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Verbal Characteristics in Gunung Sitoli Dialect of Nias Language

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Verbal Characteristics in Gunung Sitoli Dialect of Nias Language International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Online ISSN: 2349-4182, Print ISSN: 2349-5979 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.72 Received: 08-12-2017; Accepted: 12-01-2018 www.allsubjectjournal.com Volume 5; Issue 1; January 2018; Page No. 24-29 Verbal characteristics in gunung sitoli dialect of nias language Siamir Marulafau Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Abstract This paper is aimed at discussing verbal characteristics in Nias language focusing on the morphology and syntax. This findings indicate that the verbal morphology is done through the process of affixation, reduplication and composition, and while the syntactic characteristics of verbs can be based on intransitive and transitive verb. It is concluded that the verbal process classified is carried out through inransitive and transitive verbs. Intransive verbs go together with affixes or without affixes, and with verbs undergoing the reduplication. Transitive verb is also accompanied with affixes and reduplication. Thus, the meaning of affixes can be different with prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and simulfixes. The meaning of reduplication is also influenced by repetition of the basic form of the words. Keywords: verbal morphology, reduplication, composition, gunung sitoli, dialect, nias 1. Introduction classification. Every language in the world, such as Bahasa Indonesia, English, or Nias language (NL), has different characteristics. This paper brings linguistic issue on the NL which is spoken by Nias people who live in Nias island (NI) and becomes their cultural property as well as Indonesian richness as stated in 1945 Indonesian constitution, Chapter XV: 36 (Maksum 2000: 43) [3]. The NI is a regency and consists of 13 subdistrics. Research conducted by Siregar et al. (1981) [13] (see also Silitonga 1978 [17], Halawa 1983 [19], and Mendrofa 1984) proved that the NL had several dialects, such as, the Northern (spoken in Alasa and Lahewa subdistricts), the Gunung Sitoli (used in Gunung Sitoli and Tuhemberua), the Central (in L6l6wau, Gomo, Lahusa, Idan6 Gawo and Gido0, the Western (in Sirombu and Mandrehe), and the Southern (in Nias, Teluk Dalam and Pulau-Pulau Batu). Some commonly different expressions can be seen from the examples in (1)-(4). 1. Gunung Sitoli Heza moi’6? ‘Where are you going?’ 2. Teluk Dalam Haega g6 moi’owe? ‘Where are you going?’ 3. Northern Region Heza moi’6we? ‘Where are you going?’ 4. Western Region Heza lumalo? ‘Where are you going?’ The mostly recognized and spoken dialect with bigger native speakers is Gunung Sitoli. In the past, Christian Missionaries from West Germany took benefits from this dialect to spread and to teach the Christianity. They also translated Bible into this dialect. This article is focused on Gunung Sitoli (GS) dialect since it is standardizedly used and on verbal paradigms. This article would try to answer the verbal characteristics, verbal morphological process, and verbal 24 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 2. Theoretical Reviews mountain), /lafo duo/ (pub), and /idano her6/ (tears). Katamba (1994: 19) [6] argued that morphology might be A morpheme in NL does not depend on one form of phoneme concerned with “word structure” and this article is specifically and it sometimes posits certain circumtances (Siregar et al. designed to elaborate the processes of verbal morphology, 1981:15) [13]. For example, the prefix /ma/N-/ + /andr6/ (to such as, affixation, reduplication, and composition. The ask) and /fake/ (to wear) would produce derivative words process of affixation occurs if a free morpheme is attached /mangandr6/ (to ask) and /mamake/ (to wear). Sikki et al. with a bound morpheme. In NL, there are four affixes, for (1997) [16] argued that the form massenrempulu has undergone instance, preffix, suffix, infix, and simulfix and the affixation morphological process while the characteristics of syntactic process may form verb, for example, the prefix /maN-/ + verb verbs can be seen in the relation of one word with another in a basic form (VBF) verb, like /ma N-/ + /faku/ (hoe) clause, phrase or sentence (Saliwangi et al. 1991) [12]. /mamaku/ (to hoe) and /maN-/ + /f6r6/ (sleep) /mam6r6/ (to sleep). Reduplication, as Muliono et al. (1988: 166) [9] 3. Discussion and Analysis argued, refers to the proess of repeating words compeletely or Morphologically, the NL’s system can be seen from the verbal partially. Consider the verbs /manga-manga/ (to eat) is formed meaning which can indicate action, process, and which are from the verb /manga/ (to eat) and /famai-mai/ (to play) is formed from the process of affixation, such as, prefixation, formed from the stem /famai/. About composition, Verhaar suffixation, infixation and simulfixation and while the (2001: 154) [4] gave an English example, such as, kindhearted syntactic characteristics might be identified on function and and in NL, we have the words /ahe hili/ (the edge of position (see Table 1). Table 1: NL’s Aspects of Verbal Process Semantic Aspects Morphological Aspects Syntactic Aspects Function Bases Action Affixation In the predicate position To state imperative Prefixes To state interrogative Suffixes Positional Bases Situation Infixes Preceded by Aspect Preceded by Negation Simulfixes Preceded by Modals The morphological process in NL is formed by affixation, and verb, verb and noun, verb and adjective, and adjective and reduplication, and composition. Reduplication is marker with noun (see Table 2). affixes and reduplication, and composition is formed by verb Table 2: Affixation, reduplication, and composition Affixes Reduplication Composition Prefix Suffix Infix Simulfix /ma-/ /-6/ /-ga/ /a-6/ Reduplication without affixes Verb-verb /mö-/ /-gö/ /la-6/ Full Basic Form /mo-/ /-ni/ /la-si/ /mai-mai/ ‘to play’ /mu-/ /-si/ /la-g6/ /m6r6-m6r6/ ‘to sleep’ Verb-noun /la-/ /-i/ /la-ni/ Reduplication with affixes /i-/ /la-i/ Full Basic with affix /te-/ /la-6/ /manura-manura/(=write), Verb-adjective /fa-/ /fa-o/ /mamadu-madu/ ‘to drink’ /a-/ /fa-6/ Full Basic with Simulfixes Adjective-noun /mu-si/ /anura-anura6/ ‘to write’ /mu-i/ 2. /amaku-amaku6/ ‘to hoe’ /mu-6/ Partial Reduplication Full Basic with prefix /mafefelai/ ‘to flick’ /latutunu/ ‘burnt’ The classification of verb can be based on ‘intransitive prefixes, suffixes, simulfixes, and verb with reduplication with/without affix, verb with reduplication, transitive with with/without affixes. Table 3: Verb classification Intransitive Transitive Having affixes such as /ma-/, /mo-/, /fa-/, and /a/ Prefixes: /ma-/, /m6-/, /mo-/, /mu-/, /la-/, /te-/, /fa-/, and /a-/ Without affixes Suffixes: /-6/, /-g6/, /-ni/, /-si/, and /-i/ /maoso/ ‘to get up’ Simulfixes: /a-6/, /la-6/, /la-si/, /la-g6/, /la-ni/, /la-i/, /fa-6/, /m6i/ ‘to go’ /fa-g6/, /mu-si/, /mu-i/, and /mu-6/ /mukoli/ ‘to move to one place’ Reduplication with verbs 25 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Verb with reduplication Reduplication without affixes Reduplication without affixes Reduplication without verbs Reduplication with affixes The meaning of an affix is based on the basic form as shown in Table 4. Table 4: Affixes and their meanings Prefixes and their meanings Suffixes and their meanings Simulfixes anfd their meanings 1. /ma-/ as in /manura/ ‘to write’ 1. /-6/ as in /adogoi’6/ ‘to make short’ 1. /a-6/ as in /anura6/ ‘to ask to write’ 2. /me-/ as in /mendro/ ‘bleeding’ 2. /-g6/ as in /gohig6/ ‘to ask to run’ 2. /la-6/ as in /laf6nui6/ ‘to ask to make full’ 3. /mo-/ as in /mobaru/ ‘to wear dress’ 3. /-ni/ as in /dadaoni/ ‘to ask to sit’ 3. /la-si/ as in /lafalukhaisi/ ‘met by’ 4. /mu-/ as in /muandr6/ ‘to ask for’ 4. /-si/ as in /fabalisi/ ‘to ask to divorce’ 4. /la-go/ as in /lagonig6/ ‘to ask to put in the sack’ 5. /la-/ as in /lahal6/ ‘to have been taken’ 5. /-i/ as in /t6r6i/ ‘to ask to pass’ 5. /la-ni/ as in /laasioni/ ‘to be salted’ 6. /i-/ as in /itagu/ ‘to have been sewed’ 6. /la-i/ as in /lalangui/ ‘to be poisoned’ 7. /te-/ as in /te’onoro/ ‘can be shouldered’ 7. /fa-6/ as in /9fah6l6/ ‘to take out independently’ 8. /fa-/ as in /famai/ ‘to play’ 8. /fa-g6/ as in /fabadug6/ ‘to be drunk’ 9. /a-/ as in /amadu/ ‘ to ask for drinks’ 9. /mu-i/ as in /muan6isi/ ‘to be climbed’ 10. /-ga-/ as in /aganau6/ ‘to make longer’ 10. /mu-6/ as in /muandr6i/ ‘to be prayed’ 11. /mu-6/ as in /muasosoi’6/ ‘to be cooked’ The meaning of verbal reduplication is meant to state repeated the use of affixes. works or action without purpose and to state situation as seen a. Prefixes: /ma- + madu/ ‘to drink’, /me- + ndro/ ‘to bleed’, in Table 5. /mu- + andr6/ ‘to ask for’, /la- + teu/ ‘to pick up’, /ta- + gu/ ‘to sew’, /te- + kaoni/ ‘to call’, and /a- + ngerai/ ‘to count’. Table 5: Verbal reduplication and their meanings b. Suffixes: /abee + -’6/ ‘to make hard’, /badug + -6/ No Meaning Reduplication ‘drunken’, /asio + -ni/ ‘be salted’, /fabali + -si/ ‘be 1 To do a work or an /manga-manga/ ‘to eat’ divorced’, and /sag + -6i/ ‘to give roof’. action repeatedly /usu-usu/ ‘to beat’ c. Infixes: /aganau6/ ‘to make something long’, /adogi’6/ ‘to /rino-rino/ ‘to cook’ make something short’. 2 To do a work or action /m6r6-m6r6/ ‘to sleep’ d. Simulfixes: /anura’6/ ‘written’, /laomasi6/ ‘beloved’, without having purpose /faigi-faigi/ ‘to see/gaze’ /laatalisi/ ‘economized’, /lab6b6g6/ ‘tied up’, /ladadaoni/ 3 To state situation /fawude-wude/ ‘to play games’ ‘occupied’, /lalangui/ ‘poisoned’, /lafahal6’6/ ‘taken’, /fat6ng6-t6ng6/ ‘to see each /lafaigig6/ ‘seen’, /muamb6si/ ‘minimized’, and other’ /mual6s6i’6/ ‘made to be smooth’ The meaning of composition is meant to state an action, work iii) The Characterstics of Syntax or situation as shown in Table 6. This characteristics of syntax can be based on its function and position whether it is ‘predicate’ as in imperative or Table 6: Composition and meaning interrogatvive as seen in the followings: No Meaning Composition Meaning Composition a.
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