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The Rebellions of Sultan Al-Atrash and Shaykh Izz Al-Din

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The Rebellions of Sultan Al-Atrash and Shaykh Izz Al-Din NOTICE AVIS 3 The qualdy of lhfs microform is heavrty depearrt upon the La qualm5 de cene hcroforme depend grandement de la quddy of the original thests submitted tor maofdming quatrt6 de la these swmtse au mlcrofrlmage Nous avons Every effort has kenmade to ensure the hdghest qualrty of tout fait pour assurer une quatit6 superleure de repr~duc- repmkcton possrtrte tan I: pages are mrssing, contact the unwersay whch grarPted S'rl manque des pages, veuillez mmmunlquer avec the degree runiversitb qui a con%r6 le gradk. Some pages may have indlstit-ct print esgecalty rl the La quafit4 d'impressm de certalnes pages peut lalsser a orlginal pages were typed wrth a poor typewriter Wnor desirer, surtout st ks pages onginales ont 616 dactylogra if the tyllversrty sent us an mferior pbt-y dun ruban us8 ou si funiversn4 mus a fatt une phofmpie be qualit6 inf4rieure I Reprducton h full or in part of this microform IS vemed La re an,fr-i+me partlelte, de cette mcrolorme est by the CanadianCopjrighi Act. RSC. 1970. c. 80,ad wmtse B la La canadrenne sur le droft dauteur. SRC subsequent amendments 1970, c C-30, et ses amendements subs&uents L i I ' i I - RURAL REBELS AND URBAN NATIONALISTS I I i . IN SYRIA AND PALESTINE, 1~3-m ! 3 i I THE REBELLIONS 6~ SULTAN al-ATRASH d i i I B .AND SHAYKH IZZ al-DIN al-QASSAM. I t i d ! 'a i * 'I* / by . 'I c. v - Dale. ~bbertMartelli r' THE REQL•’RE%fE.fTf FOR 'THE DEGREE OF I I XfiASTER OF ARTS ,L'auteur a aococd4 une km et non exclusive pennettant 4 ta BiMoCh&que of [email protected]?, km, &tribute or seil hatbade du Canada ck reprodike, preter, copiesof~her~sb~anymeansahdin distribuer ou Wedes copies de sa Wse - anyfmorfomrat,~tfsis~aMilaMe de'qudqye manibre etaous qwlque forme ' to interested persons. que ce soit pour rnetke des exemplaires de ' cette these B la dispsit~onde5 peasonnes' interegsees 9 The author retains ownetsh~pof the mpy@h: L'acrteur conserve 4 propnete du droit dWat.eur in his/her thesi<. Neither the ttresls nor qui protl?ge sa these. Ni la #&se ni des eKtraits substanbl extracts from iimybe printed or wbstantiels de celle-ci ne doivent &re o thewise reproducg witfrou t hisrhe; per- imprimes ou autrement reproduits sans son mtssion. - autorisation. -3 r( , \ ISBN 0-315-66251-4 8 I '. Rural Rebels and 3atipnalksts ~n , f l7tE OF THESIS: S'yrla and Palestine, 1920-1939: ,T ke- 2i++i-ofta l i& &ege%bL--, - al-ATRASH and SHAYKH IZZ ai-DI? al- QASSAY. kI LLIAH CL-EVELASD SES I OR SCPERY I SOR -a HI STORY DEPARTMEfiT: -------- JOH5 SPAGHOLO 5 ASSOCI ATJE PROFESSOR HISTORY DEPARTHEST --- DERRFL MACLEA& - CASADIAN RESEARCH FELLOW HISTORY DEPARTWEST PART tAL COPYR l GHT L l CENSE c r) f J 1 hereby grani- to Simon ~raser~nivers i tyfthe right to lend i 1 1 my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown'below) 0 to Lsers of the-Simon Fraser Universi ty library, -and ,to make pact ial Dr 4- '. single copies only for sljch users or in reipon~g~toa request from .rhe I ibrary of any other uoivers i ty, or.other, educat ioria~institution, .on , its own behalfor for one of its useis. I further agree that permisflon . for mu1 t iple copying of this work for s~holarl.~purposes my be granted -- ---- A- by +e or the Dean of Graduate ~tudi;;. I t is understood that 'copying .- or publication of this work far finencia! gain shall not be aljowed i lwithout "y wr4 tten permission. .. Ti i le of Thes is/~ra:ect/~xtended Essay' \ - V &. ' 3 - \ ABSTRACT 4 . 9 *This thesis-examines the 1925 ~yrlanrebellion and the 1936 - U-. - rgbaAlion and the resp.ective.roles of Sultan al-~tra$k , L. - 5 - - - - - - -- . A -- al-Qassam. he xehel4ions were both peasant . \ I . \ 8 revokts initiated By It is a matter of historical -/ disput% the degree and -the respective heroic rebel leaders were inspired by tradition or modern i B nationalism. ~ult,anal-Atrash was a ruraa Dryze notable who becaine 6 -e b 8 ' president gf the Syrian P.rovisiona1 Government in 1925. 41-Qassam U 9 was a MFsqXe: ue:ea~~wT penchint for -social work, rem'ious reform, and political activism. Like Sultan al-Atrash, he adoptgd : . 4 3 ih rebellion as the- means to rid his country of the and at or^ 1 @ - I , authorities. Sultan al-Atrash, al;Qassam, and their rebellions -=*, C I represented the change and continuity of politics in Syria and Palestine, epitomizing the tension betweeh tradition and modernization in the Arab Middle East. Sourcas used include ~iiblished British Mandatory do uments; C 4' f Royal Commission ~epbrts, heports and Minute? of the Permanent- - - -- Mandates Commission. The work 'of French, Arab and American C 1 - ,contemporary observers assisted in udderstapdihg perceptions-of the events in Syria. The unpublished Tega~tPapers, British CID J reports on the activitlds 'of Palestinian mili%ants, contributed to ' the an;lysis &f the British response, to al-Qassamfs threat. All * il I these documents, along with secondary souzc,es, detail a' complex . , -. situation and enigmatic leade;ship. he comparison and*analysis of .* , - -- -- - - -- - - - ,.. / Sultan al-Atrash's and al-Qassam's responses to their respective situations disclosa ideological tension, pragmatic: self-interest,- and political idealism. I would like to ?press my gratitude for the patience and guidance oY my-\ . , \ senior supervisor, Dr. William Cleveland. TRANSCRIPTION * ,-' -p--pppp NOTE ON - - < ' / t%*- I 6' The form of transliteration of Arabic terms and names is based primarily of the usage adopted by Philip Khoury in his book, S_vriaI ) and the French Mandate. 7 LIST OF SPECIAL ABBREVIATIONS 0 AE Arab Executive . h - - B + CUP Committee of Union and progress , -. B HAC Higher Arab Committee MCA Muslim-Christian Association PMC Permanent Mandates Commission SMC Supreme Muslim Council - YMMA Men's Muslim Association. \ = - -- -- - , . -. z 0 9 - 1 '. - ' ' - IN~~oD61CTION -- -- -A- t - e -. - * d -Y- .. t 0 ' -9. On 5'~und1916, two ,sons of Sharif Husayn, Faysal and 1 proclaimed Arab independenbe in. the Sharif's name and so began the Arab. reuolt against - \ Ottoinan rule:' Husayn sktdthe revolt in motion because of Britain's pfcimis? *. :' f. C - 1% to srrppdrt the.establishment of an independent--,--- &ab state following victory--- i& .+ - 3 4. i .I .. I - - the war. This ,prdmise ditl not come without ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Britain had to k&$--. * ,_ %. ~reich-inkrests in \ the Arab .~astin midd'. ~k,apparently;* France backed - . - " 1 -- -- -- - 'Arab independence. $n 7 ~ovomberrl918,-' both th& French and Bfitish j L declared t&ir mutual support for thg* Creatioh <of Arab- national gove&ments iq , .. , ,, ' thk region of Greater Syria (which'includh Lebanon, Palestine, and what later w. became Transjordan),~nd ~ekofmtarnia.' . Thus, with the' conclusion of ~brld ,I' 0. / War 1,antl the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Husayn -and his supporters had . ,'- -- / every reayon. to believe -that &iAra6 Gate wed be established. - , Unfortunately for ~usaynand the Arabs, the needs of the ~~enchand .. "7 British Empires .outweighed a few token promises made in' the heat -of 'battle. - - -? 'syria.and '~es6potarnia. ere< carved'up as spoils of war. By 1920, France had - 1- effectively- occupied Lebanpn and, a truncated Syria, while Britain occupied . L P ~alestjne,Tr,ansJordan; - and= Iraq. The idea of a pan-Arab state had barely 6, . George Antonius, The Arab Awake- , (Beirut: Librairie,du &i b&iy - 1 ST, -9C- - -- - -- - - - - ,' - .C * Anglo-Ftench bec&aration, ~~~e~iwE, Antonius, p. 435. C f - - - Qeen. conc6iv@ before it was evis~erated'by Fiench ;id ~ritiih.inqkrial h 'I A - I. - - Jt I - --. - - , -, ip strategic requirements. - I I . Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, ~ra4sjgrdan, andr Iraq became class. 'A' * - ,' , . mandates*under/ the auspices of the his, In theory, meant _* < k. + that Britain and Fraqce wer-e charged ith the'task of preparing thk Arabs in & k'*\ .- tkhe reg'ions for evdntual independence. aqd e&try intd the modern political . i. -i' + - 2 ". 'world.) - .1n* piactice, %themahdate- system was a reworked form of 'imperialA I -I. s I -7" --*. domination, with the innovative 'twist that each mandatory power would be -A required to submit annual reports to . the permanent Manda,tes Commission ,, 8,. (hereafter PMC) of the League.. Th Commission, as it happened;-was made < 3 ' up of states possessing overseas territories\) or dreams of acquiring them." To - <-.-what -;extent the mandate system operated as a 'new principle -.of trusteeship . was undermined by the vested' interests of each involved state.' pan-~rabism,as the ideological framework for the concept of an Arab ' \ ' . state, was therefore segmented into regional nationaliqt ideologies circumscLd ;-. - 1 by the mandate bor'ders. -In Syria and Palestine, this- growing sense of "rgional b @ - national identity was frustrated by the Frenkh .and British presente. The . resulting discontent and resehtment inevitably led to' violent pdlit a1 upheaval foq, ..wh&h, ironically, the nationalist agitators had little responsibility. In the / cas; of these two pandatks, two traditional leaders of rural brigin ignited the frustration of-be peasant. iqto intense and protracted rebellion. On 18 July ' Elizabeth P. MacC@um, Tbsd-alI- ' (Westport, Conn.: Hyperjon Press, i9811, p:4. Y -V C ' MacCallum, pp. 6-8. '1 - . i ,- i - 1925,. Druze rebels led by Sultan ' al- trash fired on a French airplane, -and.. on - - -- --a '1 7 21 July laid seige to Suwayda; the capitdl of Jebel Druze. On 21 November 1 1935, a Palestinian rebel band " led ,/ ?Shaykh . ' hi al-Din " aiiassam was - sirrounded by ~ritishpolice, -and in the ensuing exchange of fire, al-~assarn.
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