Doğu Türkistan'da Asimilasyon Ve Ayrımcılık

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Doğu Türkistan'da Asimilasyon Ve Ayrımcılık DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA ASİMİLASYON VE AYRIMCILIK Amine Tuna 2012 'RôX7UNLVWDQ¶GD $VLPLODV\RQYH$\UÔPFÔOÔN Yazan Amine Tuna Editör Ümmühan Özkan Ya\Ôna+azÔrOÔN .. ,++ ,nVani <aUGÔm 9akIÔ AUa÷WÔUma <a\ÔnOaU %iUimi ISBN 978-605-5260-01-9 1 %aVkÔ .aVÔm 2012 .aSaNYHSa\Ia'zHni M. Semih Taneri . ,++,QVDQL<DUGÔP9DNIÔ %u eVerin Wüm hakOarÔ mahIuzGur. <azarÔn Ye \a\ÔnFÔnÔn izni aOÔnmakVÔzÔn kiWaEÔn meWni herhanJi Eir IRrmGa \a\ÔmOanamaz kRS\aOanamaz Ye oRôaOWÔOamaz. AnFak ka\nak J|VWeriOerek aOÔnWÔ \aSÔOaEiOir. %ü\ük .araman &aG. Ta\OaVan SRk. 1R )aWih-,VWanEuO TeO 90 212 61 21 21 )akV 90 212 621 70 51 ZeE ZZZ.ihh.RrJ.Wr (-maiO inIR#ihh.RrJ.Wr 3eOikan %aVÔm MaWEaa Ye AmEaOaM San. TiF. /WG. öWi. .. MaOWeSe Mah. *ümü÷Vu\u &aG. 2Gin ,÷ Mrk. 1R.281 =e\WinEurnu-,VWanEuO DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA ASİMİLASYON VE AYRIMCILIK Amine Tuna 2012 İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................... 9 1. Bölüm GENEL BİLGİLER .............................................................................. 15 Doğu Türkistan Kimlik Bilgileri ....................................................... 17 Coğrafi Özellikleri ve İklim Yapısı ....................................................18 Ekonomik Yapı .................................................................................. 20 Bingtuan .................................................................................... 24 Nüfus, Etnik Çeşitlilik ve Demografik Yapı ....................................27 Dil, Din ve Kültür .............................................................................. 34 İdari Yapı ............................................................................................ 39 2. Bölüm GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN ................... 41 Doğu Türkistan’ın Erken Siyasi Tarihi ............................................. 43 Uygur Tarihi ve Doğu Türkistan’da Uygur Varlığı ............................44 Doğu Türkistan’da Kurulan Devletler .............................................. 46 İlk Çin İstilası (1758-1760) ...............................................................49 İsyanlar Yüzyılı (1760-1865) ............................................................ 49 Yakup Han Devleti (1865-1877) ...................................................... 52 Asya’yı Parçalayan “Büyük Oyun” ve Türkistan ................................ 54 İkinci Çin İstilası ...............................................................................56 Mançu İmparatorluğu’nun Ardından (1911-1949) ........................57 Şarki Türkistan İslam Cumhuriyeti (Kasım 1933-Ocak 1934) ...59 Rus Boyunduruğu (1934-1944) ........................................................62 İkinci Şarki Türkistan Cumhuriyeti (1944-1949) ..................... 65 1949’dan Günümüze Doğu Türkistan’da Komünist Parti Dönemi .. 70 Göçler ......................................................................................... 73 Sinjang Uygur Özerk Bölgesi’nin kuruluşu ................................ 75 “Karşıdevrim”le mücadele ........................................................... 76 Yeni dönem askerî karakolu: Bingtuan ....................................... 77 Büyük Atılım ve Kültür Devrimi ............................................. 78 Mao’nun Ardından Yeni Yapılanma ve Doğu Türkistan’da Komünist Parti Kontrolüne Karşı Direniş ........................................81 “Terörizm, ayrılıkçılık ve köktendincilikle savaş” ........................ 85 1990 Barın olayları ................................................................... 86 1995 Hoten olayları ................................................................... 88 1997 Gulca olayları ................................................................... 88 2008 Pekin Olimpiyatları ......................................................... 91 5 Temmuz 2009 Urumçi olayları ............................................... 93 Doğu Türkistan’da Örgütlenme ve Bağımsızlık Hareketleri ........... 97 11 Eylül’ün Ardından Doğu Türkistan ..........................................100 Çin Dış Politikasında Doğu Türkistan ........................................... 104 3. Bölüm TÜRKİYE-ÇİN İLİŞKİLERİ VE DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN MESELESİ ................................................ 111 4. Bölüm DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA İNSAN HAKLARI İHLALLERİ .... 123 Dil ve Eğitim Yasakları .................................................................... 130 Doğum Kontrolü ve Zorunlu Kürtaj .............................................. 133 İşkence ve Ölüm Cezası ................................................................. 134 Ekonomik Yaşamdan Dışlanma ......................................................135 Basın ve İfade Özgürlüğü ................................................................ 140 İnanç ve İbadet Özgürlüğü ..............................................................141 Nükleer Denemeler ve Çevre Kirliliği ............................................ 147 Nüfus Transferi .................................................................................148 5. Bölüm DİASPORA ........................................................................................... 151 6. Bölüm SON SÖZ ............................................................................................... 163 EK 1: RÖPORTAJLAR ....................................................................... 171 Rabia Kadir, Dünya Uygur Kurultayı ve Uygur Amerikan Derneği Başkanı: “Mücadelemiz, yurdum özgürlüğüne kavuştuğunda asıl hedefine ulaşacaktır” ...........................................................................173 Seyit Tümtürk, Dünya Uygur Kurultayı Başkan Yardımcısı: “Doğu Türkistan halkı kendi kaderini kendi tayin etmeli” ...............186 Hidayet Oğuzhan, Doğu Türkistan Maarif ve Dayanışma Derneği Başkanı: “Türkiye’nin bir Doğu Türkistan politikası yok” ................196 Nuri Türkel, Uygur Amerikan Derneği Eski Başkanı: “Uygur tarihçileri, şairleri, yazarları bile ‘entelektüel terörist’ olarak itham ediliyor ve hapse atılıyor” ....................................................................204 Enver Hasan, Sosyolog: “Uygur diasporasının eğitimli insanlara ihtiyacı var” .........................................................................................210 Yang Jianli, Initiatives for China Hareketi Başkanı: “Çin için tek çıkış yolu demokrasi” ..........................................................................224 EK 2: ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ HAKKINDA GENEL BİLGİ ........................................................... 235 KRONOLOJİ .................................................................................................. 247 KAYNAKÇA .................................................................................................... 255 FOTOĞRAFLARLA DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN VE ÇİN ........................... 265 GİRİŞ Tanrı Dağları ve Taklamakan Çölü’nün çevrelediği zorlu bir coğrafyanın orta yerinde yükselen Urumçi, Doğu Türkistan (resmî adıyla Sinjang Uygur Özerk Bölgesi)’ın başkenti. Şehir devasa gökdelenleri, iş merkezleri, fabrikaları, duble yolları ile Çin’in artan refahının göz kamaştırıcı bir kanıtı. Temmuz 2011’de İstanbul’dan doğrudan uçuşların başladığı Urumçi, son yıllarda Çin’e ziyaret- leri sıklaşan Türk heyetleri için Uygur kültürünün modern Çin’le nasıl eklemlendiğinin sergilendiği bir ziyaret durağı âdeta. Ama bölgenin gerçekleri bize sunulandan oldukça farklı. Çok değil bundan 60 yıl kadar önce Urumçi’nin Müslüman yerli nüfusunun oranı %90’ın üzerindeydi. Şimdi ise yerli halk kendi memleketin- de azınlık durumunda. Bölgeye yönelik Han Çinli göçü 60 yıldır aralıksız devam ediyor. Urumçi zenginleştikçe asimile oluyor, Çin- lileşiyor. Nur Muhammed Yasin isimli genç bir Doğu Türkistanlı şairin tasvir ettiği gibi; Urumçi altın kafeste tutsak bir “yabani gü- vercin” şimdi. Nesiller boyunca Uygur, Kazak, Kırgız gibi farklı milletlerin anavatanı olan bu topraklarda muhafaza edilmek istenen etnik kimlikler, günümüzde Çin’in “ulusal” refahına açık bir tehdit ola- rak addediliyor. Oysa Urumçi’de gözden ırak olanlar, bu şehrin asıl “ev sahipleri”. Şehir merkezinde önünüze çıkan ve refahın, modernleşmenin, ilerlemenin bir göstergesi olarak sunulan her yeni yapı aslında bir eskinin üzerine kuruluyor; Uygur’a, Kazak’a, Kırgız’a ait olanın üzerine; “eski”nin, “modern olmayan”ın üzeri- ne... Doğu Türkistan halkı modern şehrin tüm canlılığının dışına, varoşlara itilen Uygur mahalleleri gibi ekonomik, sosyal, siyasi tüm mecraların dışına sürükleniyor. Doğu Türkistan’ın dili, inancı, kül- 10 Doğu Türkistan’da Asimilasyon ve Ayrımcılık türü, geleneği, sanatı “Çin rüyası”na yakış(tırıl)mıyor. Çin rüyası ancak bir Doğu Türkistanlı kendi kimliğini reddettiğinde veya sis- teme teslim olmayı kabul ettiğinde başlıyor. O zaman Urumçi’nin, Karamay’ın, Pekin’in, Şangay’ın, Guangdong’un yolları kendisine açılıyor. 1949’dan bu yana Komünist Çin’in ilhak ettiği Doğu Türkis- tan’ın tutsaklığı aslında daha öncesine dayanıyor. İşgalin başlangıcı 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar uzanıyor. Bambaşka bir coğrafya- nın, iklimin, kültürün mensubu olarak Doğu Türkistan daima bu işgale direnç gösteriyor, tıpkı Tibet ve İç Moğolistan gibi. Bugün Doğu Türkistanlılar hâlâ asıl vatandaş olarak kabul edilmedikleri bir devletin istismarına rıza göstermedikleri için türlü eziyetlere maruz kalıyor; ancak Doğu Türkistan artık eskisi kadar bilinmez, erişilmez değil. Çin’in iletişim araçları üzerindeki her türlü kont- rolü ve sansürüne, tüm dezenformasyon çalışmalarına rağmen Doğu Türkistan’da yaşananlardan haberdar olmak için
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