486-2001) Yan Haiyu, Feng Xinbin, Shang Lihai et.al (2003): Geology Geochemistry 2003. integrated wastewater discharge Zhang Weichun, Duan Fuhua (2003): Hunan Nonferrous Metals 2003. standard(GB 8978-1996) Yang Shilin, Zhao zhe et.al (2002): Meacury's transform and toxicity in water. North Environment 2002. discharge standard of pollutants Kang Chunli, Zhu Xiangyan et.al (2002): Environmental Chemistry 2002. for municipal wastewater treatment Su Hua, Liu Wei (2002): Theoretical analysis of methylmercury pollution harm in Songhuajiang river. Water Resources & plant(GB18918-2002) Hydropower of Northeast China 2002. Liu Fen, Lou Tao et.al (2002): Research on environmental capacity model of Hg in Xiawan section of Xiangjiang river. Environmental Engineering 2002.
64 Liu Fen, Lou Tao et.al (2002): Stability test of Hg in different conserving agent in water bodies. Industrial Water Treatment 2002. He Jiang, Zheng Leping et.al (2002): Adsorption of surface sediment in the yellow river on Hg2+. Journal of Agro-Environment Science 2002. Liu Sumei, Zhang Jing et.al (2001): Periodical of ocean university of China 2001. Wang Dongmei, Feng Jun (2001): Investigation and Preventing Countermeasures of Jinzhou Beachy Zone Mercury Pollution. Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology (Natural Science Edition) 2001 Wang Wenhua, Liu Junhua et.al (2001): Mercury origin in surface runoff caused by precipitation. Journal of Agro-Environment Science 2001. Zhang Xiaolin (2001): Heilongjiang Environmental Journal 2001. Sun Xiangtong, He Jinglin (2001): Guizhou Science 2001. Ou Yangrui (2001): The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring 2001. Zhang Yuping, Zai Wenchuan (2001): Determination of heavy metal contents in the sediments from Taihu lake and its environmental significance. Rock and Mineral Analysis 2001. Sun Xiangtong et.al (2001): Vertical fluxes of volatile mercury over lake surfaces in Hongfeng lake, Guizhou province. Journal of Lake Sciences 2001; 13(1):89~ 92. Zhao Baowei (2000): Arid Environmental Monitoring 2000; 14(2): 68~ 71. Wang Ning, Zhu Yanming (2000): China Environmental Science 2000. Liu Yongmao (2000): Design of Hydroelectric Power Station 2000; 16(3):95~98. Huang Hai, Xue Yuqun et.al (1999): Environmental Science 1999; 20(1):55~ 58. Zeng Shaohua et.al (1999): Yunnan Environmental Science 1999; 18(3):49~ 50. Liu Qi (1999): Pearl River 1999. Xu Xiaoqing, Deng Guanqiang (1999): Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 1999. Liu Qi, Fu Guowei (1999): Urben Environment and Ecology 1999. Xu Xiaoqing, Qiu Changqiang (1999): Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 1999. Huang Hai (1999): Chinese Journal of Environmental Science 1999. Zeng Shaohua et.al (1998): Jiangsu Environmental Science and Technology 1998.
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