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The Territory Facing Jaffa” UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles “The Territory Facing Jaffa”: Cultural Landscapes of a Mediterranean Port and its Hinterland (ca. 2000–539 B.C.E.) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by George Allen Pierce Jr. 2015 © Copyright by George Allen Pierce Jr. 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “The Territory Facing Jaffa”: Cultural Landscapes of a Mediterranean Port and its Hinterland (ca. 2000–539 B.C.E.) by George Allen Pierce Jr. Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Aaron Alexander Burke, Chair This dissertation presents a synthesis of settlement patterns in the central coastal plain of modern Israel from the onset of the Middle Bronze Age to the end of the Iron Age (ca. 2000–539 B.C.E.). The ancient mound of Jaffa, situated on the southern Levantine coast south of the outlet of the Yarkon River, was the closest maritime outlet for Jerusalem and other highland centers in ancient times. Jaffa has the distinct status of being one of the few ports on the southern Levantine coast featuring an almost continual occupation history from the Middle Bronze Age through the modern era. Yet a lack of inclusion for Jaffa and other hinterland sites in archaeological and historical studies of the coastal plain is evident. In light of renewed excavations on the ancient mound of Jaffa, new analyses of the site’s and region’s material culture recovered from excavations conducted over the last sixty years necessitate the current examination of regional settlement patterns and systems to elucidate the potential economic and cultural connections ii between the port and inland sites, both urban and rural in nature by providing a regional perspective for material culture recovered at Jaffa. Additionally, a reconstruction of the variety of local terrestrial, aquatic, and anthropogenic biomes of the Bronze and Iron Ages as represented in the archaeological record is presented. It is argued here that the fundamental connections between all the sites in various periods can be interpreted through the framework of a maritime cultural landscape. Thus situated, Jaffa served as a gateway for the coastal plain and the highlands, connecting inland sites with materials from the coast and acting as a transit point for commodities produced inland that would be transshipped to other gateways in the eastern Mediterranean. Despite fluctuations in Jaffa’s prominence resulting from changes in political control, shared material culture with inland sites illustrates the strong connections that Jaffa forged with its hinterland as a unique central place within the settlement system of the coastal plain. iii The dissertation of George Allen Pierce Jr. is approved. Elizabeth F. Carter Sarah P. Morris Aaron Alexander Burke, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2015 iv For Krystal Victoria and Victoria Diem, erstwhile residents of Israel’s coastal plain, and our newcomer, George Allen III, who patiently endured the absence of a husband and father while this work was completed v Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xiii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xv Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................ xvi Curriculum Vitae ......................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1: Regional Connections and the Question of Jaffa and its Hinterland ............................ 1 1.1 Introduction: Regional Archaeology and Connections ......................................................... 1 1.2 Connections in the Levantine Littoral ................................................................................... 3 1.3 The Problem of Jaffa in Its Regional Setting ........................................................................ 7 1.4 History of Scholarship ......................................................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Research and Salvage Excavations ............................................................................... 12 1.4.2 Surveys ......................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.3 Regional Studies ........................................................................................................... 18 1.4.4 Jaffa-specific Studies .................................................................................................... 21 1.5 Research Design and Methodology ..................................................................................... 24 1.5.1 Area of Interest ............................................................................................................. 26 1.5.2 Data Sources ................................................................................................................. 28 1.5.3 Textual Records ............................................................................................................ 32 1.5.4 Evaluation of Data Sources .......................................................................................... 33 1.5.5 Evaluation of GIS Methods .......................................................................................... 37 1.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 2: Theoretical Underpinnings and Approaches to Regional Studies ............................... 45 2.1 Introduction: A Multiplicity of Methods ............................................................................. 45 2.2 Regional Settlement Patterns and Systems ......................................................................... 45 2.2.1 Defining Settlement “Patterns” and “Systems” ............................................................ 47 2.2.2 Three Scales of Regional Inquiry ................................................................................. 48 2.2.3 Research Design for a Regional Settlement Analysis .................................................. 50 2.2.4 Drawbacks to Regional Settlement Studies .................................................................. 52 2.3 Aspects of Landscape Archaeology .................................................................................... 53 2.3.1 Landscape as Palimpsest .............................................................................................. 55 2.3.2 Space and Place ............................................................................................................ 57 2.3.3 Cognition and Perception ............................................................................................. 59 2.3.4 Regional Distinction in the Ancient World .................................................................. 60 2.5 Models of Settlement .......................................................................................................... 62 2.5.1 Central Place Theory .................................................................................................... 63 2.5.2 Gateways and Transit Points ........................................................................................ 65 2.5.3 The “Port Power” Model .............................................................................................. 68 2.5.4 Site Typologies and Hierarchies ................................................................................... 72 2.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 3: A Reconstruction of the Paleoenvironment and Climate ............................................ 81 3.1 Introduction: The Importance of Reconstructing Past Environments ................................. 81 vi 3.2 Biogeography of the Central Coastal Plain ......................................................................... 82 3.2.1 Physical Geography ...................................................................................................... 83 3.2.2 Geology ........................................................................................................................ 86 3.2.3 Surface Hydrology ........................................................................................................ 95 3.2.4 Climate........................................................................................................................ 102 3.2.5 Terrestrial, Aquatic, and Anthropogenic Biomes ....................................................... 115 3.2.5.1 Croplands ................................................................................................................. 117 3.2.5.2 Rangeland and Settlements ...................................................................................... 119 3.2.5.3 Wildlands ................................................................................................................. 124 3.2.5.4 Freshwater Biomes .................................................................................................
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