Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2017) 41: 102-112 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1512-56

Spatial and temporal distribution of aquatic in the () River Basin, , with new records

Fatma ÇETİNKAYA, Aysel BEKLEYEN* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, , Diyarbakır, Turkey

Received: 21.12.2015 Accepted/Published Online: 01.06.2016 Final Version: 25.01.2017

Abstract: We investigated insects of the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin in terms of their composition and spatiotemporal distribution. Larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae, and nymphs of insects were obtained from samples collected by a plankton net monthly during a 1-year period in 2008 and 2009 at seven different sites of the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin. A total of 35 taxa from the orders Trichoptera (1 taxon), Ephemeroptera (3 taxa), and Diptera (31 taxa) were identified. (Diptera) was the most diverse group and was represented by three major subfamilies, namely (2 taxa), (19 taxa), and (7 taxa). Among these species, Nanocladius (Nanocladius) spiniplenus Saether, 1977 is a new record for Turkey as well as for western Asia. In addition, the Psychomyia larvae found for the first time in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin (Turkey) were described. Both taxa have been illustrated to warrant validation. Taxa number varied spatially from 6 to 14 and temporally from 2 to 12 during the sampling period. Along the river, bicinctus and Orthocladius (S.) holsatus were the most common taxa.

Key words: Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Insecta, Dicle (Tigris) River

1. Introduction Kazancı, 2010; Özkan, 2010; Özkan et al., 2010; Özyurt Aquatic macroinvertebrates are critical to ecosystem and Tanatmış, 2011; Türkmen and Kazancı, 2011; Kazancı functioning through their regulation of many essential top- and Türkmen, 2012; Zeybek et al., 2012). However, our down and bottom-up ecosystem processes such as energy knowledge on aquatic insects of the Southeastern Anatolia translocation, nutrient flow, and detrital decomposition Region (Mesopotamian Turkey) is still incomplete (Şahin, (Hellmann et al., 2015). Aquatic insects are among the 1984; Koch, 1985; Kazancı, 2009). important components of the aquatic communities in The Dicle (Tigris) River is an important water source terms of taxa richness and their role in the food web. They for the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and have been used as bioindicators of pollution and water it serves mainly for irrigation, fishing, recreation, and quality in environmental studies (e.g., Rae, 1989; Zamora- receiving wastewater. Moreover, the dam reservoirs on the Muñoz and Alba-Tercedor, 1996; Kazancı and Dügel, river and its tributaries are used for irrigation and fishing, 2000; Türkmen and Kazancı, 2008; Kalyoncu and Gülboy, in addition to their function as a source of drinking water 2009; Girgin et al., 2010). supply. However, the Dicle (Tigris) Basin is particularly Due to the strategic geographic position of Turkey, affected by a variety of anthropogenic influences, from which is a transcontinental Eurasian country, it is important damming, impoundments, and other hydromorphological to conduct species inventories to fill gaps in the known alterations (e.g., gravel and sand extraction) to various distributions of many species in Eurasia, particularly for types of pollutions (Varol et al., 2012). Although the Dicle the Turkish insects. Aquatic insects have been generally (Tigris) is one of the most important transboundary rivers well documented from a wide variety of inland aquatic in Turkey, the information on invertebrate communities of biotopes in Turkey (e.g., Geldiay, 1949; Kazancı, 1984, the main stretch of the river is still incomplete. Moreover, 2009; Şahin, 1984; Balık et al., 1999; Tanatmış, 1995; Narin as part of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, when the and Tanatmış, 2004; Ahiska, 2005; Taşdemir and Ustaoğlu, construction of the Ilısu Dam is completed, a large part 2005; Ustaoğlu et al., 2005, 2008; Dik et al., 2006; Ozkan of the Dicle (Tigris) will lose the river property. Therefore, and Camur-Elipek, 2006; Sipahiler, 2006, 2008; Duran we investigated the actual insects of the Dicle (Tigris) et al., 2007; Taşdemir et al., 2008, 2009; Gültutan and River basin with special reference to the composition and * Correspondence: [email protected] 102 ÇETİNKAYA and BEKLEYEN / Turk J Zool distribution of the taxocoenosis and biogeographically trend towards its downstream stretches due to inputs from interesting elements through regular monitoring of the its tributaries. The continental climate of the Dicle (Tigris) river during a period of 1 year at seven different sites Basin is referred to as a subtropical plateau climate. The spread over a stretch of the river of approximately 500 km. continental climate features of the basin are most similar to those of the Mediterranean Region. The summer season 2. Materials and methods is hot and dry, and the winter season is not as cold as the 2.1. Study area climate observed in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The The portion of the Dicle (Tigris) River flowing through highest annual total rainfall value was recorded as 611.1 Southeastern Anatolia represents one of the largest rivers mm, in Maden town (upstream region of the river), and in Turkey with a catchment area of approximately 57,614 the lowest annual total rainfall value was found to be 294.1 km2 (Akbulut et al., 2009). The river originates in the Toros mm, in town (downstream region of the river). The Mountains of Turkey and follows a southeastern route mean annual air temperature ranged between 14.6 °C in Turkey to Cizre, where it forms the border between (Maden) and 21.8 °C (Cizre) (Varol et al., 2012). The Dicle Turkey and Syria for 32 km before entering Iraq. The (Tigris) River has the highest water temperature of all of total length of the river is approximately 1900 km, 523 the Eastern Anatolian rivers (Akbulut et al., 2009). km of which is within Turkey. The Batman Stream is one The locations of the selected sampling sites in the of the major tributaries of the river. Diyarbakir, Bismil, Tigris River are shown in Figure 1. In the present study, , and Cizre are the four major urban settlements a total of seven sites, specifically Maden “Site 1”, Hantepe on the banks of the river, which serves as a major source “Site–2”, Diyarbakır “Site 3”, Bismil “Site 4”, Batman “Site of the domestic water supply of the city of Diyarbakir 5”, Hasankeyf “Site 6”, and Cizre “Site 7”, were selected (population of approximately 851,000) as well as directly on the Dicle (Tigris) River as part of a river monitoring receiving the partially treated domestic wastewater from network. Two of these sites, Hantepe (Site 2) and Batman Diyarbakir; the untreated domestic wastewater from the (Site 5) are situated downstream of the Dicle and Batman Bismil, Hasankeyf, and Cizre townships; and effluents dam reservoirs, respectively. Some features of the sampling from several industries along its course. The maximum sites are given in Table 1. flows in the river occur from February through April, 2.2. Collection and identification of samples whereas the minimum flows occur from August through All specimens were obtained from collections of a October (Varol et al., 2012). The river discharge varies limnological research project funded by the Scientific and considerably at different locations, showing an increasing Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK,

Figure 1. The locations of the selected sampling sites in the Tigris River Basin.

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Table 1. Locations, geographical coordinates, altitudes (m), widths (~m), and substrates of the sampling sites in the Tigris River Basin.

Site no. Location Coordinates Altitude (m) Width (~m) Substrate Site 1 Maden 38°20′N, 39°41′E 860 7 Gravel Site 2* Hantepe 38°06′N, 40°08′E 616 35 Stones Site 3 Diyarbakır 37°53′N, 40°13′E 576 80 Sand, mud Site 4 Bismil 37°50′N, 40°39′E 538 90 Sand, mud Site 5* Batman 37°54′N, 41°05′E 540 65 Gravel, sand Site 6 Hasankeyf 37°42′N, 41°24′E 471 80 Gravel, sand Site 7 Cizre 37°19′N, 42°11′E 371 97 Sand, mud

*: Sites situated downstream of the dam reservoirs. project no. 107Y216). In that research project, plankton was the most diverse group including 31 taxa. Among samples were collected by a standard plankton net (25 cm Diptera families, Chironomidae was the dominant group in radius, 50 cm in length, 55 µm in pore size) within the represented by three subfamilies, which are Tanypodinae period from February 2008 to January 2009 from different (2 taxa), Orthocladiinae (19 taxa), and Chironominae habitats of the study sites spread over a river stretch of (7 taxa). It seems that orthoclad midges are the most approximately 500 km. The material collected mainly from advantaged group in terms of species richness in the Dicle stagnant or slow-running and vegetation-rich areas at the (Tigris) River Basin, accounting for 74.2% of the species shores throughout the length of the river was preserved in composition. 70% ethanol until laboratory processing. The larvae, pupae, From Trichoptera, Psychomyia larvae could not be pupal exuviae, and nymphs selected from these samples identified to the species level, because some characteristics were then transferred to an alcohol-glycerin solution of the larvae were not typical for described species of (1:1) and mounted in glycerin (50% glycerol and water) this genus. So far three species of the genus Psychomyia on microscope slides. Specimens were examined and have been recorded from Turkey: Psychomyia dadayensis identified under an Olympus-B51 compound microscope Sipahiler, found in northern and southeastern Turkey; P. at 40–1000× magnifications. Images were collected with mengensis Sipahiler, found in certain streams and rivers an Olympus DP71 digital camera (12.5 megapixels) using in the western, northwestern, and southwestern parts of Image Analysis Pro 5.0 software (Olympus Soft Imaging Turkey; and P. pusilla (Fabricius), widely distributed in the Solutions GmbH, Germany). Relevant references were used rivers and streams of Turkey (Sipahiler, 2006, 2008). As to identify the larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae, and nymphs at mentioned above, two species are found in southeastern the lowest possible taxonomic level (Macan, 1950, 1955; Turkey, of which the larval stages of P. dadayensis have not Usinger, 1956; Flint, 1964; Hickin, 1967; Hilsenhoff, 1975; been identified yet. Our larva looks like the larva of the Utrio, 1976; Pankratova, 1978; Şahin, 1984; Tomka and second species, P. pusilla in Hickin (1967), from which it Zurwerra, 1985; Contreras-Lichtenberg, 1986; Schmid, differs in the shape of mandibles and anal claw. Likely, our 1986; Smith, 1989; Soponis, 1990; Harrison, 1992; Epler, specimens may be larvae of P. dadayensis, and they deserve 1995, 1999, 2001; Pescador et al., 1996; Langton and Visser, further detailed study. Therefore, we need to describe the 2003; Sæther, 2003, 2004, 2005; Bouchard, 2004, 2009; Psychomyia larvae of the Dicle (Tigris) River. The larvae of Wiedenbrug and Ospina-Torres, 2005; Jacobsen, 2008; this genus are easily separated from all the other known Sealock and Ferrington, 2008; Madden, 2010; Andersen et Psychomyiinae by the presence of well-developed ventral al., 2013; Waringer and Graf, 2013). teeth on the anal claw (Flint, 1964), and Turkish larvae fit the general description of the genus Psychomyia (Pescador 3. Results and discussion et al., 1996). A total of 35 taxa from three orders of Insecta were Psychomyia larva from the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin identified in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin during the can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the study period (Table 2). Although the orders Trichoptera following combination of characters: head about 1.5 times and Ephemeroptera were represented by only one taxon longer than wide; only pronotum sclerotized, mesonotum (Psychomyia sp.) and three taxa (Baetis sp., Caenis and metanotum entirely membranous; anterior margin macrura, Rhithrogena sp.), respectively, the order Diptera of frontoclypeus more straight; labrum round; paired

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Table 2. Spatial and temporal distribution of insects found at seven sites of the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin (Turkey). Stages: L- larva, P- pupa, Pe- pupal exuviae, N- nymph.

2008 Months 2009 Taxa Sites Stage F M A M J J A S O N D J Order: TRICHOPTERA Psychomyia sp. 5 - - - - - + ------L Order: EPHEMEROPTERA Baetis macrospinosus 6 ------+ - - + - - N Caenis macrura 1, 3, 5, 6 - - - + - + + + - - - - N Rhithrogena sp. 5 - - - - + ------N Order: DIPTERA Fam.: Ceratopogonidae Culicoides sp. 2 - - - - + ------P Fam.: Chironomidae Subfam.: Chironominae Chironomus plumosus 3, 5 - - - - - + - - + + - - L, Pe Cladotanytarsus sp. 2 - - - + ------Pe Dicrotendipes sp. 6 - - - - - + + - - - - - Pe Paratanytarsus sp. 3, 4, 6 + ------+ - - + L, Pe Polypedilum sp. 4 ------+ - - - - L Rheotanytarsus sp. 2, 3, 5 - - - - + + + - - - - - L, Pe Tanytarsus sp. 3, 6 - - - - - + + - - - - - Pe Subfam.: Orthocladiinae Cardiocladius capucinus 6 - - + + ------L Cricotopus sp. 1, 5 - - + + + ------L, Pe Cricotopus bicinctus 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 - - + + + - + + + - - + L, Pe Cricotopus triannulatus 5, 6 - - - + - - + - - - - - L, Pe Cricotopus trifascia 5 - - + - + ------Pe Cricotopus vierriensis 1, 3, 6, 7 - - - - + - + + - + - - Pe Eukiefferiella coerulescens 4 + - + ------L, Pe Eukiefferiella fuldensis 2, 4, 5 + - + - + ------Pe Euryhapsis sp. 7 - - + ------Pe Nanocladius spiniplenus 3 - - - + + ------L, Pe Orthocladius (E.) rivicola 5, 7 - + ------+ + - L, Pe O. (E.) thienemanni 2, 5, 7 - + ------+ - L, Pe Orthocladius (O.) sp. 1, 5, 6 - - - + - - - - - + + + L, Pe Orthocladius (O.) oblidens 2 + ------Pe Orthocladius (S.) holsatus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 + - + + + - + - - - - - L, Pe Parakiefferiella sp. 6 - - - + ------L Psectrocladius sordidellus 2 - - - - + ------Pe Thienemanniella sp. 1 ------+ - - - + - L, Pe Tvetenia calvescens 7 - - - - + ------Pe Subfam.: Tanypodinae Thienemannimyia sp. 1 ------+ - - - - L Larsia curticalcar 1 ------+ - L Fam.: Culicidae Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) cf. 2 - - - + - - + - - - - - L rusticus Fam.: Scatella sp. 6 - - + ------P

+: Present, -: absent.

105 ÇETİNKAYA and BEKLEYEN / Turk J Zool submental sclerites on ventral surface of labium longer from Italy as a new record from the Holarctic by Rossaro than width (Figure 2a); the labium, with the opening of (1988). This species was also reported from Norway the spinneret extending beyond the anterior margin of the (Sæther and Spies, 2013). Now the present paper reports head; mandibles with four broad ventral teeth and two its third record from the Holarctic, which extends its broad dorsal teeth, and only left mandible with brush of distribution into the Asian portion of Turkey. The general long hairs on inner face; the tarsal claws with two spines; morphology of our pupal exuviae (Figures 3a and 3b) is trochantin of prothoracic leg broad and hatchet-shaped in agreement with Saether’s (1977) description, such as (Figure 2b); anal claw strongly curved with two setae frontal setae long; thoracic horn elongate, digitiform with dorsally and 4 or 5 conspicuous teeth along the ventral, prominent apical spines (Figure 3b); pedes spurii B well concave margin (Figure 2c); abdominal gills absent. developed (Figure 3a); pedes spurii A present on sternites Four larvae of Psychomyia were only found in July 2008 IV–VII; row of hooklets on TII on distinct protuberance; and at Site 5 (the Batman Stream). Temperature: 23.5 °C; TIV–VI with median patches of spines; caudal spines on dissolved oxygen: 6.6 ppm; pH: 8.1; conductivity (EC): 301 TVI short; TVII without caudal spines; segment VI with (Gökot, 2009). 1 filamentous L-seta; L-setae of segments VII and VIII all From Diptera, a chironomid, Nanocladius (Nanocladius) filamentous; 5 L-setae on VIII. Two male pupae were only spiniplenus Saether, 1977, is a new record for the Turkish found in May 2008 and at Site 3 (Diyarbakır). fauna and also for western Asia. Previously, this species In the Dicle (Tigris) River, Diptera was the order was known only from the Nearctic, but it was later reported showing the highest richness, composing 88.5% of the

Figure 2. Psychomyia sp. larva: a- head, b- trochantin, c- anal claws.

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Figure 3. Nanocladius spiniplenus, pupa: a- TII–IX, b- thoracic horn, c- precorneal setae, d- anal lobe with three macrosetae. fauna. The dipteran families Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, study, we did not encounter members of subfamilies and Ephydridae were each represented by only one taxon Podonominae, Diamesinae and Prodiamesinae, which at Site 2 and Site 3, and members of these families were could stem from the limited collection efforts in the observed once or twice during the sampling period (Table region. However, we also determined the same taxa from 2). However, another family, Chironomidae, had the the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin, such as Cricotopus bicinctus, highest taxa richness, especially subfamily Orthocladiinae. C. vierriensis, Eukiefferiella coerulescens, Eukiefferiella Similarly, Caspers and Reiss (1989) recorded 64 fuldensis, Euryhapsis sp., Orthocladius (E.) rivicola, O. taxa of Chironomidae (Podonominae, Diamesinae, (E.) thienemanni, and Tvetenia calvescens. Additionally, Prodiamesinae, and Orthocladiinae) from the Dicle Şahin (1984) reported 55 taxa of larval chironomids (13 (Tigris) River Basin (provinces Siirt and Hakkari), 56 Tanypodinae, 18 Orthocladiinae, 24 Chironominae, and 1 of which were orthoclad taxa. Compared with that Diamesinae) from the Dicle (Tigris) River, of which Larsia

107 ÇETİNKAYA and BEKLEYEN / Turk J Zool curticalcar, Thienemannimyia sp., Cardiocladius capucinus, subfamily Chironominae were found at all sites, except for Cricotopus bicinctus, C. triannulatus, C. vierriensis, Site 1 (Maden, upstream) and Site 7 (Cizre, downstream), Eukiefferiella sp., Orthocladius (E.) thienemanni, where the lowest and the highest values (2.2 and 27.9 °C) Psectrocladius sp., Thienemanniella sp., Chironomus of water temperature were measured by Varol et al. (2012), gr. plumosus, Cladotanytarsus sp., Paratanytarsus sp., respectively. In addition the faunal composition of Site 1 Polypedilum sp., Rheotanytarsus sp., and Tanytarsus sp. (Maden, upstream) was different from that of Site 7 (Cizre, were also detected at species- or genus-level in our study. downstream), except for Cricotopus vierriensis, which was During the sampling period, some chironomids in found at both sites. Two taxa from subfamily Tanypodinae, temporal distribution, Cladotanytarsus sp., Polypedilum Thienemannimyia sp. and Larsia curticalcar, were only sp., Euryhapsis sp., Orthocladius (O.) oblidens, observed at Site 1 (Maden, upstream). Temperature and Parakiefferiella sp., Psectrocladius sordidellus, Tvetenia pollution seem to be the important factors that limit the calvescens, Thienemannimyia sp., Larsia curticalcar, and distribution of aquatic insects in the Dicle (Tigris) River Scatella sp., were only observed once, whereas Cricotopus Basin. However, from Orthocladiinae, Cricotopus bicinctus bicinctus was the most common taxon (Table 2). It is and Orthocladius (S.) holsatus were the most common taxa also a fact that most of the taxa recorded from the Dicle along the river course despite unfavorable environmental (Tigris) River Basin were uncommon and were found conditions. sporadically, except for Dicrotendipes sp., Rheotanytarsus According to Kazancı (2009), the Ephemeroptera sp., and Tanytarsus sp. from Chironominae, which were fauna of Turkey includes 124 species, 85 of which are only observed in summer months. known from the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Taxa As in many other studies of temperate lotic habitats recorded in the present study, which are commonly known (e.g., Coffman, 1973; Boerger, 1981; Drake, 1982; Singh taxa in Turkey, were found at Sites 1, 3, 5, and 6 along the and Harrison, 1984; Rempel and Harrison, 1987; Berg river course. Caenis macrura was observed between May and Hellenthal, 1992), the Orthocladiinae in the present and September, whereas other taxa were found only once study were also the dominant subfamily. In contrast to or twice (Table 2). lotic temperate habitats, this subfamily is generally less In comparison with other streams and rivers in Turkey, diverse in lentic and low-latitude habitats (e.g., Freeman, we can say that the Dicle (Tigris) River is rich in respect to 1955; MacDonald, 1956; Iovino and Miner, 1970; Petr, chironomid taxa but is poor in respect to Ephemeroptera 1970; Lehmann, 1979; Ferrington et al., 1993; Coffman and Trichoptera taxa. For example, Tanatmış (1995) and de la Rosa, 1998). Many orthoclads are considered reported 24 species of Ephemeroptera in the Sakarya to be cool-water adapted (Berg and Hellenthal, 1992; River. Narin and Tanatmış (2004) recorded 22 taxa from Ferrington, 2000) and are, therefore, expected to be richer Ephemeroptera in the Gönen and Biga streams. Ustaoğlu during periods of low water temperature in lotic temperate et al. (2005) reported 10 chironomid taxa in Gümüldür habitats. Accordingly, in the present study, Insecta fauna Stream. Taşdemir and Ustaoğlu (2005) determined 17 in March (temperature of <10 °C) was only represented chironomid taxa in Lake District inland waters. Ozkan by two taxa, Orthocladius (E.) rivicola and Orthocladius and Camur-Elipek (2006) determined 65 chironomid (E.) thienemanni from Orthocladiinae, which later taxa in the Meriç River. Duran et al. (2007) determined disappeared until November and December. However, 7 taxa from Ephemeroptera, 10 from Trichoptera, and 25 the richness of Orthocladiinae began to increase in April, from Diptera in Gökpınar Stream. Ustaoğlu et al. (2008) with the maximum occurring in early summer (9 taxa) reported 9 taxa from Ephemeroptera and 14 from Diptera when water temperatures exceeded 20 °C. There were no in the glacier lakes and rivers on Uludağ (Bursa) Mountain. representatives of Orthocladiinae in July. A conspicuous Türkmen and Kazancı (2008) determined 27 taxa from decrease in taxa richness began in September, continuing Ephemeroptera and 47 from Trichoptera in some running until December. waters in the province of Bolu. Taşdemir et al. (2009) According to Varol et al. (2012), four sites (Sites 1, 2, determined 22 chironomid taxa in the Gediz Delta. 5, and 6) were located in areas of low river pollution in Kalyoncu and Gülboy (2009) determined 19 taxa from the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin, two sites (Sites 3 and 4) Ephemeroptera, 18 from Trichoptera, and 16 from Diptera in regions of high river pollution, and one site (Site 7) in in the Darıören and Isparta streams. Gültutan and Kazancı an area of moderate river pollution. In the present study, (2010) reported 24 species of Chironomidae in some throughout the length of the river, the highest taxa richness running waters in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Özkan was recorded at Site 5 downstream of Batman Dam Lake et al. (2010) determined 60 chironomid taxa in the Ergene with 14 taxa, followed by Site 6 (Hasankeyf) with 13 River Basin. Türkmen and Kazancı (2011) determined 10 taxa, while the lowest taxa richness was recorded at Site taxa from Ephemeroptera, 4 from Trichoptera, and 13 from 4 (Bismil) and Site 7 (Cizre) (Table 2). The members of Diptera in Kelkit Stream and its tributaries. Zeybek et al.

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(2012) determined 26 taxa from Ephemeroptera, 23 from To sum up, the findings of this study have indicated Trichoptera, and 11 from Diptera in Köprüçay Stream. that a comprehensive picture of chironomid composition Many studies previously conducted for the can be achieved by sampling not only larvae but also pupal determination of chironomid fauna of lotic habitats in exuviae. Additionally, this study confirmed the presence Turkey have been based on larval material for a long time of 20 taxa listed by previous authors (Şahin, 1984; Caspers and pupal exuviae have somehow been overlooked. In and Reiss, 1989). However, it is expected that when the this study, drifting larvae and pupal exuviae collected by construction of the Ilısu Dam is completed, a large part of plankton net were used for the evaluation of Insecta fauna the Dicle (Tigris) will lose the river property, and hence the found in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin. Most benthic lives of these will be endangered if measures are sampling methods use nets with a mesh size fine enough to not taken. This study is the latest investigation performed collect small larvae (Storey and Pinder, 1985; Hudson and on insects of the Dicle (Tigris) River and therefore provides Adams, 1998). On the other hand, many studies have used important data on insects living in the present conditions surface floating pupal exuviae methods or chironomid of the river. pupal exuvial techniques to effectively assess the biological condition of aquatic habitats using community metrics Acknowledgments (e.g., richness, composition, diversity indices, biotic The material of this study was obtained from collections indices) to assess the condition of lotic habitats (e.g., of a research project conducted by the second author Cranston et al., 1997; Bitušík and Hamerlík, 2001; Hayford and funded by the Scientific and Technological Research and Ferrington, 2005; Rieradevall, 2007; Raunio et al., Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, project no. 107Y216). We 2011), resulting in a higher number of taxa. In the Dicle would like to thank Dr Bülent Gökot and Dr Memet Varol (Tigris) River Basin, drifting material contained numerous for their assistance in collecting material and Dr Nilüfer pupal exuviae from Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, Bekleyen for improving the English of this manuscript. and we identified 10 taxa using pupal exuviae material The authors are also grateful to Dr O Soriano for help with exclusively. Additionally, 13 taxa were identified by using the identification and to two anonymous referees for their both larval and pupal material (Table 2). valuable comments.

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