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Les Ports Phéniciens Du Liban in the Lebanon Issue 36-37 Milieux Naturels, Organisation Spatiale Et Autumn -S Pring 2012-13 , Pp

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Les Ports Phéniciens Du Liban in the Lebanon Issue 36-37 Milieux Naturels, Organisation Spatiale Et Autumn -S Pring 2012-13 , Pp ARCHAEOLOGY & H ISTORY LES PORTS PHÉNICIENS DU LIBAN IN THE LEBANON ISSUE 36-37 MILIEUX NATURELS, ORGANISATION SPATIALE ET AUTUMN -S PRING 2012-13 , PP. 1-137. INFRASTRUCTURES NICOLAS CARAYON 1 H 1 Carte 1 : SARDAIG les 183 agglomérations (1) Olbia portuaires phéniciennes ESPAGNE (4) Carbo et/ou puniques (1) Guardamar del Segura ; (2) Carthagène ; (7) Bitia ; (3) Villaricos ; (4) Adra ;(5) Almuñecar ;(6) Chorreras ; (Carayon, 2008). (10) Sulc (7) Morro de Mezquitilla ; (8) Cerro del Mar ; (9) Toscanos ; (12) Carlo (10) Malaga ; (11) Cerro del Villar ; (12) Cerro del Castillo ; (15) Thar (13) Torreon ; (14) Montilla ; (15) Carteia ; 1 (16) Cerro del Prado ; (17) Tarifa ; (18) Cadix ; (19) Castillo de Doña Blanca. 17 SARDAIGNE 16 15 14 2 2 1 13 5 3 3 12 4 PORTUGAL 4 11 6 10 5 BALEARES 9 8 7 Abul (1) Mahon ; (2) Cala Coves ; 1 (3) Na Guardis ; (4) Ibiza ; (5) Sa Caleta. ESPAGNE 2 27 28 26 3 25 19 3 18 9 6 30 29 21 10 9 7 12 10 5 1 17 19 11 5 4 24 13 16 15 14 2 20 16 14 6 13 11 8 4 23 22 15 8 7 18 12 15 17 16 17 14 18 13 3 19 TUNISIE 4 20 12 10 9 5 2 1 21 ALGERIE 11 6 22 8 7 7 MAROC 6 5 4 8 3 MAROC 2 (1) Melilla ; (2) S. Abdeslam del Behar ; (3) Ceuta ; (4) Tanger ; (5) Kouass ; (6) Lixus ; (7) Sala ; (8) El-Djadida ; (9) Mogador. ALGERIE (1) Annaba ; (2) Skikda ; (3) Collo ; (4) Djidjelli ; (5) Bougie ; (6) Aze"oun ; (7) Taksebt ; (8) Tigzirt ; (9) Dellys ; (10) Cap Djinet ; (11) Mers el-Hadjedje ; (12) Matifou ; (13) Alger ; (14) Tipaza ; (15) Cherchel; (16) Gouraya ; (17) Arzew ; (18) Andalouses ; (19) Mersa Madakh ; (20) Mersa Bou Zedjar ; (21) Rachgoun ; (22) Siga. TUNISIE (1) Henchir el-Mdeina ; (2) Rass Zarba ; (3) Gightis ; (4) El-Kantara ; (5) Guellala ; (6) Ghizene ; (7) Borj el-Hassar ; (8) R ass Bou Tria ; (9) Mahdia ; (10) Ras Dimass ; (11) Lamta ; (12) Monastir ; (13) Sousse ; (14) Dmagh el-Kaouaf ; (15) Nabeul ; (16) Kelibia ; ( 17) Kerkouane ; (18) E (20) Degla ; (21) Mraïssa ; (22) Sidi Raïs ; (23) Carthage ; (24) Utique ; (25) Ghar el-Melh ; (26) Ras Zbib ; (27) Henchir Cha ara ; (28) Bizerte ; (29) P Le Liban occupe la majeuRe paRtie de la mèRe-patRie deS PhénicienS qui s’étend également veRS le noRd SuR leS RivageS de SyRie et veRS le Sud SuR le lit - toRal paleStinien. Il compte leS pRincipaleS métRopoleS deS navigateuRS qui eSSaimèRent SuR leS côteS deS tRoiS baSSinS de la MéditeRRanée et de l ’Océan Atlantique. C ’eSt depuiS le poRt de TyR que leS PhénicienS S ’élancèRent pouR fondeR Cadix en ESpagne, LixuS au MaRoc ou la célèbRe CaRthage en TuniSie. C’eSt également danS leS poRtS libanaiS que tRanSitaient leS maRchandiSeS entRe l’ORient et l ’Occident, entRe le noRd et le Sud du monde méditeRRanéen. Le Liban conSeRva ce Rôle de caRRefouR juSqu ’à noS jouRS et même Si leS annéeS de gueRRe lui impoSèRent le Silence, il ne fait aucun doute que peu à peu, le payS du cèdRe Redevient la plaque touRnante qu ’il fut danS l ’Antiquité. LeS poRtS deS ancienS PhénicienS au Liban n ’ont jamaiS ceSSé d ’êtRe actifS. DèS le deuxième millénaiRe avant notRe èRe, leS phaRaonS de l ’Egypte du Nouvel EmpiRe en fiRent deS baSeS pouR aSSeoiR une hégémonie ceRtaine SuR leS pRo - vinceS aSiatiqueS, ce fut enSuite leS SouveRainS helléniStiqueS, leS RomainS, leS ByzantinS, leS CRoiSéS, leS ARabeS où leS OttomanS qui laiSSèRent une tRace 2 encoRe peRceptible paR l ’aRchéologie, l ’hiStoiRe ou au Sein même de la cultuRe libanaiSe. LeS villeS côtièReS du Liban Sont paRmi leS pluS ancienneS de la MéditeRRanée, BybloS avec SeS 7000 anS d ’hiStoiRe le Revendique, leS fouilleS GNE ; (2) Saralapis ; (3) Villaputzu; onara ; (5) Cagliari ; (6) Nora ; (8) Malfatano ; (9) Teulada ; itanus Portus ; (11) Sulcis ; oforte ; (13) Nabui ; (14) Othoca ; rros ; (16) Cornus ; (17) Bosa. TURQUIE (1) Myriandos / Myriandros ; (2) Al-Mina. SYRIE SICILE (1) Bassit ; (2) Minet el-Beida ; (3) Ras Ibn Hani ; 2 6 3 1 (1) Solonte ; (2) Palerme ; (4) Lattaquié ; (5) Jablé ; (6) Tell Sukas ; (7) Paltos ; (8) Banias ; (9) Carné ; (10) Tartous ; (11) Tell Ghamqé ; 4 (3) Trapani ; (4) Motyé ; TURQUIE 5 SICILE (5) Marsala ; (6) Favignana. (12) Arwad ; (13) Amrit ; (14) Tabbat al-Hammam. 1 Pantelleria MALTE 11-12 7-8 2 4-6 (1) Marsaxlokk; (2) Marsaskala ; 1 2 MALTE 3 5 Lampedusa 9-10 (3) Grand-Harbour ; (4) Marsamxett ; 3 SYRIE 1-3 4 67 (5) Saint-Julien ; (6) Salina ; (7) Saint-Paul ; CHYPRE 1 10 9 8 (1) Salamine ; (2) Kition ; 4 12 11 13 (8) Ghajn-Tu#eha ; (9) Mgarr ; (10) Ramla ; 2 14 1 2 (11) Marsalforn ; (12) Xlendi. (3) Lapithos ; (4) Polis-tis-Chrysochou. 4 3 CHYPRE 5 6 LIBYE 7 8 LIBAN (1) Charax ; (2) Tour d’Euphrantas ;(3) Melfa ; (4) Leptis Magna ; 9 LIBAN 10 11 (5) Gaphara ; (6) Oea / Tripoli ; (7) Sabratha. 12 13 (1) Cheikh Zennad ; (2) Oullasa / Ibirta ; 14 15 1 2 1 5 3 7 6 5 (3) Tripoli ; (4) Enfé ; (5) Chekka ; (6) Batroun ; 6 4 4 7 (7) Byblos ; (8) Beyrouth ; (9) Khaldé ; (10) Sidon ; 9 8 10 ISRAEL (11) Tell el-Bourak ; (12) Sarepta ; (13) Adloun ; 12 11 14 13 LIBYE (14) Tyr ; (15) Palaetyr. 15 3 16 2 ISRAEL 1 (1) Misrefot-Yam ; (2) Akzib ; (3) Akko ; (4) Tell Abu Hawam ; (5) Shiqmona ; (6) Tell Megadim ; (7) Athlit ; (8) Dor ; (9) Tell Tannimin ; (10) Caesarea Maritima ; El-Haouaria ; (19) Zembra ; (11) Tel Mikhmoret ; (12) Apollonia Arsuf ; (13) Tel Michal ; ointe el-Ouali ; (30) Tabarka. (14) Ja"a ; (15) Ascalon ; (16) Jezirat Fara’un. du centRe ville de BeyRouth ou de Saïda livRent chaque année de nouveaux témoignageS. Même Si leS fouilleS Sont Souvent RendueS difficileS paR la Situa - tion politique ou paR l ’uRbaniSation paRfoiS anaRchique du littoRal, leS tRavaux RécentS, en paRticulieR leS étudeS géoaRchéologiqueS 2, appoRtent un éclai - Rage nouveau SuR la Réalité du paySage poRtuaiRe libanaiS aux péRiodeS phéni - cienneS. C ’eSt ce paySage poRtuaiRe que l ’on va S ’attacheR à décRiRe, danS Sa configuRation natuRelle maiS auSSi danS ce qu ’il doit à l ’homme. CaR c ’eSt au pRemieR millénaiRe, duRant leS péRiodeS phénicienneS, que leS néceSSitéS du commeRce ou de la politique, impoSèRent aux ancienS libanaiS de Se pRotégeR deS tempêteS, de gaRantiR aux naviReS deS accoStageS et deS mouillageS SûReS à pRoximité immédiate deS villeS, d ’appRivoiSeR la meR. Plaine du Akkar Cet aRticle RepRend une paRtie deS RéSultatS de ma thèSe de E N. stouen doctoRat, diRigé paR le pRof. Th. Petit et Soutenue à N. el-Kebir 1. Cheikh l’UniveRSité de StRaSbouRg en mai 2008 3. Si danS le cadRe de Zennad cette RecheRche doctoRale , la géomoRphologie et leS infRa - 2. Oullasa N. el- StRuctuReS de la totalité deS établiSSementS poRtuaiReS phéni - - Ibirta Ba re d 3 cienS et/ou puniqueS a été tRaitée (183 SiteS ; caRte 1 ), on Se concentReRa ici SuR leS poRtS du Liban. N. Abou Ali Quinze SiteS (fig. 1 ) occupéS à l ’âge du FeR paR une popula - 3. Tripoli tion phénicienne ont livRé leS indiceS d ’une activité maRiti - me. Il S ’agit, du noRd au Sud, de Cheikh Zennad (1), de l ’em - 4. Enfé bouchuRe du NahR el-BaRed avec OullaSa et IbiRta (2), de 5. Chekka TRipoli (3), d ’Enfé (4), de Chekka (5), de BatRoun (6), de Koubba e oz Hannouch . J BybloS (7), de BeyRouth (8), de Khaldé (9), de Sidon (10), N Salaata de Tell el-BouRak (11), de SaRepta (12), d ’Adloun (13), de 6. Batroun TyR (14) et de PalaetyR (15). Chacun de ceS SiteS a fait l ’objet Ras Madfoun d’une notice SyStématique oRganiSée en tRoiS paRtieS. On s’eSt tout d ’aboRd attaché à identifieR chaque Site danS leS 7. Byblos SouRceS antiqueS et à pRéciSeR Son occupation et Son activi - N. Ibrahim té poRtuaiRe à l’âge du FeR (a). La deuxième paRtie (b) tRaite deS conditionS poRtuaiReS natuRelleS et de leuR oRganiSation N. el-Kelb Spatiale à l ’époque conceRnée. PouR obteniR une viSion cohéRente du paySage deS poRtS phénicienS au pRemieR mil - N. Beyrouth 8. Beyrouth lénaiRe, il SeRa aloRS indiSpenSable de pRéciSeR leS modifica - tionS du tRait de côte inteRvenueS depuiS l ’Antiquité . DanS la tRoiSième et deRnièRe paRtie (c) SeRont tRaitéeS leS infRaStRuc - 9. Khaldé tuReS du poRt, qu ’elleS Soient connueS paR l ’aRchéologie ou mentionnéeS paR leS SouRceS antiqueS SanS avoiR été miSeS au jouR. N. Damour C’eSt à paRtiR de ce catalogue que l ’on a pu établiR une tRiple SynthèSe typologique. La géomoRphologie deS poRtS natu - RelS en foRme la pRemièRe paRtie et l ’oRganiSation Spatiale deS N. Aouali baSSinS autouR d ’une même aggloméRation la deuxième. 10. Sidon Enfin, danS un tRoiSième tempS on S ’eSt S ’attaché à définiR N. Zaharani une typologie deS infRaStRuctuReS poRtuaiReS ReconnueS. Chacune de ceS paRtieS SynthétiqueS RepRendRa leS infoRma - 11. Sarepta tionS acquiSeS SuR leS poRtS du Liban et SeRa Replacée danS le 12. Adloun cadRe pluS laRge de l ’expanSion phénicienne en MéditeRRanée au couRS du pRemieR millénaiRe avant notRe èRe. N. Litani 13. Tyr 14. Palaetyr 0 20 km 1 1: les établissements portuaires du Liban (fond de carte De Vaumas, 1954; DAO N. Carayon). CATALOGUE 2 : plan du site de 1. CHEIKH ZENNAD Cheikh Zennad : a. Le Site poRtuaiRe phénicien le pluS SeptentRional du Liban, Cheikh Zennad, Se tRouve à quatRe kilomètReS au Sud de la fRontièRe SyRienne , maR - (1) port d’embouchure 4 quée paR l ’embouchuRe du NahR el-KebiR.
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