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Landscape of Languages Landscape of Languages The position of provincial languages in the Roman Empire in the first three centuries AD Thesis for obtaining the degree of Master of Arts In the research master's programme of History: Societies and Institutions In the specialization track of Ancient History Under supervision of dr. F.G. Naerebout and prof. dr. L. de Ligt M.S. Visscher, BA s0625736 [email protected] Schoolmeesterpad 19 2316VE Leiden 20 December 2011 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ vi List of Maps ..............................................................................................................................vii List of Figures .........................................................................................................................viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Languages attested in inscriptions.................................................................................. 10 1.2 Epigraphically unattested languages .............................................................................. 25 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 29 2.1 Asia Minor...................................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Palestine and the Levantine coast................................................................................... 33 2.3 The Eastern provinces .................................................................................................... 37 2.4 North African Coast (minus Egypt) ............................................................................... 44 2.5 Iberian peninsula ............................................................................................................ 51 2.6 Gaul and the northern border.......................................................................................... 52 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 56 3.1 Asia Minor...................................................................................................................... 56 3.2 Palestine and the Levantine Coast.................................................................................. 59 3.3 The Eastern provinces .................................................................................................... 61 3.4 North African Coast (minus Egypt) ............................................................................... 64 3.5 Iberian Peninsula ............................................................................................................ 66 3.6 Gaul and the northern border.......................................................................................... 68 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 72 Bibliography............................................................................................................................. 75 Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 81 Word count (including notes and bibliography): 40.096 iii iv Acknowledgements When I set out to find a topic for my thesis in September 2010, I was also planning to stay for some months in Oxford. At that time I could not have foreseen how much my stay in Oxford would shape and improve my thesis research. I am glad to acknowledge my deep gratitude to Prof. Alan Bowman, director of the Centre for Study of Ancient Documents in Oxford, for allowing me to be associated with the CSAD for five months and for discussing my thesis with me. I also would like to thank Dr. Charles Crowther for supervising me during my stay in Oxford. The stimulating discussions with the staff and visitors of the CSAD have enhanced my knowledge of epigraphy and broadened my view on documents in the ancient world. My special thanks go to Maggy Sasanow, who was always ready to help with anything and always had time to have some coffee if needed. Many conversations and discussions in Oxford have helped to correct some false assumptions and create new ideas. I would like to express my thanks to Prof. Fergus Millar and Prof. David Taylor, who were both so kind to discuss my thesis with me on several occasions. In addition, I owe many thanks to Jonathan Kirkpatrick, PhD, who provided me with the online version of the Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palestinae , without which I could not have written on the Hebrew inscriptions. I also would like to thank Aneurin Ellis- Evan and Simon Day for giving me the opportunity to give a talk about my thesis in the Work in Progress seminar for Ancient history graduates. I am very grateful to Dr. Frits Naerebout for encouraging me to go to Oxford and giving me the opportunity to become an associate of the CSAD. His support and encouragement have always brought me back on track. His insightful feedback and sharp questions have greatly improved the arguments in my thesis. I have enjoyed our conversations about the difficulties in the material and the large picture of my thesis and I have always walked out the room with my head cleared and focussed. Finally I would like to thank Danny Eijsermans, who has proofread my whole thesis, was never tired of discussing ‘the meaning of an inscription in the ancient world’, and, most importantly, has stood by my side for the entire time. v Abbreviations CIE Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum CII Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum CIIP Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palestinae CINP Corpus Inscriptionum Neo-Phrygiarum CIPP Corpus des Inscriptions P alé o-Phrygiennes CIS Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum IG Inscriptionum Graeca IK Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien IPT Iscrizioni puniche della Tripolitania IRT Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania JIWE Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe LA Libya Antiqua MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua MLH Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum PAT Palmyrene Aramaic Texts RES Repertoire d’Épigraphie Sémitique RIG Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises RIL Recueil des Inscriptions Libyques SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris vi List of Maps Map 1 - Distribution of Neo-Phrygian (red) and Pisidian (yellow) inscriptions ..................... 11 Map 2 - Distribution of Aramaic inscriptions (white).............................................................. 15 Map 3 - Distribution of Hebrew (blue) and Aramaic (white) inscriptions in Palestine and the Levantine coast......................................................................................................................... 17 Map 4 - The Phoenician-Punic world of the Western Mediterranean (from Brill’s New Pauly – with kind permission of Brill’s publishers)........................................................................... 19 Map 5 - Distribution of Neo-Punic (pink) and Libyan (green) inscriptions ............................ 20 Map 6 - Distribution of all Lusitanian inscriptions .................................................................. 22 Map 7 - Distribution of Gallic inscriptions .............................................................................. 24 Map 8 - Languages of Italy (from Brill’s New Pauly – with kind permission of Brill’s publishers) ................................................................................................................................ 27 Map 9 - Distribution of Gallic inscriptions ............................................................................. 69 Map 10 - Distribution of Latin inscriptions found in clusters of at least 20 inscriptions. (Woolf, Becoming Roman , 86)................................................................................................. 69 vii List of Figures Picture on title page - Libyan-Latin funerary stele ( RIL 187) Figure 1 - Pisidian funerary stele (Kadmos 26, 1987, Nr. 25) ................................................. 12 Figure 2 - Semitic languages family tree (simplified).............................................................. 13 Figure 3 - Celtic languages family tree (simplified) ................................................................ 23 Figure 4 - Neo-Phrygian door-stone turned into a fountain ..................................................... 30 Figure 5 - Neo-Phrygian altar ( CINP 50) ........................................................................ 30 Figure 6 - Ossuary of Yehosef son of Daniel with Hebrew inscription, 1 cent. BC-1 cent. AD. (CIIP 95)................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 7 - Reconstructed Tomb of Yarhai,
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