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2 Religions and Religious Movements
ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 Introduction 2 RELIGIONS AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS H.-J. Klimkeit, R. Meserve, E. E. Karimov and C. Shackle Contents Introduction ....................................... 62 RELIGIONS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN ENVIRONMENT ............. 67 Turkic and Mongol beliefs, the Tibetan Bon religion and shamanism ......... 67 Religion among the Uighurs, Kyrgyz, Kitan ...................... 69 MANICHAEISM AND NESTORIAN CHRISTIANITY ............... 71 Manichaeism ...................................... 71 Nestorian Christianity .................................. 75 Zoroastrianism ..................................... 78 Hinduism ........................................ 82 THE ADVENT OF ISLAM: EXTENT AND IMPACT ................ 83 NON-ISLAMIC MYSTIC MOVEMENTS IN HINDU SOCIETY .......... 88 The Hatha-yoga movement ............................... 89 The bhakti movement .................................. 90 Birth of the Sikh religion ................................ 91 Introduction (H.-J. Klimkeit) Although cultural and religious life along the Central Asian Silk Route was determined both by various indigenous traditions, including Zoroastrianism, and by the world 62 ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 Introduction religions that expanded into this area from India and China as well as from Syria and Per- sia, we can detect certain basic patterns that recur in different areas and situations.1 Here we mainly wish to illustrate that there were often similar geopolitical and social conditions in various oasis towns. The duality of such towns and the surrounding deserts, steppes and mountains is characteristic of the basic situation. Nomads dwelling in the steppes had their own social structures and their own understanding of life, which was determined by tra- ditions that spoke of forefathers and heroes of the past who had created a state with its own divine orders and laws. The Old Turkic inscriptions on the Orkhon river in Mongolia are a good case in point. -
Islamochristiana
PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO DI STUD1 ARAB1 E D'ISLAMISTICA ISLAMOCHRISTIANA (ESTRATTO) MUHIB 0. OPELOYE CONFLUENCE AND CONFLICT IN THE QUR'ANIC AND BIBLICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE LIFE OF PROPHET MUSA 1990 ROMA MUHIB 0. OPELOYE * CONFLUENCE AND CONFLICT IN THE QUR'ANIC AND BIBLICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE LIFE OF PROPHET MOSA SUMMARY:The A. compares the qur'inic and biblical presentations of Moses. Though the Qur'in does not set out the prophet's life chronologically, a chronological account can be constructed from the various passages. It can be seen that this is very similar to the life of Moses as told by the Bible. The A. nevertheless lists seven points of dissimilarity. These he attributes to the different circumstances in which the message was recorded. The similarities, he suggests, indicate a common source and origin. Prophet Miisii (the Biblical Moses), otherwise known as Kalimu Iliihz, is the only prophet of God, apart from prophet Yiisuf, whose life account is given in detail by the Qur'Zn. Information on his life is mainly contained in Siirat al-Baqarah (2:49-71); Siirat al-A 'rcTf (7:10&162); Siirat Tiihi (20:9-97); Siirat ash-Shu'arii' (26:10-69) and SGrat al-Qi~a:r. (28:342), apart from other Qur'iinic passages where casual references are made to different aspects of his life. The special attention given to MiisZ by the Qur'iin derives perhaps from * Dr Muhib 0. Opeloye (born 1949) holds a Ph.D. in Islamic Studies from the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. For his thesis he presented A Comparative Study of Selected SocieTheolo~~ical Themes Common to the Qur'in and the Bible. -
A History of Money in Palestine: from the 1900S to the Present
A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Mitter, Sreemati. 2014. A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12269876 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present A dissertation presented by Sreemati Mitter to The History Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts January 2014 © 2013 – Sreemati Mitter All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Roger Owen Sreemati Mitter A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present Abstract How does the condition of statelessness, which is usually thought of as a political problem, affect the economic and monetary lives of ordinary people? This dissertation addresses this question by examining the economic behavior of a stateless people, the Palestinians, over a hundred year period, from the last decades of Ottoman rule in the early 1900s to the present. Through this historical narrative, it investigates what happened to the financial and economic assets of ordinary Palestinians when they were either rendered stateless overnight (as happened in 1948) or when they suffered a gradual loss of sovereignty and control over their economic lives (as happened between the early 1900s to the 1930s, or again between 1967 and the present). -
The Druze: Culture, History and Mission
The Druze A New Cultural and Historical Appreciation Abbas Halabi 2013 www.garnetpublishing.co.uk 1 The Druze Published by Garnet Publishing Limited 8 Southern Court South Street Reading RG1 4QS UK www.garnetpublishing.co.uk www.twitter.com/Garnetpub www.facebook.com/Garnetpub blog.garnetpublishing.co.uk Copyright © Abbas Halabi, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. First Edition 2013 ISBN: 9781859643532 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Jacket design by Garnet Publishing Typeset by Samantha Barden Printed and bound in Lebanon by International Press: [email protected] 2 To Karl-Abbas, my first grandson And the future generation of my family 3 Preface Foreword Introduction Chapter 1 Human geography Chapter 2 The history of the Druze, 1017–1943 Chapter 3 Communal and social organization Chapter 4 Traditional culture and the meaning of al-Adhā feast Chapter 5 Civil status law Chapter 6 The diaspora and cultural expansion Chapter 7 The political role of the Druze from independence to the present time Chapter 8 The Druze message: plurality and unity Summary and conclusion Appendix 1 The impact of European influences on the Druze community: “The new look” Appendix 2 Sheikh Halīm Taqī al-Dīn: a man of knowledge, -
Genetic Heterogeneity of Beta Thalassemia in Lebanon Reflects
doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00138.x Genetic Heterogeneity of Beta Thalassemia in Lebanon Reflects Historic and Recent Population Migration N. J. Makhoul1,R.S.Wells2,H.Kaspar1,3,H.Shbaklo3,A.Taher1,4,N.Chakar1 and P. A. Zalloua1,5∗ 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 2Oxford University, London, UK 3Genetics Research Laboratory, Chronic Care Center, Beirut, Lebanon 4Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 5Program for Population Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA Summary Beta thalassemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by reduced (β+)orabsent (β0) beta-globin chain synthesis. In Lebanon it is the most predominant genetic defect. In this study we investigated the religious and geographic distribution of the β-thalassemia mutations identified in Lebanon, and traced their precise origins. A total of 520 β-globin chromosomes from patients of different religious and regional backgrounds was studied. Beta thalassemia mutations were identified using Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) PCR or direct gene sequencing. Six (IVS-I-110, IVS-I-1, IVS-I-6, IVS-II-1, cd 5 and the C>T substitution at cd 29) out of 20 β-globin defects identified accounted for more than 86% of the total β-thalassemia chromosomes. Sunni Muslims had the highest β-thalassemia carrier rate and presented the greatest heterogeneity, with 16 different mutations. Shiite Muslims followed closely with 13 mutations, whereas Maronites represented 11.9% of all β-thalassemic subjects and carried 7 different mutations. RFLP haplotype analysis showed that the observed genetic diversity originated from both new mutational events and gene flow from population migration. -
Augustine on Manichaeism and Charisma
Religions 2012, 3, 808–816; doi:10.3390/rel3030808 OPEN ACCESS religions ISSN 2077-1444 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Article Augustine on Manichaeism and Charisma Peter Iver Kaufman Jepson School, University of Richmond, Room 245, Jepson Hall, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, VA 23173, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] Received: 5 June 2012; in revised form: 28 July 2012 / Accepted: 1 August 2012 / Published: 3 September 2012 Abstract: Augustine was suspicious of charismatics‘ claims to superior righteousness, which supposedly authorized them to relay truths about creation and redemption. What follows finds the origins of that suspicion in his disenchantment with celebrities on whom Manichees relied, specialists whose impeccable behavior and intellectual virtuosity were taken as signs that they possessed insight into the meaning of Christianity‘s sacred texts. Augustine‘s struggles for self-identity and with his faith‘s intelligibility during the late 370s, 380s, and early 390s led him to prefer that his intermediaries between God and humanity be dead (martyred), rather than alive and charismatic. Keywords: arrogance; Augustine; charisma; esotericism; Faustus; Mani; Manichaeism; truth The Manichaean elite or elect adored publicity. Augustine wrote the first of his caustic treatises against them in 387, soon after he had been baptized in Milan and as he was planning passage back to Africa, where he was born, raised, and educated. Baptism marked his devotion to the emerging mainstream Christian orthodoxy and his disenchantment with the Manichees‘ increasingly marginalized Christian sect, in which, for nine or ten years, in North Africa and Italy, he listened to specialists—charismatic leaders and teachers. -
History and Politics of Nomadism in Modern Palestine (1882-1948)
History and Politics of Nomadism in Modern Palestine (1882-1948) A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Arabic and Islamic Studies By Seraje Assi, M.A. Washington, DC May 30, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Seraje Assi All Rights Reserved ii History and Politics of Nomadism in Modern Palestine (1882-1948) Seraje Assi, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Judith Tucker, Ph.D. ABSTRACT My research examines contending visions on nomadism in modern Palestine. It is a comparative study that covers British, Arab and Zionist attitudes to nomadism. By nomadism I refer to a form of territorialist discourse, one which views tribal formations as the antithesis of national and land rights, thus justifying the exteriority of nomadism to the state apparatus. Drawing on primary sources in Arabic and Hebrew, I show how local conceptions of nomadism have been reconstructed on new legal taxonomies rooted in modern European theories and praxis. By undertaking a comparative approach, I maintain that the introduction of these taxonomies transformed not only local Palestinian perceptions of nomadism, but perceptions that characterized early Zionist literature. The purpose of my research is not to provide a legal framework for nomadism on the basis of these taxonomies. Quite the contrary, it is to show how nomadism, as a set of official narratives on the Bedouin of Palestine, failed to imagine nationhood and statehood beyond the single apparatus of settlement. iii The research and writing of this thesis is dedicated to everyone who helped along the way. -
The Mardinite Community in Lebanon: Migration of Mardin’S People
Report No: 208, March 2017 THE MARDINITE COMMUNITY IN LEBANON: MIGRATION OF MARDIN’S PEOPLE ORTADOĞU STRATEJİK ARAŞTIRMALAR MERKEZİ CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STRATEGIC STUDIES ORSAM Süleyman Nazif Sokak No: 12-B Çankaya / Ankara Tel: 0 (312) 430 26 09 Fax: 0 (312) 430 39 48 www.orsam.org.tr, [email protected] THE MARDINITE COMMUNITY IN LEBANON: MIGRATION OF MARDIN’S PEOPLE ORSAM Report No: 208 March 2017 ISBN: 978-605-9157-17-9 Ankara - TURKEY ORSAM © 2017 Content of this report is copyrighted to ORSAM. Except reasonable and partial quotation and use under the Act No. 5846, Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, via proper citation, the content may not be used or republished without prior permission by ORSAM. The views expressed in this report reflect only the opinions of its authors and do not represent the institutional opinion of ORSAM. By: Ayşe Selcan ÖZDEMİRCİ, Middle East Instutute Sakarya University ORSAM 2 Report No: 208, March 2017 İçindekiler Preface ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 10 1. THE MARDINITES AS A SUBALTERN GROUP .............................................................................. -
Religion and Politics in Contemporary Lebanon
RELIGION AND POLITICS IN CONTEMPORARY LEBANON THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Bottor of ^t)ilos(opl)p IN POLITICAL SCIENCE BY KALEEM AHMED Under the Supervision of Professor Mahmudul Haq T^+3i<^ CENTRE OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1993 MOir=v5?rci^ni 11\ ABSTRACT 7 This thesis deals primarily with the religio-political development in Lebanon during its recent history. The political history of Lebanon is the history of intermittent warfare between the varying religio-ethnic groups. The internal contradiction and regional politics in Lebanon often assumed the form of religious struggle between the various warring groups. The Civil War of 1975-76 was mainly the result of internal contradiction and regional politics. To understand the origin of confessional politics in Lebanon it is necessary to understand the fact that the origin of religious warfare lay in the feudal set up which Lebanon has inherited from its past history. The Druze constitute 7 percent of the Lebanese population. The sect originated in Egypt in the beginning of the eleventh century during the reign of the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim (909-1171). Druze carried to an extreme the Isma'ili doctrine according to which each of the attributes of God was made manifest to mankind in the personality of a Prophet or Imam. Druze dominated Mount Lebanon and their hegemony established in the early seventeenth century, remained unchallenged for a long time. Mamluks and later on Ottomans permitted the Druze to maintain their special feudal tradition and to manage their affairs as they pleased. But by the end of mid-eighteenth century the growth of the Maronite community in number and social importance had became a matter of political consequence. -
Reconstructing Druze Population History Scarlett Marshall1, Ranajit Das2, Mehdi Pirooznia3 & Eran Elhaik4
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Reconstructing Druze population history Scarlett Marshall1, Ranajit Das2, Mehdi Pirooznia3 & Eran Elhaik4 The Druze are an aggregate of communities in the Levant and Near East living almost exclusively in Received: 27 April 2016 the mountains of Syria, Lebanon and Israel whose ~1000 year old religion formally opposes mixed Accepted: 05 October 2016 marriages and conversions. Despite increasing interest in genetics of the population structure of the Published: 16 November 2016 Druze, their population history remains unknown. We investigated the genetic relationships between Israeli Druze and both modern and ancient populations. We evaluated our findings in light of three hypotheses purporting to explain Druze history that posit Arabian, Persian or mixed Near Eastern- Levantine roots. The biogeographical analysis localised proto-Druze to the mountainous regions of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq and southeast Syria and their descendants clustered along a trajectory between these two regions. The mixed Near Eastern–Middle Eastern localisation of the Druze, shown using both modern and ancient DNA data, is distinct from that of neighbouring Syrians, Palestinians and most of the Lebanese, who exhibit a high affinity to the Levant. Druze biogeographic affinity, migration patterns, time of emergence and genetic similarity to Near Eastern populations are highly suggestive of Armenian-Turkish ancestries for the proto-Druze. The population history of the Druze people, who accepted Druzism around the 11th century A.D., remains a fascinating question in history, cultural anthropology and genetics. Contemporary Druze comprise an aggre- gate of Levantine and Near Eastern communities residing almost exclusively in the mountain regions of Syria (500,000), Lebanon (215,000), Israel (136,000) and Jordan (20,000), although with an increasingly large diaspora in the USA1–3. -
Divine Manifestations in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha Orientalia Judaica Christiana
Divine Manifestations in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha Orientalia Judaica Christiana 2 Orientalia Judaica Christiana, the Christian Orient and its Jewish Heritage, is dedicated, first of all, to the afterlife of the Jewish Second Temple traditions within the traditions of the Christian East. A second area of exploration is some priestly (non-Talmudic) Jewish traditions that survived in the Christian environment Divine Manifestations in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha Andrei Orlov govg'ms press 2009 For law and June Fair ... Then the old man stood up and stretched his hands to wards heaven. His fingers became like ten lamps of fire and he said to him, "If you will, you can become all flame/5 Apophthegmata Patrum, Joseph of Panephysis, 7. Abba Bessarion, at the point of death, said, "The monk ought to be as the Cherubim and the Seraphim: all eye." Apophthegmata Patrum, Bessarion, 11. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xv Locations of the Original Publications xvii List of Abbreviations xix INTRODUCTION. The Kavod and Shem Paradigms and Divine Manifestations in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha 1 Silvanus and Anthony. 3 Moses and Elijah 8 Enoch and Abraham 12 PART I: THE DIVINE BODY TRADITIONS 19 "Without Measure and Without Analogy": The Tradition of the Divine Body in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch 21 Introduction 21 Adamic Tradition of 2 Enoch 23 The Corporeality of the Protoplast 26 From the Four Corners of the World 29 The Measure of the Divine Body. 34 Bodily Ascent 37 Adam and Enoch: "Two Powers" in Heaven 38 Two Bodies Created According to the Likeness of the Third One 43 The Pillar of the World: The Eschatological Role of the Seventh Antediluvian Hero in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch 49 Introduction 49 I. -
Propaganda and Polemical Works Targeting -E E �= Muslims and Jews, Lnquisition Records, and Christian and Muslim Sermons
ur.e Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Serveide Publicacions Cándida Ferrero Hernández, has been conducting research at the Autonomous University ¡,¡ e: e: of Barcelona since 2000; in 2016 she received the Advanced Research Accreditation o 111 (Full Professor) from AQU-Catalonia. Since 2000, she has been a member (currently PI) E ! of lslamolatina, a group dedicated to the study of the cultural and religious relations 111cii ... E of the Latin world with Islam, paying particular attention to Latin translations of Arabic "'C� texts on lslamic doctrine. e:·- 111] G. Jones :íl� Linda is a Tenured Associate Professor at the Pompeu Fabra University in -� E Barcelona. She is a historian of religions specializing in lslamic Studies; the religious 111 CU cultures and Muslim-Christian relations of medieval lslamic Iberia and the Maghreb �"'C (12th-15th ..... o c); medieval lslamic preaching and oratory; and gender and masculinity in ·e: E medieval Islam. - cu cu111 ... c. :E cu .......... .e: The eleven essays included in this collective vol u me examine a range of textual genres e: ·- produced by Christians and Muslims throughout the Mediterranean, including materials �-=111 from the Corpus lslamolatinum, Christian propaganda and polemical works targeting -e E �= Muslims and Jews, lnquisition records, and Christian and Muslim sermons. Despite the CU 111 diversity of the works under consideration and the variety of methodological and >::, disciplinary approaches employed in their analysis, the volume is bound together by 8� ...... "C the common goals of exploring the propaganda strategies premodern authors deployed e: e: 2.111 for specific aims, be it the unification of religious, cultural, and political groups through "C discourses of self-representation, or the invention of the political, cultural, religious, .,¡ or gendered other.