New Evidence from Dor for the First Appearance of the Phoenicians Along the Northern Coast of Israel

New Evidence from Dor for the First Appearance of the Phoenicians along the Northern Coast of Israel

E. Stern

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 279. (Aug., 1990), pp. 27-34.

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http://www.jstor.org Tue Oct 30 07:03:20 2007 New Evidence from Dor for the First Appearance of the Phoenicians Along the Northern Coast of Israel

Institute of Archaeology The Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel

Recent excavations at Tel Dor, Israel (1987-1988). showed that the city of the Tjeker (a tribe of Sea Peoples), a large, well-fortified town (Stratum XII), had been destroyed violently ca. mid-11th century B.C. That destruction left a huge layer of ashes and debris. The first Israelite town was constructed, however, only at the end of that century or the beginning of the next. Two interim occupation strata (Strata XI-X and IX) yielded rare Cypriot White Painted I pottery vases and early Phoenician Bichrome vessels, all well dated to the second half of the 11th century B.C. The city of the Sea Peoples seems to have been destroyed and resettled later by the Phoenicians in their move from Tyre and Sidon toward the south. Later they were blocked by the Israelites. The final border between the two peoples was settled during Solomon S time, when the Israelites agreed to return Cabul to the Tyrians.

nly small amounts of Phoenician remains been uncovered at all those sites, it probably would have been uncovered in the excavations not be an exaggeration to say that the remains 0of the four principal Phoenician cities, unearthed at Dor were the best preserved and the Tyre, Sidon, Arvad, and Byblos (Muhly 1985). most numerous, and that their sequence was the Our knowledge of the early history of the Phoeni- most complete.' cians, and of their material culture in general in A great deal of new and significant material was this area, at the end of the second millennium and found during those excavations, including two throughout most of the first millennium B.c., is main Iron Age I strata (1150-1000 B.c.) that minimal. It is based so far on the results of represent the period of transition from the Ca- a small-scale excavation at Tyre (Bikai 1978a; naanite Age to the conquest of the city by David. 1978b), a few excavations at small sites such as At Dor that period is divided into three strata. Tell Sukas (Riis 1970; Ploug 1973; Riis 1979; In the earliest, Stratum XII, the city was ruled by Lund 1986) and Sarepta (Pritchard 1975; 1988; the Sea Peoples of the Tjeker tribe; the two later Koehl 1985; Anderson 1988; Khalifeh 1988), and strata (XI-X and IX) date from the destruction of a number of cemeteries (Saidah 1966; Chapman the city of the Tjekers to its conquest by David. 1972). On the basis of the remains, Stratum XI1 should In recent years some southern Phoenician sites be dated to approximately 1150-1050 B.C. The of great importance have been excavated in Israel. other two lasted only about 50 years, approxi- Those sites include Achzib (Prausnitz 1982), 'Akko mately 1050-1000 B.C. After nine seasons of exca- (Dothan 1976; 1985), Tell Keisan (Briend and vations, however, it is evident that more light can Humbert 1980; Humbert 1982), Cabul (Gal 1984), still be thrown on the history of the earliest phase Tell Abu Hawam (Hamilton 1933; 1935; Balensi by the historical sources than by the excavations. 1980; 1985), Shikmona (Elgavish 1978: 1101-9), Rameses 111, who repulsed the invading Sea Tel Mevorakh (Stern 1978), and Tel Michal (Her- Peoples from Egyptian territory in about 1180 zog 1978; 1980). Although important finds have B.c., mentions the "annihilation" of three tribes of 28 E. STERN BASOR 279

Sea Peoples: the Danuna, the Tjeker, and the cians. Those towns were linked by commercial ties Philistines (Pritchard 1969: 262). A nearly con- and they controlled the coasts of Israel and Phoe- temporaneous Ugaritic text also refers to the nicia with no fear of Egyptian intervention. Tjeker as sea marauders who lived on their ships The Egyptian documents and the others men- (Dietrich 1978). tioned thus indicate that the Philistines had set- Most of the information on those tribes, how- tled in the southern part of the country. Indeed, ever, comes from two slightly later Egyptian the Philistine domination and occupation of their sources. The first source, the "Onomasticon of five large cities is also often mentioned in the Amenope," dates from the end of the 12th or Bible and is, moreover, confirmed by archaeo- beginning of the 1lth century B.C.That document logical finds. Their northern border was at Tell contains a list of names: "Ashkelon, Ashdod, Qasile, where a prosperous Philistine city contain- Gaza, Asher. . . ,Sherden, Tjeker, and Phi1istia"- ing houses and temples has been excavated (Do- that is, the three coastal cities of the Philistines than 1982; Mazar 1985a: 124-27). The settlement are mentioned. In the view of several scholars, it of the Tjeker in the northern Sharon and of the may also include the Israelite tribe of Asher, Sherden farther north in the 'Akko Plain has which ruled over an enclave adjoining its territory similarly been confirmed by excavations. At Tel in the CAkko Plain, and three tribes of Sea Peo- Zeror near Hadera, the excavator attributed finds ples. It can thus be assumed that the Tjeker and associated with the Sea Peoples to the Tjeker Sherden had also seized a number of areas on the (Kiyoshi 1970). Excavations at 'Akko and neigh- coast of Israel (Gardiner 1947: 24). boring Tell Keisan have yielded Mycenaean IIIC The second and much more detailed source is pottery, which is generally associated with the Sea the Wen-Amon document (Pritchard 1969: 25-29; Peoples (Dothan 1976; 1985: 12-14; Briend and Goedicke 1975; Hlessondra 1985). That document Humbert 1980: 229-30). The excavators at the is a papyrus from el-Hibeh in Egypt, now in the latter two sites maintain that both settlements were Pushkin Museum. It dates to the 21st Dynasty conquered by the Sherden. Aharoni and others (I lth century B.c.), and has great importance as have even linked Tell Abu Hawam, a port city in the only document containing a direct reference to the southern 'Akko plain near the mouth of the the Tjeker's area of settlement at Dor. It also is an Kishon, with the Sea Peoples in this period (see unparalleled source for the history of Israel in also Harif 1974). general in the 1lth century B.c., an era considered During the last (1988) season of excavations at a "dark age" from the standpoint of written Dor, we reached the stratum of the Tjeker only in documents. Area Bl, which was marked by a destruction layer The writer, Wen-Amon, an official in the Temple and a conflagration so fierce that it had turned the of Amon at Karnak in Egypt, was sent to the city mud bricks red and crumbled the limestone of the of Byblos in Phoenica, which had trade relations houses, leaving a heavy residue of ashes and with Egypt, to buy cedar wood for the construc- charcoal (Stern, Berg, and Sharon 1989; Gilboa tion of the sacred barge. From this story, which 1989). The depth of the stratum in that area so was apparently based on an actual event, it is far is about 2 m and the floor has not yet been evident that Dor was inhabited by Tjeker who reached. The destruction layer was sealed by operated a large fleet of ships out of its harbor. floors on which were found vessels dating to the Aside from the ruler of Dor, three other rulers are second half of the 11th century B.C.(see below). mentioned whose names are connected with the Another section was dug in Area F on the western Sea Peoples. One, who had about 50 ships and a edge of the mound, adjacent to the seashore. trade alliance with Sidon, may have been the ruler There, too, we found the same massive burnt of Ashkelon-a principal Philistine city-and the layer; flames had charred the bricks and lime- other two may have been the rulers of Ashdod stone. No clearly defined floor could be distin- and Gaza. guished there. Nevertheless, the great distance The Wen-Amon document presents a unique between the sections excavated on the eastern and description of independent harbor towns in the western edges of the mound indicates that this 1lth century B.c., some of which were under the huge city of the Sea Peoples covered the entire rule of the Sea Peoples and others, of the Phoeni- area of the mound. 1990 PHOENICIANS ALONG THE NORTHERN COAST OF ISRAEL 29

Fig. 1. Phoenician bichrome pottery from Stratum XI-X.

we found two unique vessels that could clearly fix its date. One was a giant pithos decorated on the outside with a wavy relief design. The second, which could also be completed, was an outsize pilgrim flask with red-painted concentric circles. Though no pottery connected with the Sea Peoples has been discovered so far among the ruins of this stratum, on the surface of the mound-but not ' in situ-were a number of Philistine bichrome ware sherds, as well as other potsherds, including a handle with a red spiral decoration. The widespread, violent destruction of the city some 50 years before the time of David (middle of

Illllltll lWl,llll 111111111111111111 1111,1111 111111111 1111111,1 1111~1111111111111 11~1111111111,1111 mlllltl Ill~Wl m,nll the 1lth century B.c.) prompts us to attempt to ' 'I 'I 'I 'I '' lo' ''I ' discover the identity of the perpetrators. A close examination of the coastal cities in the Sharon Fig. 2. Cypriot Bichrome Sherd. and the 'Akko plain reveals that the destruction was not restricted to Dor. Excavations at Tel Mevorakh uncovered no signs of such destruc- Very little pottery was found in those sections tion, since during the period of Tjeker rule at and most of it was too small and undistinguished Dor, no settlement existed at that site. Other sites, to be classifiable. In the 1988 season, however, however, such as Megiddo Stratum VIA, had a when we extended the excavation in Area Bl and very thick destruction layer (Loud 1948: 33-45). descended along the entire length of the stratum, At all the other coastal settlements, on the other 30 E. STERN BASOR 279

Fig. 3. Drawing of the bowl form of the Cypriot White Painted Sherd in Fig. 2.

quered by the Sea Peoples. This area in fact was the only one to retain the Canaanite culture that flourished throughout the second millennium B.c.; it also contained a large refugee population. In the 1lth century B.c., when those centers enjoyed a renewed wave of prosperity, they began spread- ing into the surrounding territory and utilized the natural resources (timber and seaports) of the areas under their control. In that brief period, the small Phoenician area formed a central island of culture, which it dispersed to its surroundings. Within a short time, its population increased and Fig. 4. Drawing of Cypriot White Painted I bowl from the center's influence began to be evident on the Stratum IX. coast of Cyprus as well as along the coast of northern Israel, where a major struggle for control of the maritime trade routes seems to have de- veloped. It was probably during that conflict that hand, such as Achzib, 'Akko, Tell Keisan, Tell the Phoenicians conquered and razed Dor of the Abu Hawam, Dor, and Tel Michal, the material Tjeker, as was apparently also the case with culture of the period is distinctly Phoenician 'Akko and the other coastal cities held by the (Mazar 1985a: nn. 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 22). The Sherden. The Sherden in that period formed only excavator maintained that by the middle of the a minority-albeit a ruling minority-in their I lth century B.C. even at Tell Qasile (on the banks cities (Bonimovitz 1986; Mazar 1985b). Only in of the Yarkon on the border of Philistia), the finds the coastal cities from the Yarkon south, which proved that Stratum X, (second half of the 1lth were occupied by a substantial Philistine popula- century B.c.) already contained a mixed Philis- tion, did the Phoenicians penetrate by peaceful tine-Phoenician population (Mazar 1985a: n. 18). means and commerce. The destruction of Dor and Neither Phoenicia nor any of its main centers- the rapid renewal of settlement along the northern Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, or Arvad-was ever con- coast of Israel were therefore part of the process PHOENICIANS ALONG THE NORTHERN COAST OF ISRAEL 3 1

of their maritime colonization overseas in the west might have been delayed by a good many years.

THE PHOENICIAN TOWN

The archaeological evidence for the second part of the period, under discussion, i.e., the second half of the 11th century B.c., is much more abundant. In historical terms it falls between the destruction of the city of the Sea Peoples and the conquest of Dor by David. Since neither biblical nor external historical sources for the period are available, all our information comes from the excavations. We have so far only excavated a limited section in Area Bl, about 20 m long and 10 m wide. Several long walls, mostly mudbrick and oriented north-south, were preserved (more than 15 m have already been exposed) as were several partition walls oriented to the west. Between the partitions and the outer walls was a succession of tightly-packed clay floors belonging to two phases. The size of the structures-though a complete unit has not yet been uncovered-indicates that they were pub- lic buildings. The floors of these two phases, 11 and 10, yielded a small quantity of Phoenician bichrome ware (fig. 1). Especially noteworthy is a group of extremely rare types of Cypriot potsherds uncovered on the floors. Very few appear among the ware imported to Palestine and only isolated examples have been found at other sites (and somewhat more on the Phoenician coast). The sherds belong to two main groups, White Painted and Bichrome I (figs. 2-5, Iacovou 1984; Gilboa 1989). Parallels to the Dor vessels, in Cyprus, are found mainly in Cypro-Geometric I contexts, the second half of the 1 lth century B.C. or slightly later. Thus, those vessels confirm the date assigned to that phase-ending ca. 1000 B.c.-a date deduced independently from the local pottery. Fig. 5. Drawing of Cypriot White Painted I jar from On the basis of that ware and the Phoenician Stratum IX. pottery found on the site, we must consider the identity of the population that occupied the city in this early period, prior to the Israelite conquest. In his excavations at Tell Qasile, Mazar also dis- of Phoenician expansion. It is possible that if, covered Phoenician and Cypriot vessels from the during their southward thrust, they had not en- same period alongside late Philistine ware; he countered Philistine might in the initial stage, and maintained that Tell Qasile at that time already the United Monarchy in a later stage-which contained a mixed Philistine-Phoenician popula- ended their expansion in that direction-the era tion (Mazar 1985a: 126-27). 32 E. STERN BASOR 279

At Dor the picture seems even clearer. We have pottery, which she calls the early Kouklia horizon, already noted that the Phoenicians probably car- also dates to around 1050 B.C.(Bikai 1987: 68-69). ried out the destruction of the Tjeker city as part The parallel phenomenon of the pottery found of their struggle to seize control of the coastal at Dor (as well as at Tell Abu Hawam, Tell strip. They apparently also settled in the city in Keisan, Tyre, Sarepta, and Khaldeh on the Phoe- the second half of the 11 th century B.C.and from nician coast, and elsewhere) and in Cyprus seems then until the end of the first millennium B.C.they in fact to represent two sides of the same coin: the comprised the majority of the population. beginning of Phoenician expansion and settlement The appearance of the Phoenician vases from the on the northern coast of Palestine and in Cyprus. middle of the 11th century B.C. and the contem- When David, in 1000 B.c., united the Israelite poraneous Cypriot White Painted I ware should Monarchy and routed the Philistines in the south, probably be interpreted as the result of trade he seems to have acquired firm control over the between Cyprus and Palestine; or even more northern coast of Palestine from the Phoenicians likely, they may represent the internal movement and to have held it for a brief time. But David, of goods between the Phoenicians in Dor and and Solomon without doubt after him, withdrew those in Cyprus, where intensive Phoenician settle- from substantial areas on the coast and relin- ment should have begun. That has become increas- quished them in exchange for economic and trade ingly obvious from the excavations, surveys, and cooperation when they recognized the Phoeni- chance written finds, and especially from the cians' superiority in all phases of their material distribution of the Phoenician pottery on the culture, especially in shipping and trade. In their island itself, in both the east and the south. Bikai's time, the border was fixed on the summit of the comprehensive study of this pottery, its date, and Carmel, where a temple held in common by the distribution, confirms the Phoenician settlement Phoenicians and the Israelites and dedicated to and trade. The beginnings of the Phoenician Baal, was established.

NOTES h hose remains were uncovered during nine years California State University, Sacramento, the University (1980-1988) of excavations undertaken by an expedi- of California, Berkeley, and many other institutions tion of the Hebrew University, with the participation of (Stern 1985; 1987).

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