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Disertación De Grado Previa a La Obtención Del Titulo De Licenciado Multilingüe En Negocios Y Relaciones Internacionales

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Disertación De Grado Previa a La Obtención Del Titulo De Licenciado Multilingüe En Negocios Y Relaciones Internacionales PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE COMUNICACIÓN, LINGÜÍSTICA Y LITERATURA ESCUELA MULTILINGÜE DE NEGOCIOS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES DISERTACIÓN DE GRADO PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TITULO DE LICENCIADO MULTILINGÜE EN NEGOCIOS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA SEGURIDAD INTERNACIONAL EN RELACIÓN A LOS GRUPOS FUNDAMENTALISTAS ISLÁMICOS DEL MEDIO ORIENTE EN EL PERIODO 2003-2014. CASO ISIS BYRON SANTIAGO TOBAR BRAVO JUNIO, 2016 QUITO – ECUADOR DEDICATORIA A mis padres, por ser mi ejemplo y apoyo en todo momento AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis padres y hermano, por su ayuda, esfuerzo y paciencia, además del cariño incondicional que siempre me han dado A mis amigos, por ser más que compañeros de clase, sino de buenos y malos, grandes y pequeños momentos que “algún día se convertirán en recuerdos” A mi director de tesis, Juan Carlos, por su invaluable guía y gran paciencia en la realización de esta investigación A mis lectores de disertación, Gilda y Pablo, cuyas observaciones fueron de gran valor para elevar la calidad de este trabajo investigativo ÍNDICE I. TEMA 1 II. RESUMEN 1 III. ABSTRACT 1 IV. RÉSUMÉ 2 V. INTRODUCCIÓN 3 CAPÍTULO I EL DISCUTIDO CONCEPTO DE SEGURIDAD INTERNACIONAL Y EL ARMAMENTISMO MUNDIAL 10 1.1. Diálogo en torno a la seguridad internacional 10 1.1.1. Deliberación sobre el concepto de seguridad 10 1.1.2. Evolución y pluralidad del concepto 14 1.1.3. La seguridad como concepto político, la securitización de la amenaza y la militarización de la respuesta 18 1.2. Rol e impacto del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas en el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales 20 1.2.1. Operatividad y desbalance de poder en el Consejo de Seguridad 21 1.2.2. Seguridad selectiva y discrecionalidad en el Consejo de Seguridad 23 1.2.3. La “seguridad” en el Consejo 25 1.2.4. Legítima defensa y uso de la fuerza 27 1.3. Armamentismo y desarme, ¿de qué dependen? 30 1.3.1. Gasto y capacidades militares mundiales 31 1.3.2. Estados sin ejército 33 1.3.3. Neutralidad 35 CAPÍTULO II POLÍTICA EXTERNA ESTADOUNIDENSE CENTRADA EN LO MILITAR, LA DISUASIÓN Y EL CASTIGO 39 2.1. El enemigo y la construcción de la Nación 39 2.1.1. El siglo del nacionalismo 39 2.1.2. De Nixon al 9/11 42 2.2. Administración Bush 46 2.2.1. Guerra contra el terror: amigos y enemigos 47 2.2.2. Estrategia de seguridad nacional y política de “anticipación” 49 2.2.3. Afganistán 51 2.2.4. Irak 52 2.3. Administración Obama 55 2.3.1. Guerra contra el terror: amigos y enemigos 55 2.3.2. Estrategia de seguridad nacional y la “doctrina Obama” 58 2.3.3. Afganistán e Irak 60 CAPÍTULO III GRUPOS FUNDAMENTALISTAS ISLÁMICOS: RECHAZO A LAS IMPOSICIONES E INTROMISIONES OCCIDENTALES EN MEDIO ORIENTE 63 3.1. Occidente en Medio Oriente 63 3.1.1. El dibujo de fronteras en Medio Oriente 63 3.1.2. La construcción del Estado en Medio Oriente 68 3.1.3. El Estado judío 73 3.1.4. El sueño del Kurdistán 76 3.1.5. Democracia en Irak y la Era Maliki 78 3.1.6. Primavera Árabe 80 3.2. La respuesta árabe-islámica: Corrientes de resistencia 82 3.2.1. Panarabismo 82 3.2.2. El integrismo islámico en el poder: las experiencias de Irán y Arabia Saudita 85 3.2.3. Grupos fundamentalistas islámicos: Al Qaeda 88 3.3. Caso de estudio: ISIS 91 3.3.1. Orígenes: Tawhid al Yihad, Abu Musad al-Zarqawi y la Guerra en Irak 91 3.3.2. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi y el ISI 93 3.3.3. Organización del Estado Islámico de Irak y al-Sham 93 3.3.4. Guerra contra ISIS 95 VI. ANÁLISIS 100 VII. CONCLUSIONES 106 VIII. RECOMENDACIONES 109 LISTA DE REFERENCIAS 111 ANEXOS 127 ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ANEXO 1 Grupos regionales de Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas 127 ANEXO 2 Listado de naciones-Estado no reconocidas por la ONU 129 ANEXO 3 Listado de Estados sin fuerzas armadas 130 ANEXO 4 Mapa del Acuerdo de Sykes-Picot 131 I. TEMA ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA SEGURIDAD INTERNACIONAL EN RELACIÓN A LOS GRUPOS FUNDAMENTALISTAS ISLÁMICOS DEL MEDIO ORIENTE EN EL PERIODO 2003-2014. CASO ISIS II. RESUMEN Desde una perspectiva constructivista y a través de una metodología de investigación cualitativa, el presente trabajo investigativo analiza en primer lugar a la seguridad internacional como tal, puntalmente la construcción de lo que se entiende por seguridad y las diferentes concepciones que puede adquirir. Este análisis es necesario para posteriormente estudiar el entendimiento estadounidense de la seguridad, el cual se basa en su repertorio específico de principios y valores, y a raíz de ello observar la formulación y aplicación de sus políticas de seguridad. La investigación se centra en el Medio Oriente, por lo que examina las políticas estadounidenses respecto a esta región. Asimismo, este trabajo indaga sobre la construcción del Medio Oriente a partir de la caída del Imperio Otomano, considerando la influencia occidental que ha experimentado y sus procesos políticos propios como el panarabismo y el fundamentalismo islámico. Precisamente de aquellos procesos y en rechazo a aquella influencia han nacido los denominados grupos fundamentalistas islámicos, que han sido considerados como amenaza a la seguridad internacional, y entre los cuales se halla el que es caso de estudio de esta investigación: el ISIS. Palabras clave: seguridad internacional, constructivismo, Estados Unidos, Medio Oriente, ISIS. III. ABSTRACT From a constructivist perspective and a qualitative research methodology, this work analyzes in the first place the international security as such, especially the construction of what is understood as security and the different conceptions it can acquire. This analysis is needed to the subsequent study of the United States’ understanding of security, which is based on its specific repertoire of principles and values, and as a result, the formulation and appliance of its security policies. This investigation is focused in the Middle East, thus it examines the United States’ policies regarding this region. Likewise, this research inquires on 1 the construction of the Middle East after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, considering the western influence it has undergone and its own political processes such as pan-Arabism and Islamic fundamentalism. Precisely, as a result of such processes and as a rejection to such influence, Islamic fundamentalist groups, which have been considered a threat to international security, have emerged, and among them, the case study of this research: ISIS. Keywords: international security, constructivism, United States, Middle East, ISIS. IV. RÉSUMÉ Dès un perspectif constructiviste et en utilisant la méthode qualitative de recherche, ce travail analyse premièrement la sécurité internationale en tant que tel, spécifiquement la construction de ce qui est compris comme sécurité et les différentes conceptions qu’elle peut acquérir. Cette analyse est nécessaire pour ensuite étudier la compréhension des États-Unis de la sécurité, ce qui est basé sur son répertoire spécifique de principes et valeurs, et en raison de cela observer la formulation et l’application de ses politiques de sécurité. La recherche est centrée sur le Moyen Orient, ainsi elle examine les politiques des États-Unis à propos de cette région. Pareillement, ce travail recherche sur la construction du Moyen Orient à partir de l’effondrement de l’Empire Ottoman, en considérant l’influence occidentale que la région a subie et ses processus politiques propres comme le panarabisme et le fondamentalisme islamique. Précisément, à la suite de ces processus et en rejetant cette influence, les groupes fondamentalistes islamiques, considérés comme une menace à la sécurité internationale, sont nés, et entre eux est trouvé le cas d’étude de cette recherche : l’ISIS. Mots clés: sécurité internationale, constructivisme, États-Unis, Moyen Orient, ISIS. 2 V. INTRODUCCIÓN La seguridad es un tema de gran relevancia en las agendas políticas de los Estados. La seguridad nace, de hecho, con el nacimiento mismo del Estado. No es de admirar, entonces, que las políticas de seguridad sean generalmente de las que mayor relevancia tienen para el estadista. Se trata, sin embargo, de un concepto más bien abstracto, y la definición que a ella se dé será primordial al momento de la elaboración y aplicación de políticas. Es así que este trabajo investigativo busca exponer la amplitud de lo que involucra la seguridad. Por la misma oscuridad del término “seguridad”, es necesario generar un debate sobre lo que de él entendemos. A raíz de ello, se busca también entender las políticas de Estados Unidos en Medio Oriente y principalmente en relación a los grupos fundamentalistas islámicos; y, asimismo, comprender cómo la acción occidental ha influido en la construcción del Medio Oriente actual y en los mismos grupos fundamentalistas islámicos. Es, asimismo, importante conocer, más allá de sus acciones, las motivaciones que tienen estos grupos, sus orígenes, sus objetivos y sus reclamaciones. A través del estudio de la construcción de la seguridad se ha planteado como objetivo general de este trabajo de investigación analizar el concepto y las políticas de seguridad internacional de los Estados Unidos frente a los grupos fundamentalistas islámicos en el Medio Oriente. Para ello, se organizó la investigación de la siguiente manera: En primera instancia, es necesario entender qué es la seguridad, cuál es la razón de su importancia, de dónde se origina, qué involucra. Es así que el primer capítulo busca identificar la relación entre la ausencia de definición de la seguridad, las excepciones al uso de la fuerza y las políticas de contestación a quebrantamientos de la paz con la continuidad del armamentismo mundial. Para ello, en este capítulo se tratarán temas como el concepto de la seguridad, su evolución, su construcción, su percepción y su relevancia en el dominio de la política.
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