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Note to Users NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript and are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available. National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliogiaphic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A W OitawaON KlAW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seli reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY TIN-GLAZED EARTHENWARE FROM FERRYLAND, NEWFOUNOLAND by Eleanor Stoddart A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partiaI tùlfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropoiogy Mernorial University of Newfoundland December, 2000 St. John's Newfoundland Abstract The subject of this thesis is seventeenth-centwy tin-glazed earthenware excavated from Ferryland, Newfoundland. This type of ceramic was pnzed during the seventeenth century for the whiteness of its glaze and its similarity to porcelain. No documentation exists which describes tin-glazed earthenware being shipped to Ferryland7but it is found in relatively large quantities in many areas of the site. This thesis considers the izentification of forms of vessels, their date and country of manufacture, and the trade partnerships between Newfoundland and Europe which allowed the tin-glazed earthenware to be brought to Ferryland. Historical documentation and artifact analysis were used in conjunction with fieldwork in Portugal, the United States and Canada, to research these topics. 570 different tin-glazed earthenware vessels were identified and classified according to a modified Potomac Typological System and the results indicate the majority of the vessels were used for the presentation and serving of food. Strong economic links with both England and the Iberian peninsula are illustrated by the large proportions of these tin-glazed earthenware found in the Ferryland archaeological record. The importance of Spain and Portugal as trade partners with Ferryland shifted as the seventeenth century progressed, and this is reflected in the changing arnounts of tin- glazed earthenware arriving in the settlement. Most of the tin-glazed earthenware which could be dated closely pertains to the Kirke occupation. Trade in these goods to Ferryland appears to have been based on personal connections, and the presence of exotic ceramics in Fenyland can be seen to be more closely related to the presence of a wealthy patron in the settlernent than with English trade policies of the seventeenth century. Acknowledgments There are many people who have in one way or another contributed to this thesis. Most irnportantly, 1 would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Peter Pope and Dr. James Tuck for their guidance and assistance with my many questions. 1 am grateful to the Archaeology Unit's faculty and staff for their support, especially Cathy Mathias for her conservation instruction, Ellen Foulkes for al1 her help in tracking down the location of specific artifacts, and Barry Gaulton for his assistance with maps and illustrations, as well as information about the site. Special thanks go to my fellow grad students for their support, advice and sharing of resources and books. Many other individuals helped me during my research trip, and deserve thanks. Mr. and Mrs. Duarte of Memorial University assisted me greatly with Portuguese translations of letters. While in Portugal, Dr. Rafael Calado and Dr. Ana Calado of the Museu de Arte Antiga helped me irnrnensely with the identification of the Portuguese and Iberian ceramics, and assisted me in meeting with other Portuguese museum professionals. Above dl, they showed me a great deal of hospitality, and gave a lot of their persona1 time. Dr. Joao Pedro Monteiro and Dr. Alexandre Pais of the Museu Nacional do Azulejo allowed me access to the museum's library, and helped with identification. Dr. Olivia Sardinha of the Archaeology Museum also identified some of the tin-glazed earthenware, let me photograph collections, and set up other appointments for me. 1 am very grateful for the help of Dr. Adilia Alarcao of the Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro who came into the museum on a weekend, allowed me to photograph the museum's extensive col1ection of tin-glazed earthenware and answered nurnerous iii questions. Ana Pereira Vde of the Institut0 Portugues do Patrimonio Arquitectonico shared the resources of her institution, allowing me to photocopy articles 1 would not have had access to in Canada. While in New York, Jessie McNabb of Metropotitan Museum of Art allowed me to examine the museum's collection of seventeenth-century ceramics, and assisted in identifjing non-Portuguese vessels. Brian Musselwhite of Royal Ontario Museum and Patricia Ferguson of Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art, both in Toronto, gave me access to their collections and resourçes to help in my research. The Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER) and the J.R.Smallwood Centre for Newfoundland Studies assisted me financially with research grants to make my research trip possible, and the School of Graduate Studies at Mernorial University of Newfoundland assisted my studies financially with the help of their Fellowships. Table of Contents Abstrac t Acknowledgments Table of Contents List of Maps List of Figures List of Tables List of Plates Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 2 HISTORY OF FERRYLAND 4 Chapter 3 HISTORY OF EXCAVATION 3.1 History of Excavation 3.2 Area A 3.3 Area B 3.4 Area C 3.5 Area D 3.6 Area E. 3.7 Area F 3.8 Area G 3.9 Area H Chapter 4 HISTORY OF TIN-GLAZED EARTHENWARE 23 4.1 Introduction 23 4.2 England 36 4.3 Netherlands 29 4.4 Italy 30 4.5 France 32 4.6 Spain 33 4.7 Portugal 34 Chapter 5 TIN-GLAZED EARTHENWARE: FABRIC, FORMS AND DESIGNS 37 5.1 Introduction 37 5.2 English tin-glaze 38 5.3 Dutch delftware 39 5 -4 Italian tin-glazed earthenware (Majolica) 40 5.5 French faiance 40 5.6 Spanish tin-glazed earthenware 41 5.7 Portuguese th-glazed earthenware 43 5.8 Forms of vessels present in the archaeological record in Ferryland 5.8.1 Food Service. 5.8 -2 Beverage Service 5.8.3 Kitchen and Dairy Service 5.8.4 Hygiene Service 5.8.5 Cooking Service 5.8.6 "Other" Chapter 6 WARE AND FORM ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Ceramic totals/counts 6.3 Ceramic Dating 6.4 Forrns 6.4.1 Food Service vessels 6.4.1.1 Plates 6.4.1.2 Saucers 6.4.1.3 Bowls 6.4.1.4 Pomngers 6.4.1.5 Lobed dishes 6.4.1.6 Dishes 6.4.1.7 Sillabub pots 6.4.1.8 Salt dishes 6.4.2 Beverage Service vessels 6.4.2.1 Cups 6.4.2.2 Mugs 6.4.2.3JugsPitchers 6.4.2.4Bottles 6.4.2.5 Punch bowls 6.4.3 Kitchen and Dairy vessels 6.4.3.1 Pots 6.4.3.2 Jars 6.4.3.3 Lids 6.4.3.4Colanders 6.4.4 Hygiene vessels 6.4.4.1 Galley pots 6.4.4.2 Chamber pots 6.4.4.3 Bleeding bowls 6.4.5 Cooking vessels 6.4.5.1 Temnes 6.4.6 "Other" vessels 6.4.6.1 Puzzle jugs 6.4.6.2 Tiles 6.4.6.3 Figurine 6.4.6.4 Tray. Chapter 7 TRADE AND FERRYLAND 92 7.1 The economy of Ferryland 92 7.2 Trade patterns with Feqland over time 94 7.2.1 Migratory fishery period (1 600-1620) 95 7.2.2 Calvert occupation ( 162 1- 1629) 96 7.2.3 Fisher folk (1 630- 1637) 97 7.2.4 Planter fishery expansion (1 63 8- 1660) 98 7.2.5 Economically stable period for planters (1 660- 1673) 10 1 7.2.6 Period between Dutch raid and French attack ( 1674- 1 696) 102 7.2.7 Reoccupation afier French attack ( 1 696t) 103 7.3 Records of trade in Ferryland 103 7.4 Presence of tiri-glazed earthenware in archaeological sites across Newfoundland 7.5 Discussion 7.6 Conclusion Chapter 8 SOCIAL HIERARCHIES AT FERRYAND: STATUS AND CONSUMPTION 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Social organization at Ferryland 8.3 Ceramics and Status 8.4 Choice and Consumption of th-glazed earthenware at Fenyland 8.5 Conclusion Chapter 9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Preference for tin-glazed earthenware 9.3 Symbolism of form and decoration 9.4 Uses of tin-glazed earthenware 9.5 Ownership of tin-glazed earthenware 9.6 Cornparisons to other sites 9.6.1 New England 9.6.2 Other American sites 9.6.3 English sites 9.7 Conclusions REFERENCES CITED vii PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS MAPS FIGURES PLATES APPENDIX A: VESSEL ANALYSIS - .. Vlll List of Maps Map 1 Newfoundland Map 2 The Pool, Fenyland List of Figures Figure 6.1 Tin-glazed earthenware vessels from Ferry land by country of production Figure 6.2 Tin-glazed earthenware vessels from Fenyland by production region Figure 6.3 Dateable Tin-glazed earthenware vessels from Ferryland by major time period Figure 6.4 Tin-glazed earthenware vessels fiom Ferryland contexts by vesse1 forrn Figure 6.5 Tin-glazed earthenware Food Service vessels fiom Ferryland contexts Figure 6.6 Tin-glazed earthenware Beverage Service vessels from Ferryland contexts Figure 6.7 Tin-glazed earthenware Kitchen Service
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