SYRIAN WORLD a MONTHLY MAGAZINE in ENGLISH DEALING with SYRIAN AFFAIRS and ARABIC LITERATURE M M

Home , Syrian nationalism, The Syrian World

VOL. III. No. 5 NOVEMBER, 1928 m THF SYRIAN WORLD A MONTHLY MAGAZINE IN ENGLISH DEALING WITH SYRIAN AFFAIRS AND ARABIC LITERATURE m m

THE LEPER AND THE BRIDE OF GALILEE AMEEN RIHANI

AN INTRODUCTION TO SYRIAN WORLD POLITICS REV. W. A. MANSUR

JESUS THE SON OF MAN KAHLIL GI BRAN

CAN WE RETAIN OUR HERITAGE SALLOUM A. MOKARZEL

THOBET AND LEILA DR. SALIM Y. ALKAZIN

RECENT POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SYRIA rfl

THE SYRIAN WORLD SALLOUM A. MOKARZEL, Editor. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE SYRIAN-AMERICAN PRESS

104 GREENWICH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. By subscription $5.00 a year. Single copies 50c.

Enteted as second-class matter, June 25, 1926, at the post office at New York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. VOL. III. No. 5 NOVEMBER, 1928

CONTENTS

PAGE The Leper and the Bride of Galilee 3 AMEEN RIHANI

From the Arabic 7

An Introduction to Syrian World Politics 8 REV. W. A. MANSUR

Moderation 15 Translated from the Arabic by J. D. CARLYLE

Tobet and Leila 16 DR. SALIM Y. ALKAZIN

Freedom 18 BENJAMIN T. HOFFIZ Books and Authors

A New Life of Christ by a Syrian Author. Jesus, the Son of Man, by Kahlil Gibran, 19 CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE A Man From Lebanon Nineteen Centures Afterward 21 KAHLIL GIBRAN

The Sage of Washington Street (On the Marriage Prob- lem Among Syrians) 27 A. HAKIM

Subterfuge 32

Economic Recovery in Syria 33

The Value of a Reputation 35

Can We Retain Our Heritage? (A Call to Form a Fed- eration of Syrian Societies 36 SALLOUM A. MOKARZEL

Arab Proverbs 40

Editorial Comment Recognizing Racial Groups 41 A Syrian University in America 42 Honoring Our Talent 44

Spirit of the Syrian Press 45 Readers* Forum 49 Political Developments in Syria 51 About Syria and Syrians 54

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS ISSUE

Jesus the Son of Man Tiberias and Its Lake HMMMHJ

THE SYRIAN WORLD

VOL. III. No. 5 NOVEMBER, 1928 The Leper and the Bride of Galilee

By AMEEN RIHANI Written especially for The Syrian World.

MO country, however removed from civilization, is unchanging; and no people, however rebel]ions, can free themselves en- tirely of their traditions. This double nature of the law of growth and decay, ineffective in the face of the immutable, is manifest in all nations, who, while yielding to the dominating influences of the times, retain more or less their original genius and one or more of their principal characteristics. A striking example is Palestine. For maugre Zionism and Tel Aviv and the Hebrew University and the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts, and maugre Arab nationalism and British rule, old Jerusalem, a piece of junk in the Junk-Shop of the East, still remains. A more striking example in Palestine is Galilee. For maugre all the agricultural settlements of Esdraleon—the hay wagons and the jitneys and the little Amazons of Israel in bloomers—the country still retains something of the beauty that appeals both to the spiritual and the sensuous in us. Indeed, and although it is overrun tomorrow by the tribes of Trans-Jordania or by the commercial syndicates of Europe, this beauty will endure. But there are two melancholy notes in it, a shriek and a moan,—a high note and a low;—two cities, the one above, the other below, the sea. The traditional "den of thieves" in which the greatest Exponent of the truth divine was born, casts a hungry look upon Esdraleon while it consoles itself with "the bread THE SYRIAN WORLD of life"; and the traditional "hot-bed of lechery" in which the austerity of Judaism found voice, wallows in the gutters of char- ity down below Esdraleon. Nazareth and Tiberias;—the one is a bride in sack-cloth, the other a leper in faded purple. The leper and the bride,—and between them, to feed the one and to starve, though unwittingly, the other, are the wheat fields and the jitneys and the little Amazons in bloomers. No country in the world has had and still has a more varied life, both human and divine, than Palestine;—this Palestine, which holds in the palm of her hand the apples of Sodom and the snow-crowned peaks of Mt. Hermon. Consider one phase of its life. The jitney and the tomb of Maimonedes balance today, in a certain sense, the jitney and Bolshevism. The truth of the present, however, is but a thin crust over the rust of the past. In no part of Palestine is this better exemplified than in Galilee; and in no city of Galilee does the melancholy condition find a more eloquent tongue than in Tiberias. Nature, too, cruel in her constancy, immoral in her indifference, continues to produce her symbols of elegance and depra- vity as well as of picturesqueness and sloth. The Oshr tree still bears the apples of Sodom, and the "camphire of Engedie" still yields the henna for the Bride in sack-cloth .and for the leper in purple. Historians and sociologists can perhaps fathom the causes and adumbrate the effects of the breach between the people and their surroundings. They can also philosophize about the nature of the bridge, its structure and strength, that should connect the present with the past. For my part whether the bridge be of gos- samer or stone, of moonshine or of steel, the facts of the present are overwhelming. They are also tormenting. But the picture, whether fascinating or appalling,—in this instance, it is both appalling and fascinating,—has a certain appeal. For the variety, the beauty and the strangeness of nature- phenomena contrasting with the monotony, the ugliness and the indolence of life, are nowhere so striking as in Galilee and particularly in Tiberias. Indeed, despite its new quarter Kiriah Schmuel and its palm saplings and its unfinished sanatorium, Ti.berias still remains a black spot upon the Lake! and between its natives, mostly Jews, and the strenuous Zionists of the settlements there is a chasm as deep and discouraging as that which extends between Mt. Hermon and the Dead Sea, k\ NOVEMBER, 1928

But considered deeper, one finds a corresponding gradation in the scale of being:—geology co-ordinating with history sym- bolizes in the different chapters of its story the various stages in the life of the race. It is an epic, which begins and ends in extremes. For whatever may come upon the land, the memory of the Founder of Christianity, as eternal as the hills, rises like Mt. Hermon on the one side, while on the other, down in the Ghor, are the miasmas of nature and man. The chasm between the two is filled with the glaring and bewildering contrarieties in nature-phenomena and historic events. Here is a divine atmosphere shedding its balm upon a black city of disease; there is a vestige—one of many—of the glory of man sanctified with divine sacrifice and the sanctity of truth sullied with human sloth and knavery. Yonder are mineral springs and sweet silvery streams mingling with the waters of the Jordan; and not far from the basalt of Gennesaret is the bitumen of the Dead Sea. These are but a few of the striking values in the canvas. The theory and the fact are one, both in nature and in life, upward and downward in the scale. For although through the temple, in which was heard the word divine, now blow the four winds of poverty, ignorance, squalor and vice; and although the Kingdom of Heaven be transformed into slums and clerical and governmental Juhannams; and although nothing of the spiritual beauty now remains but a melancholy memory, the Tibe- rias country in Spring is nevertheless a veritable paradise. And Gennesaret is its capricious queen. Gennesaret, the bride of the Jordan, now surging towards him, now receding from him;—panting with love, foaming with wrath;—spending its azure beauty at the chibed and mud-bespattered feet of Tibe- rias;—throbbing under the morning sun that kisses the brow of Mt. Hermon;—languishing in the afternoon shades of sable hills;—mingling, in her secret moods, in nooks and hollows, with murky sedgy streams;—responsive alike to the barren brindled cliffs and the fragrant sylvan spurs that are mirrored in her heart; —nursing in her bosom the volcanic fire;—reflecting her genius in baleful bogs and riant fields where the papyrus still waves its antique pennant and the oleanders bloom;—teaching her turtle doves the threnody of the years, which bring their flowers every spring to the tombs of spiritual glory and moral beauty that once graced her shores,—Gennesaret gives us, indeed, a scientific guide as well as a book of revelation. THE SYRIAN WORLD

For does she not lead us southward to the first round of the ladder of life, many hundred feet below the sea, and northward to the top, many thousand feet above it? And does she not carry us from the spiritual wilderness around her back to the divine beauty that was once transfigured before? There is in this little spfct of the world, which the scientist, the traveller and the moralist can traverse in a day, the living history of many housand years, the living miracle of Christianity, as well as the living truth of the cruelty of dogma, which is inseparable from mental sloth and human sorrow. For although in the glorious sunrise and in the glowing sunset the inner vision can still behold the prophet's chariot of fire, down in the Ghor of life, in the human abysses, is heard the sardonic laugh of Eblis. Yea, under the blue eye of Gennesaret there is a Juhannam beside which pales any of the slums of the great cities in Europe and America. There is in Tiberias a human misery that evokes no sympathy, awakens no pity j—a misery abhorrent and repel- lent, which praises Allah for its pillow of filth and sloth j—a miasma engendered by the resignation and hebetude that have outlived many generations. Are then the Jews of Tiberias a refutation of the spiritual truth that was revealed in their own land? Are they the em- bodiment, in the very cradle of Judaism and Christianity, of spiritual asphyxia and mental and moral cancer? And is the running sore without end? Or is the end coming with Zionism? Zionism, which prates of Maimonedes and Rabbi Afliba in Tibe- rias, and brandishes the torch of Sovietism in Tel Aviv, and raises a throne to Syndicalism in Jaffa, and applies itself assiduously to the arts and crafts in Jerusalem, while still wailing beneath a Wall of Faith hallowed by the kisses and tears of a hundred generations, does this Zionism know its own mind? If it has not an undivided purpose, a clear and single vision, how long will it be before it breaks up and is dismembered at the crossroads of the Times. There is even a communistic, an all-f or-all community near Baisan; but to Tiberias it is as barren spiritually as Nazareth and intellectually as Esdraleon. It does not contribute a mite in alms. A loaf of bread, in sooth; for the natives of Tiberias have lived and still live by bread alone. To be exact, the Lake itself is one of their many benefactors. It contributes their principal I___^I

NOVEMBER, 1928 fjf j' 7

food—fish. I wonder if that is why its population pullulates. And like fish, it is insensible to Tel Aviv and Zezalel. Little wonder that the supreme heritage of Galilee is no more to Tiberias than is the oleande bloom to the fish in the lake. Aye, although all around are healing influences, beautiful scenes invoking the noblest feelings, tokens of the strivings and the triumphs of heroic souls, the ichthyophagous Tiberians continue to grope in darkness and wallow in the mires of misery and sorrow. But let us be just. A man with a carbuncle on the back of his neck can not look up to the sky. And the leper in purple has a carbuncle on the back of his neck. Take him to the settlements? He is too lazy to work. Take him to Tel Aviv, or bring Tel Aviv to him? He is too demoralized to utter a cry or to entertain a hope. Take him to the Wall? That perhaps is be- ter suited to his humor. But we are humanitarians and we wjuld save even those that can do nothing but weep. Very well, cut off the carbuncle. But who is going to do it? Zionism? 1 have my doubts about it. The British Mandate? I am not certain that the British think it worth the trouble. Not «^en the Arabs, methinks, will bother. For although they look upon the natives of Tiberias, of all of Palestine, as thcr brothers, alien to Zionism, they consider any interference with their lot, which is, like that of most Orientals, bound up with their religion, as contravening the fundamental principle of nationalism. The status quo of the natives of the land—Muslems and Christians and Jews—is one of the arguments of the Arab nationalists against Zionism. Tiberias, therefore, will remain what it is until its population, to drop the metaphor, ceases to pullulate.

FROM THE ARABIC

There are two things the true value of which is appreciated only when lost: Health and Youth.

To remain silent until you are invited to speak is much better than to continue speaking until you are silenced. 8 THE SYRIAN WORLD

An Introduction to Syrian World Politics

By REV. W. A. MANSUR

FTiE Convocaton of the Syrian Constituent Assembly marks the formal entrance of the Syrian nation into the field of world politics. The World War brought Syria into the field of Euro- pean politics, the Syrian Civil. War into Syrian national politics, and the convocation of the Syrian Constituent Assembly into world poltics. S. A. Mokarzel is right in saying, "The convocation of the Syrian Constituent Assembly, now in session in Da- mascus, marks the first important constructive step taken by either the Mandatory Power or the Syrians themselves in the logical course fpr the stabilization of government in Syria." (Syrian CO World, August, 1928} italics mine.) H The birth of the new nationalism, the drafting of a consti- a tution, and the aspiration for independence demand the study of < world politics by Syrian patriots. A homogeneous nationalism CO is essential to the unity, stability and progress of a free people. < A united patriotic spirit is fundamental to a constitution infused whit the Syrian national soul. The aspiration for independence calls for the knowledge of the history, methods and politics controlling world politics. Intelligent understanding of world politics is necessary to Syria's right thinking, rational understanding, and sound nationalism. Without it, confusion will remain in the background of the people's thinking. Without it, partisanship will govern Syr- ian leadership. Without it, division will continue to separate the people. Intelligent understanding of world politics will clarify the vision, unite the thinking, and create a cooperative spirit and will help toward the realization of the nation's highest purposes.

I. The meaning of World Politics, its power in international relations, and its relation to Syria are vital to Syria's progressive nationalism. The meaning of world politics should be the first lesson Syrians should learn since Syria's entrance into the field of world TIBERIAS AND ITS LAKE

Prevailing Conditions in this ancient town of Palestine fall under the merciless indictment of Ameen Rihani.

NOVEMBER, 1928 9

politics. It is a new lesson for the masses. It is highly technical, unfamiliar, and perplexing. It demands serious thinking, patient study, and careful application. "World politics is the science of government as practiced in international relations, under the influence of real or fancied interests in other than neighboring countries or those with which relations of reciprocal advantage are naturally maintained," says Herbert Adams Gibbons in "Introduction to World Politics.." Referring to the nations he says, "But when they become friends or enemies because of rivalry for political influence and economic advantages in regions where their aim is to enjoy, exclusively if possible, the fruits of economic imperialism, friends and enemies are made, not by natural affinities or by good or evil done *•„ each other, but by considerations of world politics." Lord Cromer tells us in his "Modern Egypt" of the spirit, methods and aims as practiced in world politics. Writing of semi- civilized countries where rulers possess incomplete sovereign rights, "In such countries, some European Powers have interests which they wish to safeguard without arousing the jealousy of their rivals by too open an assertion of strength, whilst others are let to claim a seat at the international table in order to assert their political existence and to remind the world that their interests, albeit they are of relatively slight importance, cannot be altogether neglected.." The knowledge of the history of world politics is vital to the Syrian nation. Syrians should familiarize themselves with the foreign policies of France, England, Italy, Russia, the United States and other nations. This will guide Syria's foreign policies, unite Syria's leadershhip, and create a more intelligent nationalism among the people.

II. The realization of Syria's geographical -position is necessary to Syria's international relations, political life, and national progress. A study of the world map will show the strategic position of Syria. The importance of this fact is of first magnitude. One cannot understand Syria's history without realizing her geographical relations. Syria's political life is vitally related to her geographical situation. "The influence of the strategic position occupied by these lands of the Near East is not less great in the world of politics. —--

10 THE SYRIAN WORLD

uZJl *% T WhCr the Crusade" of Western Europe turned their thoughts to the Holy City of the East, these lands haye lain at the crux of all world politics. And the very geographical position which they occupy must perforce continue them at the center of all international relationships. Just as the geographical position determines to a great extent commercial prosperity so also that same position determines political impor-

"Geography shapes though it does not control history ," says Basil Mathews in the "Riddle of Nearer Asia." Geography shapes the naval policy of the British Empire, the army policy of the French Republic, the foreign policy of the United States. The neglect of the geographical factor will distort the patriot's vision, misshape his international policies, and defeat his highest hopes. Consider Syria's relation to her neighbors on the North, South and East. Consider the interest of European and Asiatic nations in the international politics of these nations. Consider their military and economic interest. Giving the geographical factor the right place in the nation's thinking will largely deter- mine the spirit of its nationalism, the nature of its constitution, thd needs of the nation, and its relations to other nations."

III. There must be an understanding of the nature of the interest of European powers in Syria, their mutual agreements regarding the Near East, and the controlling policies of each nation. "Ideals and sentiments of humanity have no place in world politics," says Gibbons in "Introduction to World Politics.." _ The following is a graphic portrayal of Europe's interest in the Near East: "Because the Suez Canal is the route to India, n e stabl shed herself uif «S x T ^ ^ Egypt," says William H. Hall in The Near East, Cross Road of the World.." "Because Russia threatened to overrun Persia and encroach upon India the British must needs exercise a controlling influence in southern Persia an dthe Persian Gulf. Because all her northern ports were icebound for half the year, and her only outlet to the south was through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, which were dominated by Constantinople, Russia planned and intrigued and fought for the possession of that city and its adjacent territory. France, Italy, and Greece each marked out for themselves colo- NOVEMBER, 1928 n

nies in Syria and Asia Minor which they wanted when the day of division should come. And Germany and Austria, conceiving their great strategy of a central empire from the North Sea to the Persian Gulf, became profoundly interested in playing the diplomatic game at the Sublime Porte. "Each nation has already secured in one or more of these Eastern lands some special commercial right, some railway, har- bor, or mining concession, and each had, little by little, fixed its hold on the particular territory which to it seemed especially desirable." Underneath the attitudes and movements of European Powers is their personal ambition. The history of European nations supports this assertion. It is useless to consider religion, philanthropy, democracy when the pages of history are replete with the imperialism of the nations. And what is true of Europe is likewise true of Asiatic Powers. The basis of the interest of the nations in Syria is upon that of conquest, Europe's "sphere of influence" policy, or that of bar- ter or exchange. Our hope for Syria is that she may enter into mutual understanding with other nations, and such relationship to be based on an exchange of privileges, economic, military, commercial and otherwise. i IV. Thorough information regarding Europe's program of economic exploitation, its place in modern diplomacy, and its relation to Syria. Western civilization is dominated by the passion of exploitation. Three factors brought this about: Europe's increasing population, her industrial revolution, and the demand for raw material. Europe could not do this at home, so she cast wistful eyes abroad. Modern inventions and discoveries accelerated this

"While one may claim that international relations have always been affected by outside interests and ambitions," says Gib- bons in "An Introduction to World Politics," "it was not until the nineteenth century that Europe began to exploit the rest of the world." Economic exploitation is a first essential in the cate- chism of. European world politics. Peace, civilization, religion, are secondary factors in her program of exploiting the rest of

the world. . a How does this European program of exploitation attect the 12 THE SYRIAN WORLD

Syrian nation? George Adam Smith says in "Syria and the Holy Land": "We can feel the acuteness of the problems which thus arise in her administration. They have been complicated by the political envies and intrigues of half Asia and all Europe." And William H. Hall writes of the breakup of the Near East: "Out of this jumble of foreign influence and exploitation—." The Syrian nation must face these realities. These influences must form a vital chapter in Syria's primer of national as well as world politics. They influence her law-making body, her economic policies, and her international relations. The hope of Syria lies in adequate tariff regulations, developing agriculture and dairy- ing, and the establishment of relations that will develop the nation's resources. The happiness of the Syrian people depends on the nation's economic program. Syrian economists should bend every effort to bring about such economic conditions which will make for better living, create new opportunities, and lead to economic independence.

V. The Syrian nation must remember the importance of the influences of western institutions ufon her civilization, politics, and education. The West is seeking to infuse the East with its civilization. Its religious, educational and political institutions are scattered throughout the Near East. The West is in practical control of the greater part of the East. The West is trying to "reform" the East. This has come to be a studied, planned, and working program of the West. "In the East, we are attempting to put new wine into old bottles," Lord Cromer quotes Bagehot in "Modern Egypt," "to pour what we can of a civilization whose spirit is progress into a form of civilization whose spirit is fixity; and whether we succeed or not is perhaps the most interesting question in an age abounding almost beyond example in questions of political interest *JJ The renaissance which took place in Europe is now taking place in the Near East. The Syrian race is welcoming every influence that will make for the rebirth of the Syrian people. The reawakening of the Syrian consciousness, the revival of man's powers, and the desire for progress is now going on. The Syrian nation will appropriate from every racial and national culture that which will make for its own betterment. NOVEMBER, 1928 M

The problems of the Syrian nation will rise out of the attempt to adapt the new amidst the old, and adjust the old to the new. The dangers will rise when reforms are made at too quick a pace. But the Syrian is talented in the art of adaptability. The problems of the West are becoming the problems of the East: suffrage, child labor, tariff and taxation, agriculture, education, law observance, capital and labor. Talcott Williams says in an Introduction to Philip K. Hitti's "The Syrians in America": "Syria and Syrians constitute the first land and the first people in Southwestern Asia who have entered into modern civilization. They stand alone in this. If Syria were an islanded land, instead of being for four thousand years a thoroughfare of conquering peoples, swept by many tides, it would be, in its place, as striking an example of progress as Japan." With the aid, experience, and example of Western leadership, Syria will be better able to guide herself to national progress, prosperity and happiness.

VI. The contributions of history and integral elements in Syria's national life, in European world -politics, and of Syria's future. We must ever remember that history is a live thing in world politics, especially Syria's world politics. To understand the Syr- ian soul one must know Syria's history, her relation to other nations, her religious makeup, her geographical position, her great characters, her contributions to mankind. Let us throw into bold relief one historical element whose many ill influences remain to plague the Syrian race. "The Cru- sades, in reality the first of those imperialistic ventures that Europe sent out to despoil and appropriate the earth, soon came to be as much commercial as religious enterprises," says J. H. Randall in "The Making of the Modern Mind." Because history is alive there are perpetuated many evil influences in Syria's national life, in Europe's schemes and ambitions, and in the nation's thinking. Let us remember that religion is the major problem in Syria's thinking: educationally, politically and socially. There are the following situations: the relation of Christianity and Mo- hammedanism, the relation of certain groups to European powers, the effects of the Syrian Revolution. History's living factors have fostered religious hatreds, racial animosities, and brought 14 THE SYRIAN WORLD NOV. about political alignments within and without the nation. "The A new vision has come to Syria through the rise of democ- the e racy. Religious freedom and tolerance should take the place of that 1 religious intolerance. "United we stand, divided we fall" should jmpe: become the watchword of the nation. Nationalism based on wel- 1919 fare for the greatest number will destroy religious, racial and cerne political hindrances to Syria's progress. A universal compulsory public school education in Syria worL standing for a common citizenship, common ideals, and common ing r human aspirations will do more for the nation's unity and prog- greal ress than all other efforts combined. The public school is Syria's and best solution of her national problems, her economic welfare, and pend her future progress. The school will free Syria's youth from the best ill effects of the past, create a common love for the nation, and unite the nation in worthy human welfare.

VII. The future of Syria's independence depends upon the cooperation within the nationy Europe's world politicsy and Syria's geographical location. Syria's political future depends upon three factors: the unity of the nation, Europe's diplomacy, and Syria's geographical location. The greatest of these is Syria's geographical location. It is the most important, vital, and critical factor. Without thorough mastery of the geographical factor Syria's political leadership, her foreign policies, and her progress will always be found wanting. "Syria is so placed," J. L. Myers quotes M. Maspero in "The Dawn of History," "that it cannot be independent except on condition that it has no powerful neighbors." This is the key to a wholesome Syrian nationalism, successful economic policies, and agreeable foreign relations. Is absolute independence of Syria politically possible under the present world conditions? The question of Syria's independence is provocative of profound political thinking. Facing us are four factors in Europe's world politics. "First, "When Turkey joined the Central Empires," says Gibbons in "Introduction to World Politics," "the Entente powers were free to use the weapon of self-determination as a war measure to destroy the integrity of the Ottoman Empire." Second, "If Turkey had to go by the board there would be no emancipation of subject races, but a division of the Ottoman Empire into spheres of influences." Third, NOVEMBER, 1928 ; 1$

"The secret treaty of London marked the abandonment, before the end of the first year of the war, of the generous idealism that had seemed to make the conflict of principles rather than of imperialistic aims." Fourth, "The treaties signed at Paris in 1919 and 1920 so far as most of their territorial clauses are concerned, simply fulfilled bargains made during the war." Syria is confronted with possible military invasion, Europe's world politics, and the most important period of Syria's developing nationalism. Syria's present need is a condition assuring the greatest probability of national security, peaceful independence, and material prosperity. Therefore, will Syria's absolute independence, or her association with some world power, secure the best conditions for the nation's present and future progress?

Moderation

Translated from the Arabic by J. D. Carlyle

How oft does passion's grasp destroy The pleasure that it strives to gain? How soon the thoughtless course of joy Is doom'd to terminate in pain?

When prudence would thy steps delay, She but restrains to make thee blest; Whate'er from joy she lops away, But heightens and secures the rest.

Wouldst thou a trembling flame expand, That hastens in the lamp to die? With careful touch, with sparing hand, The feeding stream of life supply. I But if thy flask profusely sheds A rushing torrent o'er the blaze, Swift round the sinking flame it spreads, And kills the fire it fain would raise. ______

NOVL 16 THE SYRIAN WORLD

1 Tobet and Leila I 1 (i By DR. SALIM Y. ALKAZIN I n A RABIA, thy parched sands, had they Not been accursed and doomed to give no life Or issue yield, the blood that flowed in streams— Enriching not thy veins—would spring again, Not in the shape of grass to feed or reed To sing, but in the shape of crimson tongues That would denounce the deeds of men when they, For love of self, call right what suits their ends. Or had thy lonely hills the pow'r to speak, What sweet, heart-soothing tales our ears would hear, Of simple love—the God-created love— That stirred the hearts of hardy desert sons, And dainty maids—wild flow'rs from nature's heart, So fresh, unsoiled by human cultured touch, Or thought—sweet tales that ended happily! And what heart-rending tales of love that flared And blazed like thy fearful sun, and, like It still with its consuming heat that stirs No life but kills what life there is, hath choked The struggling hope. Of such a fate I speak:— * * * Once upon a time (as Arabs would A tale begin), a struggling caravan Its weary way was picking thru the sand, Which heaved, and, shifting, piled in heaps then rolled With deadly sweep to pile anew and roll, Like to a peaceful sea when angry winds Would lash her back, her thousand heads would raise In rage, and stretch ten thousand arms and charge. Behind, no trace was left—so wipes the hand Of fate fond hopes! In front, all former trace Of man and beast was gone; yet on, and on The weary caravan pursued its way- Led by the setting sun. NOVEMBER, 1928 17

"Howay! Howay!" The leader cried, and stopped. And every man Around him pressed, to find him gazing at A form—a man—half buried in the sand. "Not dead, he lives!" And eager, anxious men For water rushed. The swollen lips were seen To move, the eyes were opened wide, wherein The flame,—the dying flame of life, was seen To waver 'neath the chilling breath of death. A sigh, a mournful groan escaped his lips, Then words—the soul was starting on its flight From that mean cage in words: "If Leila will Salute, my bones, tho' hid beneath a pile Of stones, the greeting will return, or from My tomb a voice will surely cry Salaam!" He spoke and died. "Know ye the mkn?" one asked. "Who knows him not? Lives there the man who hath Not heard of Leila's Troubadour? Alas- Who after thee shall sing of love and give His passion form and clothe it now in bright, Alluring silks, and then in gruesome shrouds; Or march it like a bride with joyful, hopeful song, Or lead it to its grave with moan and wail? There lies a bard, a lover true? Alas For song! Alas for unrequited love! Enough, and let the man that knew no rest To rest be wedded now, and may Allah Be gracious to his soul." On sea and sand Alike, the dead find grace where'er they hap To die. A hole was dug, and rocks were piled To mark the lonely grave. Long years rolled by. One day a dame on camel-back was led By horseman bold. Hard by the pile they passed. There sleeps a liar false," the husband sneered, " 'Tis he who sang mv gracious wife to fame." "And why a liar he?" "Salute that grave And prove that he who said: 'If Leila will Salute, my bones, tho hid beneath a pile 18 THE SYRIAN WORLD

Of stones, the greeting will return, or from My tomb a voice will surely cry Salaam!' Spake true! Now, by Allah, thou shalt salute." Then Leila: "Peace, may peace with thee abide!" Antf lo! a rustling noise, and from a hole An owl appeared and, screaming, flopped its wings And soared. The frightened camel reared and threw Its load. Thus Leila met her end, and thus The two, whom life had sternly held apart, One grave in peace received with open arms. Freedom

By BENJAMIN T. HOFFIZ (Inspired by Ameen Rihani's poem published in the October issue.) Q FREEDOM, what a pow'r divine, Thou Lord and Master of our lives 5 Before thy grand and holy Shrine I pledge my spirit, soul and heart.

Thy cause immortal is my joy, Thy glorious end is my desire. May thy eternal power destroy, The pow'rs infernal and their thrones.

For thy beloved cause and right I fight the battle, till at last, The shouts of victory with delight Shall ring throughout the universe.

Awake her children strong and brave And hoist her banner 'neath the stars! Fear not the battle, nor the grave And crown the queen of freedom high.

O torch divine, our souls inflame And fill our lives with pow'r and grace, O set the hearts of men aflame That all may worship at thy Shrine. NOVEMBER, 1928 19

Books and Authors

A NEW LIFE OF CHRIST BY A SYRIAN AUTHOR

Jesus, the Son of Man, by Kahlil Gibran, New York. Alfred A. Knopf, 216 pp. $3.50.

TO call the new book of Kahlil Gibran a life of Christ would be a misapplication of the term. The book is not a chronological narration of the life of the founder of Christianity. No attempt is made by the author to analyze disputed facts or clear obscure circumstances surrounding the life or the actions of Christ. In fact, the book does not concern itself with the life of Christ as such in the academic sense. And still it is a life of Christ as interpreted by His words and deeds on the tongues of many characters. In this respect it is unlike any other book that has so far appeared on the personality of Jesus, notwithstanding the multiplicity of such works in recent years. What may be said of Gibran's book is that it follows a novel scheme which is unique in its treatment. It is an attempt to portray the character of Jesus in His role of spiritual teacher as seen through many eyes from various angles and by the light of different philosophical tenets and under various spiritual reactions. For this purpose the author calls on seventy-seven characters, friends and foes alike, men and women of all nationalities who were contemporaries of Christ and had occasion to see Him or hear of Him. The final character is the author himself who sings the virtues of Jesus in a masterly poem, rather a prayer, well befitting the mood of a spirit which would interpret the words and the deeds of the Great Master. "Jesus the Son of Man" is the culmination of the work ot Gibran in what appears to be his preconceived scheme originating with The Madman (1918), continuing in The Forerunner (1920) and leading to his great work The Prophet (1923) With every succeeding work Gibran made progressive amplification ot his theme. And as he proceeded an ever increasing number of ad- mirers followed with tense interest his steady development until it could be safely said that with the publication of The Prophet he was well intrenched in the high esteem of thousands of readers 20 THE SYRIAN WORLD not only in America but throughout the world. The Prophet en- joys the distinction of having been translated into more than twenty languages. His latest book may well be destined to enjoy just as much if not more popularity. No review, no matter how lengthy, could give an adequate evaluation of this latest monumental work of our great Syrian author. Each chapter may be termed a book in itself, so charged are the words with weighty meaning and inspirational import. For not alone has he attempted to give the impressions of the different characters on Jesus, but he has also gone to the extent of paraphrasing the words of the Master Himself. In the chapter on "The Sermon on the Mount" there are many deviations from the accepted dogmatic text as adopted by the Christian churches both in the Sermon and in the Lord's Prayer. In this as well as in many other instances Gibran interprets the words of Jesus in terms of his own. This may not meet with the sanction of the custodians of the Christian faith, but, although failing to abide by the strict dictates of dogma and even avoiding any reference to the divinity of Jesus, Gibran's interpretation cannot be said to detract from the spiritual apppreciation of Jesus' character. Rather, in his own conception, it tends to enhance it in the light of modern spiritual development. The literary quality of this latest book of Gibran is in the author's well known masterly style. It is his rare gift to be able to clothe his meaning in words that have the rhythmic sound of music. It is unnecessary to single out any particular passage for illustration, because the whole book bears the stamp of the master's consummate technique. The book contains thirteen illustrations in the famous Gib- ran style, two of which are in color. The publisher's claim that "for the first time in twenty centuries a countryman of Jesus of Nazareth writes of His words and His deeds" holds true only if we take into consideration the pat- ently novel nature of the work. In other respects the claim could not be substantiated nor do we believe it is so meant. For the Disciples were of His Countrymen as were the Fathers of the church, who not only wrote and spoke of His words and deeds, but carried His message to the ends of the earth. Their role, it may be explained, plausibly enough, was that of commentators and apostles. They accepted the divinity of Christ and believed im- plicitly in the revelation of His words. His person was so sacred NOVEMBER, 1928 21

that they would consider only the divine in Him and almost over- looked the human side. This is the direct opposite of Gibran's conception of Jesus in his latest work wherein the Master is treated wholly from the side of His divinely human qualities, hence the qualification, JESUS, The Son of Man. Indicative of the spiritual stimulus in which the work was I conceived, and revealing the author's true appreciation of the character of Jesus, is the closing chapter which is here reproduced in full.

A MAN FROM LEBBANON NINETEEN CENTURIES AFTERWARD

By KAHLIL GIBRAN Decorations by the Author.

Master, Master Singer, Master of words unspoken, Seven times was I born, and seven times have I died Since your hasty visit and our brief welcome. And behold I live again, Remembering a day and a night among the hills, When your tide lifted us up. Thereafter many lands and many seas did I cross, And wherever I was led by saddle or sail Your name was prayer or argument. Men would bless you or curse you; The curse, a protest against failure, The blessing, a hymn of the hunter Who comes back from the hills With provision for his mate. 22 THE SYRIAN WORLD NOV. Your friends are yet with us for comfort and support, Even And your enemies also, for strength and assurance. Your mother is with us 5 Andl I have beheld the sheen of her face in the countenance of all mothers j Her hand rocks cradles with gentleness, Her hand folds shrouds with tenderness. And Mary Magdalen is yet in our midst, Mast She who drank the vinegar of life, and then its wine. Mast And Judas, the man of pain and small ambitions, They He too walks the earth j And Even now he preys upon himself when his hunger finds naught A sig else, Buti And seeks his larger self in self-destruction. Youi And Thei And

And John, he whose youth loved beauty, is here, Age And he sings though unheeded. And And Simon Peter, the impetuous, who denied you that he might The live longer for you, The He too sits by our fire. Wit! He may deny you again ere the dawn of another day, Nay Yet he would be crucified for your purpose, and deem himself unworthy of the honor. And Caiphas and Armas still live their day, And judge the guilty and the innocent. They sleep upon their feathered bed The Whilst he whom they have judged is whipped with the rods. The And The

And the woman who was taken in adultery, Anc She too walks the streets of our cities, Ma And hungers for bread not yet baked, The And she is alone in an empty_ house. The And Pontius Pilatus is here also: Yet He stands in awe before you, Th( And still questions you, But he dares not risk his station or defy an alien race- Th< And he is still washing his hands. An<

NOVEMBER, 1928 23

Even now Jerusalem holds the basin and Rome the ewer, And betwixt'the two a thousand thousand hands would be washed to whiteness.

Master, Master Poet, Master of words sung and spoken, They have builded temples to house your name, And upon every height they have raised your cross, A sign and a symbol to guide their wayward feet, But not unto your joy. Your joy is a hill beyond their vision, And it does not comfort them. They would honor the man unknown to them. And what consolation is there in a man like themselves, a man whose kindliness is like their own kindliness, A god whose love is like their own love, And whose mercy is in their own mercy? They honor not the man, the living man, The first man who opened His eyes and gazed at the sun With eyelids unquivering. Nay, they do not know Him, and they would not be like Him.

They would be unknown, walking in the procession of the unknown. They would bear sorrow, their sorrow, And they would not find comfort in your joy. Their aching heart seeks not consolation in your words and the song thereof. And their pain, silent and unshapen, Makes them creatures lonely and unvisited. Though hemmed about by kin and kind, They live in fear, uncomraded; Yet they would not be alone. They would bend eastward when the west wind blows. i They call you king, And they would be in your court. 24 THE SYRIAN WORLD

They pronounce you the Messiah, And they would themselves be anointed with the holy oil. Yea, they would live upon your life.

Master, Master Singer, Your tears were like the showers of May, And your laughter like the waves of the white sea. When you spoke your words were the far-off whisper of their lips when those lips should be kindled with fire; lou laughed for the marrow in their bones that was not yet ready for laughter j And you wept for their eyes that yet were dry. Your voice fathered their thoughts and their understanding. Your voice mothered their words and their breath.

Seven times was I born and seven times have I died, And now I live again, and I behold you, . The fighter among fighters, The poet of poets, King above all kings;, A man half-naked with your road-fellows. Every day the bishop bends down his head When he pronounces your name. • And every day the beggars say: "For Jesus' sake Give us a penny to buy bread." We call upon each other, But in truth we call upon you, Like the flood tide in the spring of our want and desire, And when our autumn comes, like the ebb tide, High or low, your name is upon our lips, The Master of infinite compassion.

Master, Master of our lonely hours, Here and there, betwixt the cradle and the coffin, I meet your silent brothers, The free men, unshackled, I

JESUS THE SON OF MAN

Frontispiece of Kahlil Gibran's New Book of the Same Title.

NOVEMBER, 1928 25

Sons of your mother earth and space. They are like the birds of the sky, And like the lilies of the field. They live your life and think your thoughts, And they echo your song. But they are empty-handed, And they are not crucified with the great crucifixion. And therein is their pain. The world crucifies them every day, But only in little ways. The sky is not shaken, They are crucified and there is none to witness their agony. And the earth travails not with her dead. They turn their face to right and left And find not one to promise them a station in his kingdom. Yet they would be crucified again and yet again, That your God may be their God, And your Father their Father.

Master, Master Lover, The Princess awaits your coming in her fragrant chamber, And the married unmarried woman in her cage; The heart of the world quivers with the throbbing of your heart, And the nun in her cloister who has no husband j The childless woman too at her window, Where frost designs the forest on the pane, She finds you in that symmetry, And she would mother you, and be comforted.

Master, Master Poet, Master of our silent desires, The heart of the world quivers with the throbbing of your heart, But it burns not with your song. The world sits listening to your voice in tranquil delight, But it rises not from its seat To scale the ridges of your hills. 1

26 THE SYRIAN WORLD Man would dream your dream but he would not wake to your dawn, Which is his greater dream. He would see with your vision, But he would not drag his heavy feet to your throne. Yet many have been enthroned in your name And mitred with your power, And have turned your golden visit Into crowns for their head and sceptres for their hand.

Master, Master of Light, ' Whose eye dwells in the seeking fingers of the blind, You are still despised and mocked, A man too weak and infirm to be God, A God too much man to call forth adoration. Their mass and their hymn, Their sacrament and their rosary, are for their imprisoned self. You are their yet distant self, their far-off cry, and their passion.

But Master, Sky-heart, Knight of our fairer dream, You do still tread this day; Nor bows nor spears shall stay your steps. You walk through all our arrows. You smile down upon us, And though you are the youngest of us all You father us all.

Poet, Singer, Great Heart, May our God bless your name, And the womb that held you, and the breasts that gave you milk. And may God forgive us all. NOVEMBER, 1928 27

The Sage of Washington Street

ON THE MARRIAGE PROBLEM AMONG SYRIANS

By A. HAKIM

]W[Y first impression of my friend the sage on my last visit to him was that the greatest experiment in life seemed to hold for him no terrors. Not that he appeared to fail in appreciating its great significance and import, for he is already married and boasts a large brood. But to him, whom I know to be a steadfast exponent of optimism in life, the woes of a bad situation could be lessened by one's predisposition to cheerfulness, just as they could be magnified to a harmful degree if allowed to have their sway unchecked. By the same process of reasoning, according to his philosophy, a little beam of joy could be made into a radiant sun with the same cheerful disposition and a little straining of the imagination. On this last visit the conversation revolved on the subject of matrimony in general and the marriage problem among the Syr- ians in particular. The occasion was propitious and the subject suggested itself spontaneously. The sage, on this occasion, appeared in unusually buoyant spirits. I had stood at the door for some time observing his actions before he became aware of my presence, and the expressions of his face, even his every movement, suggested cheerfulness bordering on hilarity. At times he would hum a gleeful tune, and then would veer to whistling. There was spring in his step and even the snapping of the cord with which he was tying the numerous small packages pyramidi- cally piled on the counter in front of him was in rhythm with his vocal music. Perhaps he fancied himself a conductor wielding his baton to an imaginary orchestra represented by the pile of packages. He was a little abashed when he became conscious of my presence but soon regained his composure. He hastened to assure me that he was practically done with his work and that my visit should by no means be construed as an intrusion. "You see," he explained, "this is intended for local delivery and needs no further attention. And, what is more, it is intended for imme- 28 THE SYRIAN WORLD diate consumption. The event will take place in but a few days." I showed by my attitude of curiosity that I would welcome any further explanation which he may volunteer, and he was not slow to understand. "You must be curious to know," he said, "the reason for my extraordinary jubilation while I am engaged in the drudgery of my everyday task. Let me explain to you, in the first place, that this has not been an ordinary task. It has been a special and very pleasant task which gives joy to the heart and strength to the arm. It is concerned with some approaching wedding festivities, and these packages contain the mulabbas, codami, salted nuts and seeds, etc., which are requisites to the auspicious celebration of the happy event. As for myself, I take joy in preparing the means of other people's enjoyment as much, or even more, as if I were par- ticipating in them myself. And especially is this particular occasion cause for deep satisfaction. It is a perfect love match between a well mated couple—both parties being of the same standard of breeding and culture and well adapted to face together the problems of life in perfect understanding and cooperation. Unlike many other matches between Syrian couples, this was not brought about by mere parental arrangement. The daughter was not treated like so much chattel totally subservient to the will of her father and mother. Old customs in the case of this couple were completely ignored and the modern method of personal choice, with the sanction and approval of the parents, was accepted and acted upon. I dare venture the prediction that this will be an ideal marriage because the couple involved are acting in full realization of the step they are taking." Not with any intention to contradict him, but merely to draw from him a further elucidation of the point he referred to as marriage of personal choice and not of parental arrangement, I asked him if he were alluding to any particular cases which stood out in bold contrast with this apparently perfect match. I well realized that in our period of transition brought about by our sudden transplantion from one soil to another, there had been curious instances of marriage by arrangement. But realizing the wealth of information our sage had stored through many years of obser- vation and experience, I was anxious to hear from him his own account of his reactions on this acute Syrian problem. I felt sure that his analysis would be both original and interesting. "We must realize," he began by way of introduction," that NOVEMBER, 1928 29 all our traditions lean heavily to the side of restricting women in their personal liberties. Women throughout the East, especially in countries influenced by Moslem teachings and customs, are rig- orously secluded in their homes, forbidden to meet strangers of the other sex, and when compelled to appear in public are required to be heavily veiled. It is only in these latter years that a movement has been inaugurated for the emancipation of women in the East, but when this is brought about we may rest assured that it will not be with the sanction of the older generation of conserva- tives, but rather in spite of them. We can imagine the bitter struggle that is bound to ensue between the two opposing factions before the old system dies out and the new one establishes itself. Already women appearing unveiled in some cities of Syria are being insulted by some zealots who even throw acid on them to disfigure them. In some instances, although very rare, men rela- tives resort to extreme measures to vent their resentment on their women folks whom they accuse of acts of impropriety not in ac- cord with their own conception of the ethics of conduct. And these acts would not come from husbands, but even from fathers and brothers. Such are the stringent moral rules laid down by men on women in the East. "Now these customs had their inception in special conditions surrounding the life of nomadic tribes thousands of years back. Why they persist is because living conditions in the East have been extremely slow in changing. Perhaps this same reason will cause the prevalence of such customs in those sections where the influence of modern civilization is slow in penetrating for a long time to come. "This is by way of explanation of the origin and the cause of persistence of such customs in the East. But why such customs should prevail amongst us in America may be a source of wonder- ment to some of us. This is easy of explanation. You cannot effect a transition from one extreme to another without the painful travail of readjustment. The old generation still believes in the conventional modesty of women and resent any manifestation to the contrary. In their advocacy of modesty few there are who would disagree with them. But many are they who disagree with this class in their definition of the term. This is altogether rela- tive. Where a man of the East would consider it immodest, even immoral, for a woman to uncover her face, a man of the West sees nothing immodest in a woman displaying her legs. And our 30 THE SYRIAN WORLD

men of the older generation in America find themselves in the uncomfortable position of having to discover a middle course between these two extremes. "From these deep-rooted traditions springs the custom of marriage by arrangement. The father sincerely believes that he is acting in the best interest of his daughter when he promises her in marriage to a man of his own choice. He is still acting on the assumption that a woman's lot in life is to look after the well-being of her lord and master and enjoy whatever com- forts he is able to provide. To him any idea of independence on the part of the girl is rebellion. She would have her promptings to independent action, he reasons, only by such motives as would spring from perversion and lead to dishonor. And this is in diametric opposition to all Eastern conception of modesty. "I have been witness to so many pathetic marriages of arrangement among our people that I rejoice over seeing the consummation of a perfect love match where every requisite of training, breeding and general outlook on life points to ultimate compatibility. Not that I place all our marriages in this class, but it must be certainly admitted that sufficient of this type still takes place that it may be rightly called a racial problem." I began to form a clearer idea of the object of the sage in going into such details in laying the ground work for his argument. He must, I thought, be having in mind the fact that New York had become the notorious matrimonial ntert of a certain class of our countrymen in quest of brides. I would not, however, prompt him to the discussion of any specific idea, but confined myself to a request for more detailed information. "The prevalent custom in our mother country," he ventured to explain, "had been, up to,the time of my departure, the time- honored tradition of agreement between the parents on the marriage of their children. They were rare instances, indeed, where especially a girl thought of marrying against the wishes of her parents. The father's choice of a mate must be deemed the best and only choice. The girl, in defying parental authority, ran the risk of becoming a social outcast. And we should bear in mind that in the quasi-patriarchal life the Syrians still live in their native country, defiance of paternal authority meant dis- inheritance and grave distress. This applies more forcefully to the son, and where opportunities for gaining a livelihood are so NOVEMBER, 1928 31 meagre, it can be readily seen how difficult it must be for one to take the drastic step. "Now here in America we are not confronted with such an economic problem. The wealth of our immigrants was gained through sheer industry and personal initiative. Inheritance is no longer a factor in our marriage problem. "But other factors still remain to be reckoned with, principal among which is our consciousness of class which manifests itself in obnoxious fashion among some of our newly rich. Then there is the dilemma of inter-racial marriage which is becoming all the more acute in proportion to the progress of the evolutionary process which we are undergoing in our soil of transplanta- tion. And not least is the economic element which seems in these latter days to be hopelessly entangled with our marriage problem. All these should be considered from a new angle and in the light of our gradual adaptation to our new surroundings. For it is necessary to constantly keep in mind the fact that we are still in the transitory, evolutionary stage. We remain the first generation immigrants and neither has our stay been of sufficiently long duration to bring about a complete acclimatization, nor has the young generation become numerous and influential enough to cause the engulfing of the old in the invading tide of the new. "But this indecisive state is the most dangerous state. It may spell disaster if the course of our readjustment to our new surroundings is so shaped as to lead to a safe and beneficial result. Now in particular is the time when our every energy should be bent to steer clear of degrading and deteriorating influences and direct the course of our racial evolution in such chan- nels as will be productive of the best results for our own kind and for the nation of which we have become a part. Marriage, which is the foundation of happy family life, which in turn is the basis of the prosperity and progress of the nation, should be our principal concern in our present stage of transition. For upon the outcome of our efforts along this direction will depend either the improvement of the status of the race or its deterioration. A careful analysis should be made of the situation and constructive recommendations made as to the correction of whatever deficien- cies may be found to exist. I have long wished for some able1 leader or patriotically inspired organization to deal with this problem in the serious manner it deserves. This is a question that should be to us of the most vital importance, and what I 32 THE SYRIAN WORLD observe almost every day of the serious consequences of our present aimless course in regard to this serious matter makes me all the more convinced of the imperativeness of immediate action." By this time I fully realized the large scope of vision of our sage in dealing with this problem. I could not help but admire his patriotic spirit and his earnest solicitude for the welfare of the race. His buoyant spirit which I first observed now revealed to me the true cause of his happiness over what he termed the consummation of a perfect match. It was a case where he felt that such matches, being unmistakable omens of happy homes, meant the addition of solid constructive elements in the body social of the nation. I could further see that although he was readily susceptible to manifestations of joy over matters which conformed to his ideals, he was, none the less, deeply conscious of the serious nature of our social problems and earnest in dealing with them. Our conversation having run its regular course of time, and realizing that I could draw from our sage further valuable observations on the marriage problem which he seemed to deem of such fundamental importance, I asked the privilege of a further and more detailed discussion on the subject at a later date. This he promised to do and I in turn promise to report it in due time.

SUBTERFUGE

Al-Yamani relates the following dialogue between the great caliph Al-Ma'Moun and a bedouin who intercepted him on one of his journeys in the outskirts of Baghdad, when Al-Ma'Moun happened to be in a sportive mood: Bedouin—O Prince, I am a true Arab. Caliph—This is not surprising. Bedouin—I wish to make the pilgrimage. Caliph—The road is wide open. Bedouin—But I have not the necessary expense. Caliph—Then you are under no obligation. Bedouin—I am asking your assistance and not your legal opinion. The caliph laughed heartily and rewarded him. (M

NOVEMBER, 1928 33

Economic Recovery in Syria

Based on reports from Vice Consul Paul H. Ailing, Beirut; Consul Harry L. Troutman, Aleppo; Consul J. H. Kelly, Jr., and Clerk D. F. McGonigal, Damascus. (Note—This survey covers the year 1927 and is taken from Commerce Reports of September 24, 1928. While present economic conditions in the country may not be as healthy as those of last year, this summary of consular reports should be found of value in following up the fluctua- tions of conditions in the country) f "THE year 1927 in Syria was one of general recovery from the depression of 1926. Foreign trade showed a marked expansion, agricultural returns were fairly satisfactory, and industries were active. Exchange improved, and larger budget expenditures are anticipated for productive purposes. Preliminary data for 1927 indicate that the harvests were generally equal to those of the previous year, though certain cereals, especially wheat, are reported to have fared less favor- ably than other crops. The fruit crops were better than in 1926, and production of cocoons is estimated at 3,200 metric tons as compared with 3,160 metric tons in the previous year. Reports of agricultural returns from the Damascus district were more favorable than from the other regions, owing to the more stable conditions in that territory. The planting of mulberry trees, many of which were cut down during the war, continued at a satisfactory rate. Leading industries registered a general improvement over 1926, especially for textiles in Aleppo and Damascus. The tan- ning industry also reported a more favorable year. Syria is pri- marily an agricultural country, but the increased demand for the products of these small establishments is a favorable indication of the gradual return of the country to more stable conditions, following the unsettled period of 1925 and 1926. The credit situation was less stringent than in 1926. Al- though difficulties were encountered by textile importers in Beirut in meeting payments, because of the appreciation of the Italian lira, in general, a gradual expansion of normal credit operations was noted. The discount rate in Damascus varied from 6y2 per cent to 34 THE SYRIAN WORLD

12 per cent, while in Beirut it ranged between 9 and 10 per cent throughout the year. The budget for 1927 showed a balance of receipts and expenditures at 1,508,630 Syrian-Lebanese gold pounds (1 gold pound equals 20 gold francs); the total for the States under the mandate amounted to 2,775,790 Syrian gold pounds. For 1928 the budget of Syria is balanced at 2,343,608 Syrian gold pounds, the total for the mandated territory being 3,881,898 Syrian gold pounds. The increase over 1927 is accounted for by expenditures from special funds for productive purposes, especially along agricultural lines. The Syrian pound (£S), which is based on the French franc and is the official currency of the country, averaged $0,785 in 1927 as against $0,648 in 1926. The Turkish gold pound (£T), which circulates principally in Damascus, was quoted as low as $4.32 (par $4.40). Considerable road construction work was undertaken during the year, particularly in the northern parts of the country. This work was made possible through the release of funds collected fpin customs duties and set aside to guarantee payment of the portion of the Ottoman public debt allotted to Syria. Important construction during the year included a road between Latakia and Aleppo. Beginning with the second quarter of 1927, automobile traf- fic throughout the Damascus district became practically normal, following the military disturbances in this region. Shipping statistics for 1927 show a slight increase in ton- nage over 1926. There visited Syrian ports in 1927 a total of 820 steam and 2,283 sailing vessels of 1,830,363 aggregate tons as against 817 steam and 2,343 sailing vessels, of 1,768,744 aggregate tons, in the previous year. Foreign trade during 1927 showed a marked expansion over the previous year, but with a slightly larger adverse balance. Imports amounted to $50,300,000, as compared with $41,055,000 in 1926, an increase of 22.5 per cent; exports totaled $21*4-86,- 000 against $17,652,000, or 21.7 per cent increase. The increase in imports is accounted for principolly by larger purchases of cotton and cotton goods, livestock, industrial oils, and metal manufactures. Increased shipments of cereals and olive oil were chiefly responsible for the better showing in exports. NOVEMBER, 1928 35

France displaced Palestine as the leading country of destin? tion for exports and re-exports, taking 15.8 pepr cent (14.7 in 1926) of the total; the United States was next, with 13.5 per cent (12.8); Palestine, with 13.3 per cent (16.7); and Egypt, 1 with 11.5 (15.3). : France was again the chief source of imports, furnishing 15 per cent (19.9 in 1926) of the total; it was followed by Eng- land with 13.9 (13.6); Turkey, with 9.6 (9.5); Italy, with 9.4 (11); and the United States, with 6.8 (7.3). Imports from the United States in 1927 were valued at $3,431,000, as against $2,987,000 in 1926, an increase of 14.8 per cent. Automobiles and accessories, agricultural apparatus, textiles, and petroleum products constituted the principal imports. Exports to the United States had a total value of $2,905,886, as against $2,261,580 in 1926. As declared through the Ameri- can consulates, exports to the United States totaled $3,690,000, against $2,890,000 in 1926. Exports consisted chiefly of wool, licorice root, sausage casings, and nuts.

THE VALUE OF A REPUTATION

A nomad bedouin once sought the hospitality of Hatem, reputed to be the most generous among Arabs, and for some particular reason Hatem refused to entertain him. The bedouin had to spend the night in the open hungry and cold. In the morning the bedouin mounted his camel and rode away. But Hatem intercepted him and askd where he had spent the night and how he had fared. And the bedouin replied: "Last night I was the guest of Hatem who slaughtered a she- camel for me and provided me with the utmost of convenience and offered me the best of wines." Then Hatem said: "I am Hatem and you shall return with me and enjoy all that which you have described. But you must tell me your reason for having deliberately lied in this manner." Said the bedouin: "Your fame for generosity has gone far and wide throughout the land. If I were to recount my true experience people would not only ridicule me but would perhaps treat me with violence. It is, therefore, not for your sake but for my own safety that I would not attempt to discredit your reputation." 36 THE SYRIAN WORLD

Can We Retain Our Heritage?

A CALL TO FORM A FEDERATION OF SYRIAN SOCIETIES

By SALLOUM A. MOKARZEL

QURING the past two years there has been increasing evidence of a healthy awakening of racial consciousness among the younger generation of Syrians in the United States. From every section of the country comes news of the formation of new societies of our young people among both sexes. Where once there had been a suspicion of indifference, even hesitancy and reluctance to admit ^ one's racial extraction, we have in these societies proof positive that our young generation is beginning to show genuine pride in its origin. The truth seems to have dawned upon our youth that while it is the duty of every loyal American to hold America first in his or her love and esteem, there is no travesty on one's Americanism to know and to proclaim one's extraction. After all, the American nation is a conglomeration of various racial strains. Almost every element of the human race is represented in its makeup, and because this was brought about in such a comparatively short time racial origins are still markedly defined. Rather, there has appeared insidious attempts by one so-called element at monopolizing all the credit and all the honor for contributing all that there is virile and worth-while in the American nation. And by imputation, even by plain accu- sation, they ascribe to other racial strains all that is apprehensible in America. It is a destructive policy which this element, in its blind selfishness and narrow-minded views, fails to appreciate its harmful results. But we Syrians, as well as other races who are not classed among the so-called Nordics, want to prove that we are a valuable element in the composition of the American nation. We want to claim our rightful place and to express our resentment at the imputation of inferiority. The ultimate result of such a policy is bound to react to a better understanding and homo- geneity in the American nation. It is much more constructive Americanism than that advocated by that short-visioned class who arrogantly claim the country as exclusively their own, and would NOVEMBER, 1928 37 seek to substitute hatred and class prejudice for cooperation and understanding. The broad purpose underlying the establishment of Syrian- American societies is, therefore, to help bring about this understanding. It would help us first understand ourselves where this understanding has heretofore been woefully lacking. Our young generation had not in the past what it is now beginning to show of its appreciation of its splendid background. This was a nega- tive situation which not only did not help to breed self-respect, but rather tended to destroy it. A correction of this condition seems imperative, and one of the proper methods of approach to such a result is the encouragement of cooperative action through the establishment of organized bodies. Once this result is achieved substantial progress could be made toward taking the next logical step which would be to dif- fuse knowledge of our race, through the coordinated, collective efforts of these societies, among the general body of the American nation. Nothing nobler than such a purpose could be conceived in view of the expected beneficial results. Then it would be that we will not feel ourselves secluded and misunderstood and misjudged, nor would Americans remain in that state of ignorance about us as to cause their resultant lack of appreciation of us. Ignorance fosters fear and mistrust. America, above any other country in the world, needs the cementing influence of mutual understanding among her heterogenous elements. There are already some organized bodies, fostered by far-visioned, be- nevolently disposed Americans, doing splendid constructive work along this line. This could be strengthened and brought to more fruitful results and fuller success by cooperative effort on the part of the different racial groups along the same line. The Svrians should prove themselves willing to do their part. A recent case in point may well be cited as an illustration. During the course of this year the editor of this publication was asked to attend the annual celebrations of three local Syrian societies in Connecticut, namely, in Torrington, Waterbury and New London. In each case the Mayor, members of the City Council, judges, newspaper representatives and prominent citizens were invited to attend. And in every case there was an unfailing response. The subject of discussion was invariably along the line of the necessity of better understanding between the Ameri- cans and the more recently immigrating racial groups. The city h

38 THE SYRIAN WORLD officials and other representative citizens expressed in every instance their gratification at the opportunity for a better understanding of us. They hailed in us a valuable addition to the American nation. They came to know us in the light of our splendid historical background and of our recent constructive achievements in our adopted country. So it may readily be seen that it is incumbent upon us to make ourselves known in order that we may be appreciated. This was splendidly illustrated in the patriotic action of the Syrian and Lebanese societies of Connecticut. Such efforts as those mentioned above could be successfully duplicated in every city of the country. Let our people become conscious of their racial merits and claim their rightful position in the body social and politic of America. Once they fulfill this prime requisite for understanding no lawful credit would be denied them. But now a broader duty suggests itself, entailing cooperative action on a national scale. It is a plan that has been successfully followed by other racial groups and brought much power and prestige to them. It consists of forming a national federation of Syrian-American societies in the country for the purpose of promoting policies of general interests to the race as a whole. Local organizations would retain their independent status, simply adhering to the general policy of the Federation in national affairs as affiliated members. They would become the individiual units which go in the building of the general organization. Is not the time now ripe for such an effort? Judging by present indications, one is inclined to believe that it is. The numerous communications published so far in the SYRIAN WORLD prove the existence of such a tendency. What seems to be lacking is a central agency to act as a clearing house of information and interchange of ideas on the general plan. In the absence of any organized body for such a purpose, the SYRIAN WORLD willingly offers itself as this necessary medium.

To this end we would submit the following propositions: 1. Every Syrian or Lebanese society in the United States, operating under whatever name but having for its purpose the promotion of the welfare of the Syrian race in America and willing to join in the proposed Federation, is requested to send in its name to the office of the SYRIAN WORLD together with what- mmmmsm

NOVEMBER, 1928 39

ever data it wishes to furnish on its objects, date of its foundation, number of its members, etc. Organizations of purely local or restricted nature, such as local church societies and others restricted in their objects to the interests of special towns, naturally could not be eligible to membership in the Federation. 2. Although there may be an expressed or implied wish to join the contemplated Federation, the responding societies are not obligated in any way by their replies. The present move is not an actual formation of the Federation, but a survey of the possibilities for a definite move towards that end. 3. From time to time a report on the progress of this preliminary work will be published in the SYRIAN WORLD, as well as any suggestions or opinions that organizations or individuals may wish to advance on whatever phase of the proposition. 4. The preliminary work of canvassing the sentiment com- pleted, a convention would be held of the representatives of the constituent societies to form the national body and to meet at whatever place and time will be decided upon by tentatively pledged members.

It is apparent from the above that for the present we are only making a bid for national unity. We are fully aware of the difficulties besetting the path of such an undertaking never before seriously attempted among the Syrians. But we have faith in the rising generation which we believe is becoming more and more conscious of the urgency of this duty. It is upon them that the task falls to carry forth the torch bequeathed to them in precious legacy by their illustrious forebears. They have a priceless heritage the maintenance of whose memory will urge them to more noble efforts if they would but develop an adequate consciousness and appreciation of its importance. Those progressive, virile societies which have so far displayed a tendency along this line may be depended upon to help carry the movement on to a successful culmination. It is the hope and the prayer of every well-wisher for the future of the race that our young generation will prove itself appreciative of the benefits of collective action and rise to the opportunity now presenting itself to it. Syrian-American clubs and societies exist almost everywhere in America and the patriotic motives prompting their formation could best be accomplished by a na- 40 THE SYRIAN WORLD tional federation. Details of organization, such as regional coun- cils, conditions of charter and other matters could be discussed at the general convention. There is immense benefit in Syrian societies joining together in a federation such as is now proposed for bringing about the solidarity of the race, promoting its prestige and working for its more adequate understanding. There is also added benefit in the closer contact that would be inevitably established among the scattered elements of the race. Constructive propositions brought before the conventions of the federation would have a much greater chance of being acted upon where now they fail to materialize for lack of sufficient support. We would suggest that every Syrian and Lebanese society to whose attention this proposition is brought make it a subject for consideration at an early date. It is our hope that in be coming issue of the SYRIAN WORLD a substantial list of responding societies could be published. It should be realized that co- operating societies will go down in history as having built tho foundatoin of the future glory of the race.

Arab Proverbs

He who preaches and fails to practice is like a bow minus a string.

You are known by your speech because every man is hidden underneath his tongue.

The three unfailing characteristics which elicit love and admiration of a man are his fear of God, his humility and his generosity.

The sweetness of success effaces the bitterness of struggle.

Many a silence may be much more eloquent than speech.

The worst type of man is he who becomes indifferent to the opinion of others. 41 NOVEMBER, 1928

EDITORIAL COMMENT

RECOGNIZING RACIAL their unstinted loyalty to Amer- GROUPS ica whether in volunteering I for active service or in subscribing 'THE destiny of the American to the Liberty Loans. This same nation is that of ultimattely condition is repeated in political being molded into one homoge- campaigns when all parties bend nous whole. That it is still un- every effort to make the most der the necessity of recognizing capital out of race appeals. racial strains is due to the fact In some sections of the coun- that the rapid increase in the try certain racial strains are population ,was brought about known to predominate and the by accretion through immigra- appeal for political support is tion rather than by a natural modified to suit the particular process of reproduction. The leanings or traditions of these ultimate- result will come when stocks. Secretary Hoover is sufficient time had elapsed for known to have rendered valu- the obliteration of all racial ves- able aid to the war orphans of tige in the nation so that noth- Germany and this is stressed to ing of the present condition will its greatest possible advantage remain except as a distant mem- in the Republican bid for the ory. so-called German vote. While In the meantime the exist- on the other hand Governor ing situation cannot be ignored. Smith is one of the outstanding Racial groups are still so sharp- champions of the application of ly defined that they are recog- human interpretation to the en- nized by the foremost exponents forcement of the law, having of amalgamation. The men in committed himself to the inter- whose hands the destiny of the pretation of immigration laws nation is placed are in the van- on this basis, and this is made guard of those who appeal to the foundation of an appeal for the different racial groups on his support on the part of all the basis of their ethnological immigrants. extraction. This condition becomes more Both Presidential candidates evident in the stress of every receive representatives of racial national emergency. During groups as such and feel no scru- the war a direct appeal was ples in recognizing them and made to racial groups to prove making a direct bid for their 42 THE SYRIAN WORLD

support on this basis. Both Na- tion of true American ideals tional Committees have organ- through the best available ized bureaus at their headquar- methods for cooperation. And ters for the prosecution of the as such it should be exploited political campaign among the to its fullest capacity to the end different racial groups We read of promoting understanding of rallies of citizens of certain and insuring the bringing about extractions bemg sponsored by of a fusion based on complete both parties and addressed by harmony and compatibility. official representatives of each of the political bodies. Foreign language newspapers are allotted a share of paid campaign publicity. A SYRIAN UNIVERSITY It may also be recalled that IN AMERICA during the war the Federal pOR some time a certain vis- Government of the United ionary has been publishing a States deemed it necessary to in- series of articles in the Arabic stitute a bureau for the pro- press of New York urging the motion of war work among for- founding.of a "Syrian Univer- eign-born citizens as a regular sity" in the United States. The branch of the government. This idea in itself is not new. Sev- bureau was later continued as eral Syrians within the last the Interracial Council with the twenty years have urged the es- tacit approval of the government. tablishment of such an educational institution. But we may In all this it is plain that there excuse earlier efforts or proposi- exists a condition in America tions of this nature because of which cannot be consistently de- the peculiar psychology of the nied. It is aggravated, or rath- Syrians at the time. It may be er made more palpable, in times frankly admitted that in those of stress and national emergen- days they had not ripened into cies. If it is not manifestly en- 1 00 per cent Americans. They couraged it is at least condoned. were still laboring under the This state of affairs is bound to idea that they owed their un- continue for an indefinite time. stinted devotion and the best of, It should, however, not be in- their loyalty to their mother terpreted as disloyalty to Amer- country and native language. ica. It should, rather, be inter- They only thought of making preted as the most natural and their fortune in haste "here" logical course for the promo- and enjoying it at leisure "over 43 NOVEMBER, 1928

there." They gave little evitable and accept the fact that thought to the future of their Arabic cannot be perpetuated in children in this country and America except as an academic lulled themselves into the be- language. Arabic is, indeed, a lief that they could pattern beautiful language full of price- them after their own designs. less treasures, but this can be v appreciated only by the scholar- ButDUL nowI1UW LUliuiuuiioconditions have"»' un-•—- -ri tii dergone a complete change, ly few. It would be preposter- Such designs as heretofore en- ous to expect our young gener- tertained by most Syrians in the ation in America to accept it as earlier period of their immigra- a medium of general utility, tion are now dismissed as ridic- Commenting on the proposi- ulous. There were those who tion, Meraat-Ul-Gharb corn- still dreamed of the possibility promises by advocating the es- of return even up to the close of tablishment of a chair for Ara- the war, but those of this class bic in one of the principal Amer- who did return were quickly ican universities. Let us ex- disillusioned. It took but a brief plain that such facilities for stay to convince them that the learning Arabic exist in most atmosphere of America was universities and could be in- more congenial to their temper- creased if there should develop ament. sufficient demand to warrant such action. The fact is that To now witness the revival whatever demand there exists of such an impossible proposi- for learning Arabic does not tion as that of the establishment come from Syrian students but of an Arabic or Syrian Univer- from Americans striving for a sity in the United States may be scholastic career. indulgently looked upon as the What may be given some last gasp of a dying hope. The consideration is the establish- undertaking, in the first place, ment of a center, in cooperation is too ambitious. It takes more with one of the American uni- than a paltry few thousand dol- versities, for Arabic culture. lars to found and endow a uni- There is already several such versity. Furthermore, the cli- units connected with Columbia, mate of America is inclement the latest addition being the for such a purely foreign establishment. Even if success Casa Italiana. should be met in giving birth to Even such a project, while such a child of fancy it would nowhere as ambitious as the soon die a miserable anaemic. founding of a whole university, We may as well admit the in- may be difficult of accomplish- 44 THE SYRIAN WORLD

ment. We need first to develop of, and pride in, our racial sufficient pride in our racial cul- talent. ture and traditions to prompt The sponsors of this jubilee us to serious efforts to perpetu- have as yet made no announce- ate them. To our mind, this ment of any definite plan. We latter scheme seems to be not trust, however, that they will only the most plausible but the prosecute, the matter actively most valuable. and be able to make some form What may also be taken into of a definite announcement in consideration is that in such an the very near future. undertaking support could be expected not only from Syrians This same sense of recogni- in America but from individual tion o£our native talent was in Americans interested in Arabic rnind^ when we planned to hold culture and possibly from the a reception to our distinguished governments of Arabic-speaking author and traveler, Am;een Ri- countries. hani, upon his return to the United States. We failed to make announcement of our in- tentions owing to the indefinite HONORING time of Rihani's arrival. Now OUR TALENT that we have definite informa- ^S-SAYEH, one of our New tion that he is in England, and York Arabic dailies, suggests that his arrival is but a matter the celebration of Kahlil Gib- of weeks, we may at least make ran's silver jubilee as a writer. announcement of the fact ten- It points out that the influence tatively. The form the recep- of our celebrated author and ar- tion will take and the exact date tist has been such as to prompt and place of holding it will be in us a certain feeling of pride determined by circumstances in his achievement. This pride following his arrival. Most could not be more fittingly ex- probably the affair will be in the pressed than by a public testi- form of a banquet. monial. Pending the formation of The SYRIAN WORLD heartily definite plans, however, we 1 subscribes to the above proposi- would invite those interested in tion. Gibran has been one of. joining a movement for honor- our most potent moral forces. ing Mr. Rihani to communicatte Honoring him is honoring our- with the office of the SYRIAN selves and by holding a fitting WORLD so that they may be ad- public testimonial we would be vised directly of whatever plans expressing our due recognition may be> formulated. ______*____————,

NOVEMBER, 1928 45

Spirit of the Syrian Press Under this caption we hope to present from time to time a microcos- mic picture of the Arabic press, not only in this country, but wherever Arabic dailies and magazines reflect the opinions of responsible, thinking writers who are treating the different problems that confront tha Arabic- speaking world from all conceivable angles. Needless to say, we will taka no part in the discussions reproduced, nor assume any responsibility. Our task will simply consist in selecting, to the best of our knowledge and with utmost sincerity, what we think is representative of the public opi- mion as expressed in these editorials. Bditor.

ALLENBY IN NEW YORK ertheless we believe that it is incumbent upon us to do honor to the vis- WHERE are the sons of Jerusalem iting Lord. To us he represents true and of the hills of Judea and heroism and of him it may be said Galilee? Where are the inhabitants that he has written his great deeds of Damascus, the Baka' plain, Horns, ineffaceably in the history of lib- and Allepo ? Where are they ? And erty. It is not his fault that suc- what may be the reasons that pre- ceeding events took an unsatisfac- vent them from doing honor to the tory course. We would, therefore, deliverer of Palestine and the liber- recommend that proper honor be giv- ator of Syria from the yoke of the en Lord Allenby notwithstanding Turks? the objection that Palestinians Where are the brave sons of Leb- may make to the effect that the great anon whose deliverance was due in conqueror only transferred the coun- part to the rapid advance of the Eng- try from one servitude to another. lish armies from Egypt? We earnestly trust that they will Why do not the immigrants in the rise above these considerations and United States coming from those look only at the true heroism in the countries rise to welcome and hail man. this great historic figure who drove —As-Sayeh, N. Y., Oct. 3, 1928. the Turks beyond Allepo and deliv- ered the country of a great scourge? The great victory of Lord Allenby may have been neutralized by later IN EMULATION OF COLUMBUS events in Syria. It may be true his We do not believe in placid con- deliverance of Palestine was simply in the nature of a service to the Jews. tentment and sterility. Furthermore, we cannot help but re- We are not satisfied with things sent the perverted policy which rais- as they were simply because of tra- ed the Arabs of Al-Hejaz to the po- dition. sition of rulers which had the effect of bringing about confusion border- We are rebels against reaction in ing on anarchy in our country. Nev- favor of progress. 46 THE SYRIAN WORLD

We abide by all laws even those FRENCH REINFORCEMENTS that we believe are not just, but TO SYRIA those falling in the latter category We have been aware for some time we shall strive to correct or have of the dispatching of French rein- repealed with all lawful means. forcements to Syria. The explana- We believe in those who believe tion given at the time was |that in progress and the necessity of sac- France was apprehensive of aggres- rifice just as Columbus believed and sive designs on the part of the Turks had the courage to declare his be- on the northern borders of the man- lief in spite of all persecution. dated territory. It now transpires When we celebrate Columbus Day that these reinforcements are de- we do honor to that great progres- signed to check any new move by sive spirit which had the courage to the Syrians at rebellion. This we venture in search of the unknown learned from no less a source than and succeeded in discovering a veri- one of the militaristic French pa- table paradise for men. He is a hu- pers. manitarian saint. The country he We may hasten to assure France has discovered became populated by that Syrians contemplate no further men whose love for liberty is a pas- armed clashes with disciplined and sion and whose great industry has well equipped French military placed them in the front rank of the forces. The Syrians are sane enough nations of the world. To them it is to realize that they could not meet the sterling character of the great France on an equal footing on the discoverer that counts, and they do field of battle. This, however, should him honor regardless of the fact be taken as no proof that they will that he was of the Catholic faith or desist from claiming their indepen- that his reputed parentage was Jew- dence. This natural right for free- ish and his extraction Spanish or dom is something that neither bayo- Italian. nets nor bullets could kill in the breast of a live nation. Columbus ranks among the great- The Syrians have learned a lesson est of heavenly messengers, and it in the insurrection of 1925 and 1926. is for that reason that we celebrate They appreciate that armed conflict his day with joy as we would the brings in its wake, aside from the greatest among saints. loss in lives, irreparable economic Columbus succeeded in achieving waste. For this reason the leaders victory over ignorance and supersti- of the nationalistic party have de- tion. He brought forth conclusive cided on the wiser course of amicable proof that he who seeks earnestly negotiation to gain as much of their and with determination is bound to demands as they possibly can for the find. His case is a palpable illus- time being. tration of the axiom that no difficulty —Meraat-Ul-Gharb, N. Y., Oct. 20. can stand in the way of will power guided by knowledge. LEBANON NOT FOR SALE —Al-Hoda, N. Y., Oct. 11, 1928. In Lebanon there is complete sep- aration between church and state. The constitution of the country does , ' NOVEMBER, 1928 47

not recognize any official religion for charge of murder, arson and theft. the government. Whoever is best We have been among the strong- fitted may be elected to the highest est exponents of dealing strict jus- office within the gift of the nation tict in th:s case. But when we dis- regardless of 'his religious belief. cover that there is so much readi- We believe there are now in Leb- ness between the interested parties > anon many outstanding personalises themselves to effect a reconcilia- who are fitted to assume the high tion, rather than stand by legal office of the presidency. Suffice it to rights, we can but hail this pacific mention such well-known men as spirit and express the hope that it Habeeb Pasha Saad (Maronite), will be of long duration. Premier of the present r >vernment; We earnestly trust that Christian Sheikh Joseph Al-Kazin (Maronrite), and Druze will live as two brothers the fearless member of the Repre- under one patriotic flag discarding sentative Assemb'y; his colleague their old enmity and rancor. Emir Fouad Arslan (Druze); It is our equal hope that the Mos- Sheikh Mouhammed Al-Jiser (Mos- lem and Christian will cooperate as lem), President of the Representative loyal partners by way of promoting Assembly, and other national leaders. the welfare of their common country. These are but a few men each of A primary requisite to such a whom is better fitted to assume the blissful condition is that former ag- high office than Emir George Lut- gressors should feel thorough repen- fallah whose only claim to fitness tance for their past depredations. seems to be his great wealth. They should eradicate not only from It would be a sorry state of af- their own hearts but also from the fairs, indeed, if the country is reduc- hearts of their children the effects of ed to such a condition where it would long standing religious prejudice and have to sell away its highest elec- bitterness. Th-;s should be done in tive office. It does not behoove Leb- the interest of preventing the repe- anese traditions to place the Presi- tition of such conditions in the fu- dency of their country on the mar- ture. The past should not repeat it- ket, that it may be within the reach self by having these reconciliations in of a man who is using his great the nature of a temporary and make wealth to corrupt civil officials and shift expediency. religious dignitaries by way of —The Syrian Eagle, N. Y., Oct. 18. propaganda for his cause. —Ash-Shaab. N. Y., Oct. 13, 1928. WHY WE ARE DEMOCRATS In the present political campaign RECONCILIATION Al-Hoda wishes to declare itself for We read in the Syrian Press that the Democratic party for many rea- through the efforts of the French sons, principal among which is its administrative investigator and the desire to uphold the Constitution of Mayor of the City of Zahle and oth- the United States which recognizes ers interested in the case of the no state religion. By this we would Rashayya sufferers, a reconciliation be giving our adherence to the prin- has been brought about between the ciple of religious tolerance and po- Rashayyites and those of the litical and social equality without dis- Druzes who are held for trial on the tinction. 48 THE SYRIAN WORLD

We furthermore believe that Gov. he shown in his appointments pref- Alfred E. Smith is the man of the erence for those of his religious hour in American politics, whose abil- creed or was governed in his actions ity, as proven by his great record, by religious considerations. The re- should be recognized by raising him ligious issue was raised by the Re- to the highest office within the gift publicans because they felt that of the nation. they could not defeat Governor We entertain great admiration for Smith otherwise, and it may be tak- Gov. Smith in having displayed the en for granted that if he is defeated moral courage of declaring for the it will be only on religious grounds. right of personal liberty and advo- —Ash-Shaab, N. Y., Oct. 4, 1928. cating the repeal of prohibition which has given rise to disrespect for all laws and caused an unprecedented THE ARMENIAN/ DANGER increase in crime. Gov. Smith's proposals for a hu- The rumor that the Mandatory manitarian application of the immi- Power was considering permitting gration law is also one of the out- the entry of two hundred thousand standing issues for which he deserves new Armenian refugees to Syria support. caused the Syrians to protest direct —Al-Hoda, N. Y., Oct. 20, 1928. to Paris and to the eLague of Na- tions and had the effect of eliciting a formal denial from the Mandatory RELIGION IN POLITICS authorities in Damascus that any such move was contemplated. In the Technically there is no religious o;cial statement the authorities as- question in the United States such as serted that they were only concern- exists in Mexico, but actually there ed with improving the living condi- has been injected into American pol- tions of the Armenian refugees al- itics what we may call the question ready admitted. of religious intolerance which is be- We fail to see the reason for such ing fanned more and more into flame We fail to see the reason for such by the action of Protestant minis- excitement among the Syrians over ters. the so-called Armenian influl. We do. The Republican Party denies that however, see symptoms of grave dan- it is opposing Governor Smith on ger in the continental differences religious grounds, but anyone fol- arising among the Syrians them- lowing the trend of plitical events in selves. In their present political evo- ceive that many Republican leaders lution they seem to have lost sight the American press can readily per- of the fundamental conditions which are seeking to make the most capi- make for the stabilization of the tal out of the religious issue. country and lead to its permanent The whispering campaign that if welfare. We would, under the cir- Governor Smith is elected we would cumstances, urge that the Syrians have in the United States a clerical direct their attention towards the government is not only false but elimination of their internal differ- malicious. Governor Smith has been ences which have the effect of re- governor of the Empire State of New tarding the progress of the country. York for four terms and never has —Syrian Eagale, N. Y., Oct. 29,1928. NOVEMBER, 1928 49

Readers' Forum

Now, should we have a national IN FAVOR OF A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION prganization of young people? We should, and why? To understand each Editor, The Syrian World: other better, and to understand the I was exceedingly impressed with traditions of our ancestry, and to do the discussion on the question of a away with some of the traditions national organization of Syrian so- which are not worth while in this day cieties in the October issue. and age; to be better young men and It seems to me that some of our women; to have sound Christian young people are disposed to deny character; to be better American citi- the fact that they are Syrians, and zens (for, after all, this is our coun- why? They know of nothing they try) and to always be proud of our can be proud of in being Syrian. ancestral blood. These are just a Most of them haven't the least idea few of the reasons why we should where Syria is located on the map get together. of the world. Syria has no flag, no national language (I do not believe The next question is, "How are we that Arabic could be called the na- going to get together?" There are tional language of the Syrians, as several ways in which this could be many other people speak it, and done. I would suggest that the Syr- Syrians are often confused for Ara- ian World employ a young people's bians or Turks when saying that editor. Before anything could be they speak the Arabic language), accomplished, the idea must be cre- and is not a self-governed country. ated in the minds of the people every- All of these things are a handicap where. If public opinion is in favor to Syrians when explaining their of it, and I am sure they will be, the nationality to any one. However, next step is easier. Why not have let us forget these things for a while, all the different societies in the and see what Syria really stands for. United States get in touch with the Syria is the birthplace of Chris- Young People's editor and give them tianity. It was in Antioch of Syria or her their views? Or have the that the people were first called different branches send delegates and "Christians." Christ, the greatest hold a state meeting and let the man that humanity has ever known, different state officials get in touch was born in Syria. Isn't this some- with the editor of the Syrian World. thing to be proud of ? What is there Through the editor they can decide in the world that is greater than upon a meeting place, and set a Christianity? Christianity is the date for the place, and then hold a basis of civilization and of all that is national convention; set up a consti- worth while in this world. If Syria tution, elect officers, and decide upon stood for nothing else, this is enough. a name for the organization. I would Every young Syrian should be proud suggest that the national convention of his or her background, for we be held in a centrally located city, have claim to the greatest birth in one that can be reached from all the world, even Christ- points of the United States with the 50 THE SYRIAN WORLD

least difficulty. Of course, this is can—be a good Syrian first! merely a sug-gestion. There may be MARY SOLOMAN. others who have different and better Mishawaka, Indiana. ideas. Nevertheless, I think the " Syrian World should start a discus- ADMIRER OF SYRIANS sion on this subject and get the gen- Editor, The Syrian World: eral public acquainted with the idea. I have learned to admire the Syr- I think that the different Syrian ian race to whom I have been at- newspapers in the country ought to tracted by their history and tradi- do their part in this. If we want the tions. The Syrians whom I person- . I next generation to be a success, we ally know I have found to be citizens must help educate the young folks, of the highest type whose love for as the young people of today are go- their mother country does in no way ing to be the men and women of detract from their loyalty to their tomorrow. adopted country. Young folks, keep this in mind— In reading your very able edito- we are Americans, it is true, and of rial in the October issue on "Re- this fact we should be proud, but ligion in Politics" I am prompted all Americans are only an offspring to extend you my compliments and of one nation or the other, so are express the hope that such lofty we an offspring of the Syrian nation. ideals be given their due considera- Therefore, we should not only be tion for their inevitable reaction to proud of what we are now, but we the benefit of mankind. should take pride in our ancestral DR. CHARLES BORDA. background. Let us do our best, and Atlantic City, N. J. help in this great national movement of unity, for where there is unity AN AMERICAN OPINION. there is success. During the two years that I have This is going to be a great task, been a reader of the Syrian World I and it will take time and leader- have been deeply interested as well ship to accomplish it, but as the old as instructed upon many points. The saying is, "Where there's a will, history of ancient empires and an- there's a way." cient races is good reading always, Let us hear your opinion on this and truly the Syrian people should question. I think that some of our read with pride their splendid maga- older folks should take an interest zine, The Syrian World. in this, and give us their opinions. I In your editorial comment of Octo- am hoping that we will have a lively ber "Religion in Politics" is worthy discussion, which will bring results in of note and should appeal to every the near future. American citizen with a mind open If this unity does not occur at to receive. once, we should not be discouraged, The poem "Wine Lyric of Al- but we should be patient and opti- Farid" is full of inspiration, wisdom mistic, and if all give their whole- and mysticism. I s'hall have to read hearted support to this cause, we and re-read it in order to reach its know that there is nothing but suc- depths. cess ahead. JOSEPHINE M. CRICK. Do you want to be a good Ameri- Niagara Falls, N. Y. NOVEMBER, 1928 51

Political Developments in Syria

Syria is still awaiting the outcome element has no quarrel with High of the High Commissioner's visit to Commissioner Ponsot who is said to Paris. The latest semi-official news have accepted the draft of the Consti- seems to put at rest the rumors that tution in full and made the reserva- M. Ponsot will be substituted for a tions to the six objectionable articles military man or even a civil official. only at the express command of the The report that former High Com- Foreign Office. Hanano maintains missioner de Jouvenel will succeed that an amicable solution will still Ponsot proved erroneous, because be reached with France. the former had staked his return Another influential Nationalist upon his success in inducing the For- leader, Fouzi Bey Gazzi, is reported eign Office to consider the appoint- to have expressed extreme surprise ment of Emir George Lutfallah eith- at the comment of the French and er as a ruling prince or as a presi- English press on the supposedly dent in Lebanon. Now it has come strained relations between France to be known that the Foreign Office and Syria. He is said to have taken refused to entertain any such prop- particular exception to the unfound- osition from the aspiring Prince be- ed claim that the Syrians feel bit- cause of his former activities in terly the attitude of France and sponsoring the Syrian revolution. could never be reconciled to her man- Other seemingly authentic reports date over their country. The coun- indicate that the return of M. Pon- try that would enter into a treaty of sot was set for the middle of Octo- alliance and amity with another can- ber, he having come to an under- not be accused of being the other's standing with the Government on a enemy, he said. definite course of action in Syria, This same leader praised unstint- Although the details of the new plan ingly the diplomatic conduct of the have not been divulged, they are High Commissioner and his assistant supposed to contain the maximum of M. Maugras, and accused those what France is ready to give to the spreading reports of the Nationalists' Syrians. dissatisfaction with M. Ponsot of be- Meanwhile speculation in Damas- ing reactionaries aiming to deprive cus is rife during the recess of the the country of the advantages of an Constituent Assembly. There are understanding with France. still the firebrands who refuse to Paris advices are to the effect that entertain any solution except on the the Chamber of Deputies had passed basis of complete independence for by a majority of one the bill reduc- Syria, but the responsible leaders ing this year's appropriations for appear to be willing to enter on Syria ten million francs, and by the some sort of compromise. A public same action defeated the Socialists' statement by Ibrahim Bey Hanano, proposal to cut down the appropri- chairman of the Constitution Com- ations 74 millions. The strong ar- mittee in the Constituent Assembly, gument that swayed the Deputies would indicate that the Nationalist was that France could not afford, at 52 THE SYRIAN WORLD the present stage, to lay the man- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The dated territory open to another in- next day the business section of the surrection such as that of the city was closed and in press dispatch- Druzes, while England has decided es this was represented as a protest on laying the pipe line for the petrwi on the part of the Syrians to the re- of Mosul within its own mandated ported decision of the League of Na- territory in spite of the extra ex- tions to send some two hundred thou- pense this undertaking entails, be- sand additional Armenians to Syria. cause it claims that French terri- The government of Sheikh Tajeddin tory is seething with disturbances is reported to have been forced to and consequently deemed unsafe. resign as a result of the ensuing dis- The break between the Provision- turbances. al Government and the Nationalist Party is now complete. The Presi- SITUATION IN LEBANON dent, Sheikh Tajeddin, who had been once affiliated with the Nationalist The situation in Lebanon seems to Party and on the strength of this have been reduced to that of admin- relation received his appointment istrative readjustment. Following pending the decision on the final the induction of the new Cabinet the form of government for the country, principal elective post to be filled was was accused of having deserted the that of the President of the Repre- Nationalist cause during the sessions sentative Assembly whose term of of the Constituent Assembly. Later office expired in October. As usual he was said to have resorted to in- in such cases, there was a lively timidation to break the resistance of discussion as to which religious de- the Nationalists. The climax of the nomination should have the post and struggle was reached early in Oc- the matter was finally settled by re- tober when the editor of Nizam, a electing the Moslem President newspaper supporting the govern- Sheikh Mohammed Al-Jesr. ment, was set upon and beaten. He A serious situation arose between accused the Nationalist leader Fakh- the Lebanese Government and the ri Bey Baroody of having sent hired Mandatory authorities as to Leb- thugs for the attack, and on the fol- anon's share of the customs' re- lowing day the editor personally at- ceipts. The Lebanese Government tacked Baroody and when the latter claimed a sum of £S.600,000 gold attempted to defend himself was re- pounds which the French refused to strained by a policeman. This action allow on pretense that the reduction was interpreted as resulting from in the tariff will result in dimin- a conspiracy hatched by Sheikh Ta- ished receipts. The 1929 budget for jeddin and the Natinonalists imme- Lebanon, however, had included diately called a mass meeting of pro- £S.310,000 on the strength of the test. When the gendarmerie at- High Commissioner's promise that tempted to disperse the crowd and this amount would be forthcoming to met with resistance several men Lebanon. This amount was finally were arrested. This action infuri- agreed upon as Lebanon's share from the customs' receipts for the coming ated the Nationalists who sent tele- year. , , graphic protests to High Commis- The President of Lebanon, Charles sioner Ponsot in Paris and to the Dabbas, made a tour of the country NOVEMBER, 1928 53 and was enthusiastically received by what is tantamount to an official everywhere, especially in the Bekah repudiation of Lutfallah by the plain. It is suspected that this move French authorities. was undertaken in view of the ap- The perennial question of religious proaching elections which fall next representation comes up again in May and the desire of the President Lebanon in a different form. Now it to sound the sentiment for his candi- is a Moslem paper of Beirut claim- dacy for a second term. Another ing the right of the Presidency for plausible reason mentioned in connec- a Moslem. It explains that while the tion with this tour is the desire to Christian element in Lebanon was in test the loyalty of the territories the majority before the annexation annexed to Lebanon which previous- of the new territory, it has now be- ly had been a part of Syria. This come predominantly Moslem by rea- was said to have been demonstrated son of the annexation. Judging by in the most satisfactory manner. As the tone of the Lebanese Moslem a result of this tour, it is also claim- papers, the Moslems of Lebanon ed, a decisive blow was dealt to what- would wish nothing better than to ever aspirations Emir George Lut- merge the whole of Lebanon into the fallah still entertained to become body politic of Syria. President of Lebanon. STAND OF THE DRUZES The agitation for Lutfallah has been taken all too seriously by all The remnant of the Druze fighting classes of the Lebanese. Because forces who sought refuge in Trans- there were reports that this Emir had made a pact with former High jordan and are now settled in Wadi Commissioner de Jouvenel to pro- Sirhan are reported to be in great mote some sort of financial scheme distress, issuing repeated appeals for for Lebanon, it was said that de Jou- funds. Sultan Pasha Atrash, their venel was seeking reappointment as. leader, has declared in favor of union High Commissioner for Syria prima- rily to aid the Emir in the pursuit with the central government of Da- of his ambitions. This had the ef- mascus, but in this he is said not to fect of arousing the Lebanese to an represent the wishes of the majority unprecedented degree, even the Mar- of his people. Being chiefly farm- onite Patriarch making a public ers, and having had a succession of statement that he would never give bad seasons and failing crops, they his approval to any such designs. An- other Maronite dignitary, Archbishop are said to prefer retaining their Mubarak of Beirut, both in his pub- autonomy and paying only nominal lic speeches and in his statements to taxes rather than have to pay the the press, asserted that he had tak- almost prohibitive taxes levied on en the matter up officially with the the farmers of Syria. French Foreign Office and with the High Commissariat and was assured Road building and other improve- that the candidacy of Emir Lutfallah ments continue on a large scale in could never be seriously considered the Druze Mountain as well as in by them. It now seems that this other sections of the mandated ter- matter has been definitely set at rest ritories. 54 THE SYRIAN WORLD

About Syria and Syrians

RIHANI COMING TO Saoud presented him from the royal THE UNITED STATES stable. Ameen Rihani, author of "Maker of Modern Arabia," -Which has come to be considered a textbook of hith- COMING DRIVE FOR erto unavailable information on THE RED CROSS King Ibn Saoud and his country, is now in England on his way to the The annual drive for the Red Cross United States. The Syrian press an- will be launched early in November. nounced his departure early last As usual, the Syrians are expected month at the invitation of The Cen- to be liberal contributors. tral Asian Society to address it on A novel arrangement for this, his experiences and observations year's drive is that racial groups are while traveling in Arabia. asked to turn in their contributions Mr. Rihani is not a stranger to collectively. This may be designed America. Besides being an Ameri- as a means of healthy competition can citizen, he has lived in New York among the different communities of most of his life. His frequent trips foreign extraction, and as such it abroad in later years have been for should be hailed with pleasure by the purpose of seeking the quiet at- the Syrians because we feel confident mosphere of his birthplace in Leb- they will make a splendid showing. anon for rest and study, as well as Mrs. Alkazin, wife of our popular for enriching his experience by many dentist and literateur, is chairman adventurous journeys into the heart of the Syrian Committee for Greater of Arabia and throughout the East. New York, while Dr. Philip K. Hjtti Prior to his departure for the is honorary chairman. The names United States Mr. Rihani rounded of the other members of the commit- out his interesting travels by un- tee will be announced later in the dertaking an extensive tour through Syrian press. the Druze country and other little Solicitors in the field will undoubt- frequented sections in the interior of edly be many, but inasmuch as it Syria. is the express wish of the Central What makes the experiences of Committee to have contributions Mr. Rihani singularly interesting come from racial groups, it would be is that besides enjoying the advan- well for Syrians to favor their own tages of a western training as ob- solicitors with their donations. server and writer, he is a native of We understand that a large volun- the language and has a wide reputa- teer force will be organized to cover tion as patriot and reformer, which the Syrian field and it is confidently fact opens to him many places in- hoped that our support of the Red accessible to others. Cross on this occasion will be more We understand that Mr. Rihani liberal than usual owing to the ex- brings with him the full-blooded traordinary demand which developed Arabian horses with which King Ibn this year. NOVEMBER, 1928 55

ACTIVITIES OF NEWLY-FORMED ing a march on all his competitors by SYRIAN JUNIOR LEAGUE showing his samples to customers in the interior long before others The Syrian Junior League makes through the use of the airplane. its debut in the life of the New York The National Aviation Club of Ar- Syrian community with an interest- gentine has commended the action of ing program. On Thanksgiving Eve our highly enterprising Syrian mer- it will give a dinner-ball at the Hotel chant as being the first in the coun- McAlpin, and on January 18 it will try to use the airplane for commer- hold a reception in honor of Madame cial salesmanship. ilalide Edib, the well known Turkish feminist, novelist and reformer, now in the United States, who had the distinction of being the first woman of AMERICAN COLLEGES IN any nationality to be officially invited THE NEAR EAST to address the Institute of Politics By Berneice Griswold at Williamstown. The League is composed of a large A special benefit matinee, the first group of Syrian young women of of the season, has been arranged for New York "who are interested in a Friday afternoon, November 16, program of self-development and when Madame Maria Jeritza, sup- usefulness to themselves and to the ported by Giacomo Lauri-Volpi and community." Guiseppe De Luca, will sing Turan- We learn that members of the dot at the Metropolitan Opera League will be active in the coming House in New York to aid the work drive for the Red Cross. of the six American colleges in the Mrs. Jos. W. Ferris was particu- Near East. larly active in furthering the idea The colleges have been established for this organization among our so- by prominent New York families ciety buds. during the past century for the purpose of giving young men and women in Balkan, Near and Middle Eastern countries a modern, scien- TYPICALLY PHOENICIAN tific education which will help them COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE to develop school, sanitary and med- Senor George Shahdan, a Syrian ical systems in their own countries. merchant of Argentine, took up avi- More than 3,000 homes in twenty ation as a sport and made several odd countries are influenced each successful flights, taking for pas- year through the students enrolled senger the President of the Aviation in these colleges with the result that Club. they are well known and highly re- Being a Wholesale merchant, and garded in even remote districts of inheriting the pioneering commercial Persia, the Soudan, among desert instinct of his ancestors, the Phoe- tribes and in isolated towns and vil- nicians, he soon decided that his lages of Turkey and all of the Ara- knowledge of aviation should be ex- bic speaking countries. Leading ploited to its fullest advantages. As families of all faiths number one or a consequence, he is now acting as two members at least who have been his own traveling salesman and steal- educated at one of these colleges and I

56 THE SYRIAN WORLD NO] rulers' of many of the Near Eastern teaching in the Women's Constan- countries are personally interested tinople College, also an American in- write in the colleges. stitution. gestu The Shah of Persia Who resided Mrs. Lindbergh is reported to have Un in Beirut before he ascended the professed great admiration for the good throne is extremely interested in the culture of Eastern peoples and to in Sj American University of Beirut and have made public her intention of ing 1 has appealed to President Bayard visiting the Holy Land next sum- tion Dodge for assistance in establishing mer with her famous son. They will tion a modern elementary educational make the trip from Constantinople also system in his country. Through his by airplane as the mother, like her to n influence a Persian girl has entered son, is an air enthusiast. On htr re- the ] the School of Nursing at the Uni- cent trip across she took the steamer well versity this year, the first Persian to Naples and from there went by glori woman to take up the profession. air route to Constantinople. King Feisal of Iraq for several years We are also pleased to note that EXE has "Ibeen sending students to be upon leaving the United States she trained at the University of Beirut booked passage through the office of W for government posts. King Fuad our Syrian steamship agents, A. K. dep* of Egypt, the Queen Dowager Marie Hitti & Co. vers of Roumania, King Boris of Bulga- Coh ria, and others rulers are staunch last supporters of these colleges. Mus- in t tapha Kemal Pasha, president of the DOROTHY DIX BACK Beii Turkish Republic, and his Prime FROM THE DESERT ing Minister, Ismet Pasha, are both in- Ass terested in the American colleges in Miss Dorothy Dix, the foremost the Turkey, the latter having a brother American writer on love and kindred whi in the senior class of Robert College. matters, is back from a trip to Syria The sons and daughters of many Tur- and the desert. She is reported in kish deputies, provincial governors the American press as having made and diplomats are enrolled in the two some very valuable discoveries, prin- Constantinople colleges—Robert Col- cipal among which is that the lege for men and the Constantinople sheikhs of the desert are not what Woman's College. they are represented to be by fiction writers and that none of them had asked her advice on love. Miss Dix made the journey from MRS. LINDBERGH TO Damascus to Baghdad by motor TEACH IN BEIRUT through the heart of the Syrian Des- ert and is said to be the first Amer- The Constantinpole correspondent ican woman to have made the sup- of Al-Ahrar, one of the leading dail- posedly perilous trip. Her escort ies of Beirut, capital of the Lebanon is described as a six-feet-six native Republic, informs his paper that Mrs. in his sandals, which is quite some Lindbergh, mother of Col. Charles size for an Oriental, but he was chiv- Lindbergh, will spend next year in alrous and every night is said to Beirut teaching in the American have made an appearance, fully School for Girls. This year she is armed, at the tent of the American NOVEMBER, 1928 57 writer and her lady companion as a Syrian-American Press fascinated gesture of reassurance. him. He therefore secured some lino- Undoubtedly Miss Dix will have a type slugs together with copies of good deal to tell of her experiences the different Arabic newspapers in Syria and the East. Besides help- composed by the Linotype process ing to dispel the prevalent concep- and, upon returning to Urbana, made tion of the country gained from moan exhibit of his collection at the tion picture presentations, she must Oriental Museum of the University also have many interesting accounts of which he is curator. to relate of the settled sections of In reporting this exhibit, The Daily the land, of its flourishing cities as Illini, student newspaper of the well as of its wonderful relics of a University of Illinois, makes special glorious past. mention of As-Suyuti's Who's Who in the Fifteenth Century which was EXHIBIT OF WORK edited by Prof. Philip K. Hitti of OF ARABIC LINOTYPE Princeton and published by the When Prof. A. T. Olmstead, of the Syrian-American Press of New department of History of the Uni- York, noting that it is the first schol- versity of Illinois, was teaching in arly work in Arabic to be set on the Columbia University in New York Linotype. It was made a part of last summer, he became interested the exhibit. in the study of the Arabic Linotype. The publication of the account hav- Being an Oriental scholar and having been made in the issue of the ing delved deeply into the study of Daily Illini appearing on Dad's Day Assyrian history and civilization, had the effect of attracting large the work of the Arabic Linotype numbers of students and their par- which he saw in the plant of the ents to the exhibit.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE AMEEN RIHANI—Internationally known scholar and traveler. Author of "Maker of Modern Arabia" and of many other works of poetry and prose. REV. W. A. MANSUR — Syrian patriot and scholar, educated in Syria and at present minister of the First Methodist Church in Loretto, Nebraska. He is one of our regular contributors. KAHLIL GIBRAN — Author of The Prophet and other celebrated works and styled by American writers Poet of the Cedars and The Syrian Poet. DR. SALIM Y. ALKAZIN — English and Arabic poet and scholar. Professionally a dentist of Brooklyn. One of our regular contributors. A. HAKIM — Pen name of an old Syrian immigrant who is contributing to The Syrian World a special series of critical studies BENJ. T. HAFFIZ — Preac her and scholar, resident of Wash- ington, D. C. TATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT. CIRCULATION. TO, REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912. 01 The Syrian World published monthly at New York, N.Y„Oct. 1st, 1928. STATE OF NEW YORK. COUNTY OF NEW YORK, Before me, a Notary Public, in and for the state and county aforesaid, personally appeared Salloum A. Mokarzel, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the publisher of the The Syrian World, and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management (and if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in Che above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1921, embodied in section 411, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: • Name of— Post office address— Publisher, Salloum Mokarzel 104 Greenwich Street. By si Editor, Salloum Mokarzel 104 Gisenwich Street. Managing Editor, Salloum Mokarzel 104 Greenwich Street. Ente Business Managers, Salloum Mokarzel 104 Greenwich Street. 2. That the owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses ;VOI of stockholders owning or holding one per cent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given. If owned by a firm, company, or other unincorporated concern, its name and address, as well as those of each individual member, must be given.) Salloum A. Mokarzel 104 Greenwich St. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgages, and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so state.) None. A 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the A company but also, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, en; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is giv- full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under L which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe tfhat any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. 5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date shown above is. (This information is required from daily publications only.) S. A. Mokarzel. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 2nd day of October. 1928. [SEAL.] EDNA M. HUCKER, (Mycommission expires March 30, 1929.)