DOCSLIB.ORG

ZUO Zongtang Zuǒ Zōngtáng ​左宗棠 1812–1885 Chinese Military Leader and Statesman

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ZUO Zongtang Zuǒ Zōngtáng ​左宗棠 1812–1885 Chinese Military Leader and Statesman ◀ Zuglakang Monastery Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. ZUO Zongtang Zuǒ Zōngtáng ​左宗棠 1812–1885 Chinese military leader and statesman Zuo Zongtang was a renowned military leader of nineteenth-​­century China; he led the Chi- nese military in the suppression of the Muslim and Nian rebellions (1868– 1880), negotiated with the Russians, and led the war against the French in 1884– 1885. uo Zongtang 左宗棠 (1812– 1885) was born to a scholarly family in Hunan Province; in his early years he studied works in the fields of his- tory, classics, geography, and agriculture. In 1852 he joined the military in the campaign against the Taip- ing Rebellion and soon displayed his military ability and wisdom. He was promoted to governor-​­general of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces in 1863 and remained in this position until 1866. Zuo founded China’s first modern dockyard and naval school in Fuzhou dur- ing this period. In 1866 Zuo was appointed governor- Portrait of General Tso (Zuo Zongtang), by Pavel general of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces to suppress Piassetsky, 1875. Zuo Zongtang, a Chinese states- the Muslim rebels there. Between 1868 and 1880, Zuo man, served during China’s fourteen-​­year-long suppressed Nian rebels in Shandong Province and the Taiping Rebellion. Muslim rebels in the northwestern China and consoli- dated China’s northwestern frontier. He militarily sus- tained China’s negotiation with Russia in recovering of the cotton industry in Xinjiang and the mobiliza- Yili, a Chinese territory occupied by Russia during the tion of soldiers to farm unused land. In 1881 Zuo was Muslim rebellion. He also carried out several impor- appointed to serve in the Grand Council of the central tant economic reforms, including the encouragement government. Later, in 1884, he was once again put in 2664 Z © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC ZUO Zongtang n Zuǒ Zōngtáng n 左宗棠 2665 The Art of War The numerous successes in Zuo Zongtang’s military ca- 4 The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it reer show his deep understanding of military knowledge can possibly be avoided. The preparation of and strategy, the foundations of which were laid out by mantlets [a shield used to protect besieging Sunzi (also spelled Sun Tzu) in The Art of War,thought soldiers], movable shelters, and various imple- to date from the fourth centurybce : ments of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more. ATT A CK BY STR A T A GEM 5 The general, unable to control his irradiation, 1 Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the will launch his men to the assault like swarming best thing of all is to take the enemy’s coun- ants, with the result that one-​­third of his men try whole and intact; to shatter and destroy is are slain, while the town still remains untaken. not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture Such are the disastrous effects of a siege. an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a 6 Therefore the skillful leader subdues the regiment, a detachment or a company entire enemy’s troops without any fighting; he cap- than to destroy them. tures their cities without laying siege to them; 2 Hence to fight and conquer in all your he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy battles is not supreme excellence; supreme operations in the field. excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s 7 With his forces intact he will dispute the resistance without fighting. mastery of the Empire, and thus, without los- 3 Thus the highest form of generalship is to ing a man, his triumph will be complete. This balk the enemy’s plans; the next best is to pre- is the method of attacking by stratagem. vent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the Source: ​Sun Tzu. (2007). The art of war. (Lionel Giles, Trans.). next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books, pp. 7– 8. (Original trans- the field; and the worst policy of all is to be- lation published in 1910; original work thought to date from siege walled cities. fourth century bce). charge of all military affairs of China during the Sino- Further Reading French War (1884– 1885). After a settlement between Chu, Wen-​­chang. (1966). The Moslem Rebellion in North- China and France was reached, Zuo Zongtang died on west China, 1862– 1878: A Study of Government Minor- 5 September 1885. Zuo Zongtang’s success in putting ity Policy. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton de down rebellions shaped the military prowess and unity Gruyter. of China in the nineteenth century. Wright, M. C. (1957). The Last Stand of Chinese Conserva- tism: The T’ung-​­chih Restoration, 1862– 1874. Stanford, CHEN Shiwei CA: Stanford University Press. © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comprehensive Encirclement
    COMPREHENSIVE ENCIRCLEMENT: THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY’S STRATEGY IN XINJIANG GARTH FALLON A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences International and Political Studies July 2018 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: FALLON First name: Garth Other name/s: Nil Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: MPhil School: Humanitiesand Social Sciences Faculty: UNSW Canberraat ADFA Title: Comprehensive encirclement: the Chinese Communist Party's strategy in Xinjiang Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASETYPE) This thesis argues that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has a strategy for securing Xinjiang - its far-flung predominantly Muslim most north-western province - through a planned program of Sinicisation. Securing Xinjiang would turna weakly defended 'back door' to China into a strategic strongpointfrom which Beijing canproject influence into Central Asia. The CCP's strategy is to comprehensively encircle Xinjiang with Han people and institutions, a Han­ dominated economy, and supporting infrastructure emanatingfrom inner China A successful program of Sinicisation would transform Xinjiang from a Turkic-language-speaking, largely Muslim, physically remote, economically under-developed region- one that is vulnerable to separation from the PRC - into one that will be substantially more culturally similar to, and physically connected with, the traditional Han-dominated heartland of inner China. Once achieved, complete Sinicisation would mean Xinjiang would be extremely difficult to separate from China. In Xinjiang, the CCP enacts policies in support of Sinication across all areas of statecraft. This thesis categorises these activities across three dimensions: the economic and demographic dimension, the political and cultural dimension, and the security and international cooperationdimension.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC of EASTERN TURKESTAN and the FORMATION of MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY in XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United
    THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF EASTERN TURKESTAN AND THE FORMATION OF MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY IN XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United States Air Force Academy, 2005 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2006 Approved by: Major Professor David A. Graff Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 13 SEP 2006 N/A - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER The Islamic Republic Of Eastern Turkestan And The Formation Of 5b. GRANT NUMBER Modern Uyghur Identity In Xinjiang 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 9.
    [Show full text]
  • These Sources Are Verifiable and Come From
    0 General aim: To give institutions a report as unbiased, independent and reliable as possible, in order to raise the quality of the debate and thus the relative political decisions. Specific aims: To circulate this report to mass media and in public fora of various nature (i.e. human rights summits) as well as at the institutional level, with the purpose of enriching the reader’s knowledge and understanding of this region, given its huge implications in the world peace process. As is well known, for some years now highly politicised anti-Chinese propaganda campaigns have targeted the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, often spreading groundless, non-verifiable or outright false information, triggering on these bases a sanctions war and causing serious damage to international relations. There is a dramatic lack of unbiased and alternative documentation on the topic, especially by researchers who have lived and studied in China and Xinjiang. This report aims to fill this gap, by deepening and contextualising the region and its real political, economic and social dynamics, and offering an authoritative and documented point of view vis-à- vis the reports that Western politicians currently have at their disposal. The ultimate goal of this documentation is to promote an informed public debate on the topic and offer policymakers and civil society a different point of view from the biased and specious accusations coming from the Five Eyes countries, the EU and some NGOs and think-tanks. Recently some Swedish researchers have done a great job of deconstructing the main Western allegations about the situation in the autonomous region of Xinjiang.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
    The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space.
    [Show full text]
  • Uyghur Papers 5-Dina Doubrovskaya.Pdf
    Uyghur Initiative Papers Uyghur Initiative Papers No. 5 November 2014 Qing Dynasty and Uyghurs in the 19th Century (Controversy over the Question of Re- . conquering Xinjiang) Dina V. Doubrovskaya (Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia) In the second and third quarters of the 19th century, the Qing Empire experi- enced considerable difficulties due to the political crisis caused by the two Opium Wars and the ignominious “opening up” by Western superpowers. Confrontation with Japan over Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan, the Taiping re- bellion and the uprisings of non-Han peoples added up to the Empire’s prob- lems. A bewildered victim of the incursions of European colonizers, and with the Manchu Dynasty enfeebled, China was in need of inner strength and re- solve, as well as external resources to maintain and restore its power over the vast territories of modern Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region, which it lost as a result of Uyghur and Dungan liberation movement in 1864-1878. So let us try to understand why the Qing Empire decided to regain control over Dzungaria and Kashgaria (Eastern Turkestan), which it had lost almost 15 years previously, in spite of the seemingly unfavorable political and eco- nomic situation, because the existence of China within its modern borders is a direct result of the Qing military undertakings of the time. The opinions expressed here are those of the author only and do not represent the Central Asia Program. Uyghur Initiative Papers No. 5, November 2014 First, emperor Qian Long (r. 1736-1795) performed some truly spectacular conquests in Xiyu, and then later generals Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang did much to defend their country during the devastating 1860s and 1870s, recovering the lost territorial acquisitions of Qian Long.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergence of the National Idea and National Agitation (1910S–1920S)
    CHAPTER 2 Emergence of the National Idea and National Agitation (1910s–1920s) The following chapter inspects the emergence of the modernist and national discourse of Turkic intellectuals in late Qing and early Republican Xinjiang. The fact that the national rhetoric was directly inspired by modernization and nation-formation processes that occurred at the turn of the twentieth cen- tury in several other contexts (namely inner China, the Ottoman Empire, and Russo-Soviet Central Asia) again underlines the age-old pivotal function of the modern Xinjiang territory as that of a crossroads of ideologies. By examining the flow of external modernist stimuli into Xinjiang and their coalescence with its local context, this research primarily observes projects in education, pub- lishing, and social organizations. The examination of writings of Nezerghoja Abdusémetov, Abdukhaliq Uyghur, and Memtili Tewpiq illustrates the emer- gence of the national idea, and specifically, the Uyghur national idea, both abroad and in its transfer into the Musulman community. This chapter elab- orates on what has been called the “intellectual interpretation” of national movement and nationalism, which views these phenomena as a search for cul- tural identity and a product mostly of intellectuals who are building on a com- mon linguistic, cultural, and political heritage and who are actively designing educational systems in order to inculcate nationalist values into their youth. It will be illustrated later in the text that the Xinjiang Turkic progressive intel- ligentsia’s literacy, education, awareness of modern developments, and other skills acquired in the first wave of new Xinjiang Turkic schools later enabled these figures to become outspoken communal political leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Separate but Loyal: Ethnicity and Nationalism in China
    Policy Studies 56 Separate but Loyal: Ethnicity and Nationalism in China Wenfang Tang and Gaochao He Separate but Loyal: Ethnicity and Nationalism in China About the East-West Center The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. Established by the U.S. Congress in 1960, the Center serves as a resource for in- formation and analysis on critical issues of common concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop policy options. The Center’s 21-acre Honolulu campus, adjacent to the University of Hawai‘i at Ma¯noa, is located midway between Asia and the U.S. main- land and features research, residential, and international conference facilities. The Center’s Washington, D.C., office focuses on preparing the United States for an era of growing Asia Pacific prominence. The Center is an independent, public, nonprofit organization with funding from the U.S. government, and additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, foundations, corporations, and gov- ernments in the region. Policy Studies 56 Separate but Loyal: Ethnicity and Nationalism in China Wenfang Tang and Gaochao He Copyright © 2010 by the East-West Center Separate but Loyal: Ethnicity and Nationalism in China by Wenfang Tang and Gaochao He ISSN 1547-1349 (print) and 1547-1330 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-932728-86-6 (print) and 978-1-932728-87-3 (electronic) East-West Center 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96848-1601 Tel: 808.944.7111 [email protected] EastWestCenter.org/policystudies The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Clashes of Universalisms: Xinjiang, Tianxia and Changing World Order in 19Th Century
    Clashes of Universalisms: Xinjiang, tianxia and Changing World Order in 19th Century Zhiguang Yin 1 The history of Xinjiang, or in a geographic sense, the region including predominately the Zhungarian Basin, Tarim Basin, and Turpan basin, is contested. 1 However, this contestation has affected not only the territorial, spatial and political-economic configuration of the region of Xinjiang/’Chinese Turkistan’; it also affected China’s own conception of world order. From 1759 to 1884, Qing Empire changed its understanding of the strategic significance of “Xinjiang” region. By investigating the Chinese shifting political understanding of its western border in the context of 19th-century European colonial expansion, this paper hopes to demonstrate that challenges emerged in “marginal” regions like Xinjiang help to shape Qing’s understanding of the emerging new world order based on the principle of modern international law. Originated in the European historical context, the discourse of international law gave a particular focus on “real international person,” which is constituted by a clearly defined sovereign territory and people settled on it.2 This discourse gained its universality through the political confrontations among Chinese, Russian, and British Empires starting from 19th century. During this process, the traditional Confucius “tianxia” (under heaven) world-view, which emphasizes cultural recognition began to ebb away. We could also see that the languages of ethnicity and national independence were used pragmatically through the process of colonial expansion against the Qing’s administrative authority in these peripheral regions. The case of Xinjiang provides us a window to review the historical process in which the Eurocentric universalism of international law acquiring its universality.
    [Show full text]
  • Staking Claims to China's Borderland: Oil, Ores and State- Building In
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Staking Claims to China’s Borderland: Oil, Ores and State- building in Xinjiang Province, 1893-1964 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Judd Creighton Kinzley Committee in charge: Professor Joseph Esherick, Co-chair Professor Paul Pickowicz, Co-chair Professor Barry Naughton Professor Jeremy Prestholdt Professor Sarah Schneewind 2012 Copyright Judd Creighton Kinzley, 2012 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Judd Creighton Kinzley is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-chair Co- chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Vita ..................................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ................................................................................................................................x Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslims of China and the “Frontier Question” After Empire
    The Muslims of China and the “Frontier Question” after Empire: Revisiting Ma Zhongying’s 1931 Invasion of Republican Xinjiang by Paul Gosselin A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in European, Russian and Eurasian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2020 Paul Gosselin 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 One: Chinese-Turkic Muslim Encounters in Qing-Era Xinjiang (ca. 1770s-1870s) 15 Two: Dungan Military Elites in the Late Qing Northwest (ca. 1870s-1890s) 37 Three: Chinese Muslims and Revolutionary-Era Politics in the Interior (ca. 1890s-1911) 60 Four: The Republican Transformation of Xinjiang (ca. 1900s – 1910s) 80 Five: The Republican Transformation of Gansu (ca. 1911-1920s) 106 Six: The Emergence of Li Qian’s Nationality Politics (ca. 1913-1924) 126 Seven: Ma Zhongying’s Military Rise in Gansu (ca. 1925-1931) 139 Conclusion 179 Appendix A: Prominent Muslim Lineages in Early Republican Gansu 182 Appendix B: Maps 183 Illustration Credits 187 Bibliography 188 3 Introduction The Gobi Desert frontiers of Gansu province, in China’s northwest, traditionally demarcated the westernmost extent of many Chinese-speaking societies and empires.1 A Manchurian royal house conquered the Chinese Ming empire in the mid-17th century, and proceeded to mount unprecedented conquests in the Central Asian region today known as Xinjiang, but many dissident Chinese scholars expressed horror at the outsider Manchus’ incorporation of culturally alien
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Racism, Religion and Governmentality In
    Racism, religion and governmentality in China the Muslim rebellion in the 19th century Yuehua Dong Field of study: Religion in Peace and Conflict Level: Master Credits: 30 credits Thesis Defense: Spring 2016 Supervisor: Mattias Gardell Department of Theology Uppsala University 1 Abstract: This thesis consists of historical narratives on Muslim rebellion (1864-1877) in Xinjiang together with several parts of theoretical applications on racial-culturalism, nationalism, governmentality and further discussion on colonialism in the 19th century of China. By taking this 14 years’ historical event as a prototype, with analysis on historical archives, thesis has explored lots of issues which reflect ethnic conflicts on religion, racial-culturalism and governmentality on Xinjiang. With discourse analysis as leading method in analyzing original archives, this thesis depicts racial notions as “shengfan (raw barbarian)”, “shufan (cooked barbarian)” as core opinions in rulers’ political colonial view, hence formed Chinese unification and national identity and even influenced on governmentality in Xinjiang in Qing dynasty. And this vigilance of Qing rulers came from a mixed political consideration which combined islamophobia with frontier security issues. The results of the analysis indicate that there are three features from the events within the empiric materials’ analysis: there was strong evidence to present Qing rulers’ political discourse on ethnocentric view also with racial cultural superiority; the formation of Chinese nationalism was changed with enlarging territory; defects in Qing’s governmentality in Xinjiang became a blasting fuse which led to rebellion. By this researching conclusion, this paper provides more inspirations and indications on perspectives like cultural differences, Qing’s governmentality, frontier security and unification thought in rulers since ancient times.
    [Show full text]
  • The Water Landscape of Murtuq an Analysis and Interpretation Through Landscape Studies
    Photo credit: Jean Bourgeois The Water Landscape of Murtuq An Analysis and Interpretation through Landscape Studies Sophie Barbaix Prof. Dr. Jean Bourgeois Prof. Dr. Philippe De Maeyer Master Archaeology 2017-2018 Academic year 2017–2018 The Water Landscape of Murtuq An Analysis and Interpretation through Landscape Studies Word count: 29,041 Sophie Barbaix Student number: 01402409 Supervisor(s): Prof. Dr. Jean Bourgeois, Prof. Dr. Philippe De Maeyer A dissertation submitted to Ghent University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology Academic year: 2017 – 2018 Copyright © 2018 The author and the supervisor(s) give the permission to make this study accessible for consultation for personal use. All other uses fall under the limitations of the copyright, especially with regard to the obligation to explicitly mention the source when citing data from this study. The copyright with regard to the data mentioned in this study rests with the supervisor(s). The copyright is limited to the manner in which the author handled and described the problem. The author thereby respects the original copyright of each individually cited study and any potential accompanying documentation, such as tables and figures. Acknowledgments I have to thank many people who helped in the making of this paper. Prof. Jean Bourgeois (Ghent University) has given invaluable support both on the field as well as a supervisor. Prof. Philippe De Maeyer and the China Platform from Ghent University should also be thanked. Birger Stichelbaut’s help with the satellite imagery was very welcome (Ghent University). Alishir Kurban (Xinjiang Institute for Ecology and Geography) his efforts during the stay in China and his support afterwards were also much appreciated.
    [Show full text]