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Comprehensive Encirclement
COMPREHENSIVE ENCIRCLEMENT: THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY’S STRATEGY IN XINJIANG GARTH FALLON A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences International and Political Studies July 2018 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: FALLON First name: Garth Other name/s: Nil Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: MPhil School: Humanitiesand Social Sciences Faculty: UNSW Canberraat ADFA Title: Comprehensive encirclement: the Chinese Communist Party's strategy in Xinjiang Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASETYPE) This thesis argues that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has a strategy for securing Xinjiang - its far-flung predominantly Muslim most north-western province - through a planned program of Sinicisation. Securing Xinjiang would turna weakly defended 'back door' to China into a strategic strongpointfrom which Beijing canproject influence into Central Asia. The CCP's strategy is to comprehensively encircle Xinjiang with Han people and institutions, a Han dominated economy, and supporting infrastructure emanatingfrom inner China A successful program of Sinicisation would transform Xinjiang from a Turkic-language-speaking, largely Muslim, physically remote, economically under-developed region- one that is vulnerable to separation from the PRC - into one that will be substantially more culturally similar to, and physically connected with, the traditional Han-dominated heartland of inner China. Once achieved, complete Sinicisation would mean Xinjiang would be extremely difficult to separate from China. In Xinjiang, the CCP enacts policies in support of Sinication across all areas of statecraft. This thesis categorises these activities across three dimensions: the economic and demographic dimension, the political and cultural dimension, and the security and international cooperationdimension. -
ZUO Zongtang Zuǒ Zōngtáng 左宗棠 1812–1885 Chinese Military Leader and Statesman
◀ Zuglakang Monastery Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. ZUO Zongtang Zuǒ Zōngtáng 左宗棠 1812–1885 Chinese military leader and statesman Zuo Zongtang was a renowned military leader of nineteenth-century China; he led the Chi- nese military in the suppression of the Muslim and Nian rebellions (1868– 1880), negotiated with the Russians, and led the war against the French in 1884– 1885. uo Zongtang 左宗棠 (1812– 1885) was born to a scholarly family in Hunan Province; in his early years he studied works in the fields of his- tory, classics, geography, and agriculture. In 1852 he joined the military in the campaign against the Taip- ing Rebellion and soon displayed his military ability and wisdom. He was promoted to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces in 1863 and remained in this position until 1866. Zuo founded China’s first modern dockyard and naval school in Fuzhou dur- ing this period. In 1866 Zuo was appointed governor- Portrait of General Tso (Zuo Zongtang), by Pavel general of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces to suppress Piassetsky, 1875. Zuo Zongtang, a Chinese states- the Muslim rebels there. Between 1868 and 1880, Zuo man, served during China’s fourteen-year-long suppressed Nian rebels in Shandong Province and the Taiping Rebellion. Muslim rebels in the northwestern China and consoli- dated China’s northwestern frontier. He militarily sus- tained China’s negotiation with Russia in recovering of the cotton industry in Xinjiang and the mobiliza- Yili, a Chinese territory occupied by Russia during the tion of soldiers to farm unused land. In 1881 Zuo was Muslim rebellion. -
Doğu Türkistan'da Asimilasyon Ve Ayrımcılık
DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA ASİMİLASYON VE AYRIMCILIK Amine Tuna 2012 'RôX7UNLVWDQ¶GD $VLPLODV\RQYH$\UÔPFÔOÔN Yazan Amine Tuna Editör Ümmühan Özkan Ya\Ôna+azÔrOÔN .. ,++ ,nVani <aUGÔm 9akIÔ AUa÷WÔUma <a\ÔnOaU %iUimi ISBN 978-605-5260-01-9 1 %aVkÔ .aVÔm 2012 .aSaNYHSa\Ia'zHni M. Semih Taneri . ,++,QVDQL<DUGÔP9DNIÔ %u eVerin Wüm hakOarÔ mahIuzGur. <azarÔn Ye \a\ÔnFÔnÔn izni aOÔnmakVÔzÔn kiWaEÔn meWni herhanJi Eir IRrmGa \a\ÔmOanamaz kRS\aOanamaz Ye oRôaOWÔOamaz. AnFak ka\nak J|VWeriOerek aOÔnWÔ \aSÔOaEiOir. %ü\ük .araman &aG. Ta\OaVan SRk. 1R )aWih-,VWanEuO TeO 90 212 61 21 21 )akV 90 212 621 70 51 ZeE ZZZ.ihh.RrJ.Wr (-maiO inIR#ihh.RrJ.Wr 3eOikan %aVÔm MaWEaa Ye AmEaOaM San. TiF. /WG. öWi. .. MaOWeSe Mah. *ümü÷Vu\u &aG. 2Gin ,÷ Mrk. 1R.281 =e\WinEurnu-,VWanEuO DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA ASİMİLASYON VE AYRIMCILIK Amine Tuna 2012 İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................... 9 1. Bölüm GENEL BİLGİLER .............................................................................. 15 Doğu Türkistan Kimlik Bilgileri ....................................................... 17 Coğrafi Özellikleri ve İklim Yapısı ....................................................18 Ekonomik Yapı .................................................................................. 20 Bingtuan .................................................................................... 24 Nüfus, Etnik Çeşitlilik ve Demografik Yapı ....................................27 Dil, Din ve Kültür ............................................................................. -
Migration, Identities and Cultural Change: History and Present Situation of the Santa People in Xinjiang, China*
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Journal of Cambridge Studies 73 Migration, Identities and Cultural Change: History and Present Situation of the Santa people in Xinjiang, China* Wenxiang CHEN Associate professor, Humanity College of Qinghai Normal University, PRC Email: [email protected] Abstract: Since the Qing dynasty, Santa people have been migrating to Xinjiang, and have subsequently become an important group there, both in terms of population and influence. This paper deals with the history of the four Santa immigration waves and the present situation of their ethnic, religious, and local identities. A deeper study of the cultural changes they have experienced follows, focusing on changes in language, traditional diets, marriages and religious beliefs. Finally, an analysis of the social transformations Santa communities have experienced is included, including views on the critical catalyst for Santa’s migrating to Xinjiang, the influence of the weakening of ethnic and cultural identities of them, ideas for the cultural changes in Santa communities of Xinjiang, and the further development of Santas in the future. Key Words: Santa, Dongxiang, Xinjiang, Migration, Identity, Cultural change * I will give my thanks to Dr. Duojie Caihang of Qinghai Normal University for his revising. Volume 7, No. 4 74 1. INTRODUCTION The Dongxiang, or Santa1, are one of the fifty-five ethnic minorities of the PRC. According to scholars, the main body of Santa the Huihui Semuren2 group from central Asia and the Middle East are the ancestors of the modern-day Santa, and Santa migration to China is directly connected to the conquest of central Asia by Genghis Khan in the 13th century. -
The Globalization of Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations
This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Between transnational network and the state : the globalization of diasporic Chinese voluntary associations Lin, Chia Tsun 2019 Lin, C. T. (2019). Between transnational network and the state : the globalization of diasporic Chinese voluntary associations. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/86192 https://doi.org/10.32657/10220/48308 Downloaded on 27 Sep 2021 20:08:09 SGT BETWEEN TRANSNATIONAL NETWORK AND THE STATE: THE GLOBALIZATION OF DIASPORIC CHINESE VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS LIN CHIA TSUN SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 2018 Between Transnational Network and the State: The Globalization of Diasporic Chinese Voluntary Associations LIN CHIA TSUN School of Social Sciences A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 1 | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Nanyang Technological University for providing the scholarship, facilities and conducive working environment that allowed me to pursue my interest in this topic for the past four years. I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor Liu Hong for his expertise, guidance and patience that helped me through the fieldwork and thesis writing process. I am thankful for his feedback and timely responses to whatever questions that I had, and help that I needed. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis committee members, Professor Lee Chee Hiang for his assistance in the data collection process as well as Professor Els Van Dongen. The thesis would not have been written without their relevant assistance. -
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC of EASTERN TURKESTAN and the FORMATION of MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY in XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF EASTERN TURKESTAN AND THE FORMATION OF MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY IN XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United States Air Force Academy, 2005 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2006 Approved by: Major Professor David A. Graff Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 13 SEP 2006 N/A - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER The Islamic Republic Of Eastern Turkestan And The Formation Of 5b. GRANT NUMBER Modern Uyghur Identity In Xinjiang 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 9. -
Community Matters in Xinjiang 1880–1949 China Studies
Community Matters in Xinjiang 1880–1949 China Studies Published for the Institute for Chinese Studies University of Oxford Editors Glen Dudbridge Frank Pieke VOLUME 17 Community Matters in Xinjiang 1880–1949 Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur By Ildikó Bellér-Hann LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 Cover illustration: Woman baking bread in the missionaries’ home (Box 145, sheet nr. 26. Hanna Anderssons samling). Courtesy of the National Archives of Sweden (Riksarkivet) and The Mission Covenant Church of Sweden (Svenska Missionskyrkan). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bellér-Hann, Ildikó. Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949 : towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur / by Ildikó Bellér-Hann. p. cm — (China studies, ISSN 1570–1344 ; v. 17) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-16675-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Uighur (Turkic people)—China— Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu—Social life and customs. 2. Uighur (Turkic people)—China— Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu—Religion. 3. Muslims—China—Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. 4. Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)—Social life and customs. 5. Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)—Ethnic relations. 6. Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)—History—19th century. I. Title. II. Series. DS731.U4B35 2008 951’.604—dc22 2008018717 ISSN 1570-1344 ISBN 978 90 04 16675 2 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. -
1 Mai 2021- Rapport « Le Xinjiang. Comprendre La Complexité, Construire La Paix » Promu Par Le Cesem Avec Eurispes Et L'insti
MAI 2021- RAPPORT « LE XINJIANG. COMPRENDRE LA COMPLEXITÉ, CONSTRUIRE LA PAIX » PROMU PAR LE CESEM AVEC EURISPES ET L'INSTITUT DIPLOMATIQUE INTERNATIONAL Objectif général : fournir aux institutions un rapport le plus objectif possible, indépendant et fiable, afin de contribuer à élever la qualité du débat et, par suite, aux décisions politiques relatives. Objectifs spécifiques : diffuser le rapport au niveau médiatique et dans le cadre de discussions publiques sur le sujet (par exemple, des sommets sur les droits de l‟homme), autres qu‟au niveau institutionnel. Il s‟agit d‟articuler et d‟enrichir les informations relatives à cette région, étant donné les énormes implications pour la paix mondiale. Comme on l‟a noté, les campagnes antichinoises, hautement politisées, ont ciblé le Xinjiang depuis plusieurs années, en reportant le plus souvent des informations totalement infondées, non vérifiables ou fausses, et générant, sur ces bases, une guerre des sanctions et de lourds dommages aux relations internationales. Il manque cependant des documents alternatifs, plus objectifs, réalisés par ceux qui ont vécu et étudié en Chine et au Xinjiang, afin d‟encadrer et de contextualiser de façon adéquate la région et ses dynamiques politiques, économiques et sociales réelles. Pour ce motif nous avons choisi de fournir un rapport différent, qui puisse apporter le maximum de fiabilité et d’autorité par rapport à ce qui se trouve actuellement à l a disposition des médias et des autorités occidentales. La finalité étant que ce matériel puisse être utilisé dans un débat plus articulé et sérieux, capable d’aider les décideurs politiques et l’opinion publique à s’orienter d’une façon moins partiale et prétentieuse que les Pays des Fives Eyes, de l’UE et de certaines ONG et think-tanks. -
China's Forced Assimilation Policy Toward the Uyghurs in Xinjiang
國立中山大學亞太事務英語碩士學位程 碩士論文 International Master Program in Asia-Pacific Affairs National Sun Yat-sen University Master Thesis 中國針對新疆維吾爾族的強迫同化政策 China‟s forced assimilation policy toward the Uyghurs in Xinjiang 研究生:米華 Michal Cieslik 指導教授:林文程 教授 Prof. Lin Wencheng 中華民國 109 年 7 月 July 2020 i 摘要 本研究之目的在探討新疆維吾爾族與中華人民共和國政府之間的衝突起源及現狀並著重於 1949 年人民解放軍發起和平解放後,中華人民共和國政府所實施的種族政策。本研究同 時從中華人民共和國政府以及新疆維吾爾少數民族兩方角度出發,探討這些政策所帶來的 影響並於最後一個章節研究國際對此衝突的回應。本文以文件分析法為主要研究方式,探 討強行同化政策的可行性。然而,根據本文所引述之資料所顯示,其可能性極低。除此之 外,若中華人民共和國政府不改變對維吾爾少數民族的執政方式,維吾爾族將持續激烈的 反抗並可能引發一些暴力衝突。 關鍵詞:維吾爾族,新疆,少數民族政策,中華人民共和國,衝突 ii Abstract This study seeks to explore the origins and the current situation of the ongoing conflict in Xinjiang, China, between the region‟s Uyghur ethnic minority population and the PRC government. Special attention is paid to the Chinese government ethnic policies since the region‟s “peaceful liberation” in 1949 by the PLA. The study also explores the aftermath of these policies from the perspective of the Chinese government and the Xinjiang‟s Uyghur minority. The last section of the study explores the international responses to the conflict. Through utilizing a document analysis as a primary research method, this paper aims to answer whether the forced assimilation policy works. The findings presented in this study strongly suggest that the answer to the above question is no. This paper also suggests that unless China changes its approach to the region‟s Uyghur minority, the strong resistance among the Uyghurs will continue, leading to occasional violent incidents. -
These Sources Are Verifiable and Come From
0 General aim: To give institutions a report as unbiased, independent and reliable as possible, in order to raise the quality of the debate and thus the relative political decisions. Specific aims: To circulate this report to mass media and in public fora of various nature (i.e. human rights summits) as well as at the institutional level, with the purpose of enriching the reader’s knowledge and understanding of this region, given its huge implications in the world peace process. As is well known, for some years now highly politicised anti-Chinese propaganda campaigns have targeted the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, often spreading groundless, non-verifiable or outright false information, triggering on these bases a sanctions war and causing serious damage to international relations. There is a dramatic lack of unbiased and alternative documentation on the topic, especially by researchers who have lived and studied in China and Xinjiang. This report aims to fill this gap, by deepening and contextualising the region and its real political, economic and social dynamics, and offering an authoritative and documented point of view vis-à- vis the reports that Western politicians currently have at their disposal. The ultimate goal of this documentation is to promote an informed public debate on the topic and offer policymakers and civil society a different point of view from the biased and specious accusations coming from the Five Eyes countries, the EU and some NGOs and think-tanks. Recently some Swedish researchers have done a great job of deconstructing the main Western allegations about the situation in the autonomous region of Xinjiang. -
Frontier Politics and Sino-Soviet Relations: a Study of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Sheng Mao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Mao, Sheng, "Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2459. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Abstract This is an ethnopolitical and diplomatic study of the Three Districts, or the former East Turkestan Republic, in China’s northwest frontier in the 1950s and 1960s. It describes how this Muslim borderland between Central Asia and China became today’s Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture under the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Three Districts had been in the Soviet sphere of influence since the 1930s and remained so even after the Chinese Communist takeover in October 1949. After the Sino- Soviet split in the late 1950s, Beijing transformed a fragile suzerainty into full sovereignty over this region: the transitional population in Xinjiang was demarcated, border defenses were established, and Soviet consulates were forced to withdraw. As a result, the Three Districts changed from a Soviet frontier to a Chinese one, and Xinjiang’s outward focus moved from Soviet Central Asia to China proper. The largely peaceful integration of Xinjiang into PRC China stands in stark contrast to what occurred in Outer Mongolia and Tibet. -
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space.