Türkiye'de Biyografik Sinema Filminde Bellek, Çarpıtma Ve Boş Alan

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Türkiye'de Biyografik Sinema Filminde Bellek, Çarpıtma Ve Boş Alan T. C. MALTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ RADYO SİNEMA TELEVİZYON BÖLÜMÜ TÜRKİYE’DE BİYOGRAFİK SİNEMA FİLMİNDE BELLEK, ÇARPITMA VE BOŞ ALAN: “VEDA” FİLMİ ÜZERİNDEN ÇALIŞMA YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ AYTUNA (TOSUNOĞLU) ÇALIK 091105107 Danışman Öğretim Üyesi: Yrd.Doç.Dr. Nazan HAYDARI PAKKAN İstanbul, Haziran 2011 “But when from a long-distant past nothing subsists, after the people are dead, after the things are broken and scattered, still, alone, more fragile, but with more vitality, more insubstantial, more persistent, more faithful, the smell and taste of things remain poised a long time, like souls, ready to remind us, waiting and hoping for their moment, amid the ruins of all the rest; and bear unfaltering, in the tiny and almost impalpable drop of their essence, the endless edifice of recollection.”* Swann’s Way – Marcel Proust * “Yaşananlar geçmişte kaldığında, insanlar öldükten, herşey kırıldıktan ve parçalara ayrıldıktan sonra yine de yalnız, daha kırılgan ancak daha canlı, daha gerçek dışı, daha inatçı, daha inançlı; nesnelerin kokusu ve tadı uzun bir süre boyunca dengede kalır; tıpkı geride kalan her şeyin yıkıntıları arasında hatırlanacakları o anın gelmesini bekleyen ve uman ve yeniden bir araya gelmenin sonsuz mabedinde varlıklarının en küçük ve neredeyse tutulamayacak damlasında bile kendinden emin olan ruhlar gibi…” (Çeviri: A.Tosunoğlu) 2 ÖNSÖZ Sevgili Atıf Yılmaz 2004 yılında, Bir Sinemacının Anıları kitabını benim için imzalarken şunları yazmıştı; “Bugün iyi bir romancı, senaryocu yarın belki iyi bir yönetmen daha sonra iyi bir oyuncu ve daha neler neler... Bilmem az şey mi bekliyorum?..” Belki bunların hiçbiri olmadım, belki bir kısmı... İyi olup olmamak da oldukça göreceli. Bu hayattan geçerken kendisini hep bir öğrenen olarak niteleyen ben için iyi olmak diye bir şey yok. Atıf Abi bana herşeyin mümkün olabileceğini göstermişti; hayatımın elinizde tuttuğunuz tez aşamasında en başta bana umut verdiği için hatırasına teşekkür ederek başlamalıyım; iyi ki vardın Atıf Abi. İlk sinema bilgilerimi aldığım hocam Barış Pirhasan ve Gül Dirican’a sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Onlar olmasaydı benim sinema yolculuğum olmazdı. Bu tezin ortaya çıkmasında emeği olan, başından sonuna kadar her aşamasında yanımdan ayrılmayan hem hocam hem tez danışmanım, Yrd.Doç.Nazan Haydari Pakkan’a teşekkür ve minnet duygularımı ifade etmeliyim; her zaman pozitif, her zaman yapıcı olduğu için. Eğitimim süresince bana inanan, beni destekleyen, kaynaklarını benimle paylaşan hocalarım ve aynı zamanda dostlarım Ebru Acar Taralp’a, Yrd.Doç.Banu Konyar’a, Yrd.Doç. Oktay Yalın’a, (hepsinin kitapları hala bende, geri vermedim!), sıradışı fikirleriyle değişik bakış açıları getiren Yrd.Doç.Özlem Oğuzhan’a, yıllardır sen en iyisini yaparsın diyerek beni yüreklendiren Yrd.Doç.Aslı Güngör Kırçıl’a ayrı ayrı teşekkür ederim. Çocukluk arkadaşım ve dostum Yrd.Doç.Bülent Turan bu tezin kuramını yerleştirirken davranış bilimleri konusundaki uzmanlığını benimle (ta Amerika’dan!) paylaştı; teşekkür borçluyum. Mezunu olduğum üniversitemde, bana güvenerek eğitmenlik fırsatı veren hocalarım Prof.Şahin Karasar’a, Prof.Peyami Çelikcan’a, Prof.İsmail Kaya’ya ve Prof.Simten Güneş’e teşekkür ederim. Evde tez yazma ortamını benim için hazırlayan ve koruyan, ne yaparsam yapayım sonuna kadar bana inanan sevgili kocam, en yapıcı eleştirmenim; Op.Dr.Mustafa Kemal Çalık’a ve birtanecik kızım Duru’ya sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Bu tez benim için çok keyifli bir yolculuktu... Aytuna Tosunoğlu Çalık Haziran, 2011 3 ÖZET Sinemanın toplumsal olay ve olgulardan beslenen, etkilenen bir sanat olduğu aşikardır. Türkiye’de kısıtlı sayıda örneği bulunan biyografik sinema filminin de kamuya mal olmuş kişilerin hayatını kendisine konu etmesi geçmişin olaylarını, anıları tarihsel bir kronoloji içinde ele almasını gerektirir. Bu gereklilik belleğin yeniden üretimi çerçevesinde bir anı oluşturma takıntısına dönüştüğünde ve halihazırda günümüz insanının etrafını çevirmiş olan imge bolluğu ile birleştiğinde artık herşeyden daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulan boş alan kavramını engelleyen bir unsur haline gelmektedir. Belleğin yeniden üretimi sırasında anıların çarpıtmaya uğraması tarihsel olaylarda/eylemlerde eksen kaymasına, kamuya mal olmuş kişilerin bir grup ya da topluluk tarafından kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda kullanılmasına neden olabilir. Bu çalışmanın kendisine örnek olarak seçtiği biyografik sinema filmi olan Veda üzerinden boş alan araması yapılır. Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesi Lacan’ın ayna evresi (mirror stage), davranış bilimlerinin çalışması olan yerine koyma (replacement), kök kelime tamamlama (word stem completion) ve tıp alanında yer alan hayalet ağrı (phantom pain) tanımları/doktrinleri aracılığı ile boş alan tarifi yapılarak belirlenir. Anılan kavramlardan hareketle Veda filmi içinde bir boş alanın varlığı irdelenir. Batının 1900 yılından başlayarak günümüze kadar çok sayıda örneklerini verdiği biyografik sinema filmine karşın Türkiye’de yeterince film yapılmadığı bir gerçektir. Güncel bir örnek olan Veda filmi üzerinden irdelenmeye çalışılan biyografik sinema filminde boş alan yaratılmasının önemi vurgulanır. İzleyicisinin doldurabileceği boş alanı içeren biyografik sinema filmi örneklerinin artarak çoğalması bir gerekliliktir. Bu da günümüz Türkiye’sinde toplumsal bölünmüşlüğün giderilmesi için faydalanılacak bir araç olabilir. Çalışmanın bu amaca hizmet etmede bir ilk adım olması umulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyografik Sinema, Boş Alan, Bellek, Belleğin Yeniden Üretimi, Çarpıtma, “Veda Filmi”. 4 ABSTRACT It is obvious that cinema is an art form that is fed and affected by social events and facts. Biographic cinema, which has very limited examples in Turkey, requires consideration of past events and memories of lives of well-known people in a historical chronology. When this need turns in to an attempt reproducing those memories and is combined with the abundance of images that surround humans in today's life, it becomes an element preventing the existence of the necessary concept of empty space. The distortion of memories during the process of regeneration opens up the possibility that a group uses the historic personalities and events to advance its own agenda. In this study, the concept of empty space is examined in the film called Veda. The conceptual framework of this study is defined by describing empty space using descriptions/doctrines such as Lacan's mirror stage, the construct of replacement and the word stem completion paradigm used in behavioral sciences and phanstom pain, a medical phenomenon. The concept of empty space is examined in Veda using the aforementioned concepts. It is a fact that compared to a large number of biopics produced in the western world from 1900 to date, there are not enough biopics produced in Turkey. Recently made biopic Veda emphasizes the importance of the creation of an empty space in biographic cinema. It is necessary to have more examples of biographic cinema that contain an “empty space”, which the viewers can fill in. This can also serve as a medium that can be used to alleviate social disunity in Turkey today. It is hoped that this study is a first step in serving this purpose. Key Words: Biopic, Biography, Empty Space, Memory, Regenarion of Memory, Memory Distortion, Veda. 5 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................... 3 ÖZET................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... 5 İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................... 6 TABLOLAR LİSTESİ………………………………………………………………… 8 ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ …………………………………………………………………. 9 1. GİRİŞ.............................................................................................................. 10 2. BELLEĞİN YENİDEN ÜRETİMİ VE FİLM / MEDYA..................................... 16 2.1. Belleğin Yeniden Üretimi............................................................... 16 2.2. Biyografik Eser – Biyografik Sinema Filmi.................................. 24 2.3. Biyografik Sinema ve Belleğin Yeniden Üretimi.......................... 26 3. KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE – BOŞ ALAN.......................................................... 38 3.1. Lacan’ın Pozitif Boşluk Kuramı..................................................... 44 3.2. Davranış Bilimlerinde “Yerine Koyma”........................................ 47 4. “VEDA”.......................................................................................................... 54 4.1. Türkiye’de Biyografik Sinema....................................................... 54 4.2. 1990’lar Türkiyesi ve Sembol olarak Atatürk............................... 63 4.3. “Veda” Filmi.................................................................................... 73 4.4. Filmin Özeti..................................................................................... 76 4.5. Film Olaylarının Seçimi ve Devinim Noktaları.............................. 97 6 5. “VEDA” VE BELLEĞİN YENİDEN ÜRETİMİ................................................. 100 5.1. Belleğin Çarpıtma Dinamikleri ve “Veda”...................................... 101 5.2. Boş Alan Kavramı ve Filmin Biraraya Geldiği Noktalar............... 114 6. SONUÇ............................................................................................................. 122 7. KAYNAKLAR..................................................................................................
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    BULK ,RATE U.S. POSTAGE PAID Permit N•. 24l9 K.C.,M •• and hoI loodl ,hoI fun! hoI mU9;cl PAGE 3 ,set. Warren tells us he's "letting it blow over, absorbing a lot" and trying to ma­ triculate. Warren also told PITCH sources that he is overwhelmed by the life of William Allan White, a journalist who never graduated from KU' and hobnobbed with Presidents. THE PENNY PITCH ENCOURAGES READERS TO CON­ Dear Charles, TR IBUTE--LETTERSJ ARTICLES J POETRY AND ART, . I must congratulate you on your intelli­ 4128 BROADWAY YOUR ENTR I ES MAY BE PR I NTED. OR I G I NALS gence and foresight in adding OUB' s Old­ KANSAS CITY, MISSDURI64111 WI LL NOT BE RETURNED. SEND TO: Fashioned Jazz. Corner to PENNY PITCH. (816) 561·1580 CHARLES CHANCL SR. Since I'm neither dead or in the ad busi­ ness (not 'too sure about the looney' bin) EDITOR .•...•. Charles Chance, Sr. PENNY PITCH BROADWAY and he is my real Ole Unkel Bob I would ASSISTING •.• Rev. Dwight Frizzell 4128 appreciate being placed on your mailing K.C. J MO 64111 ••. Jay Mandeville I ist in order to keep tabs on the old reprobate. CONTRIBUTORS: Dear Mr. Chance, Thank you, --his real niece all the way Chris Kim A, LeRoi, Joanie Harrell, Donna from New Jersey, Trussell, Ole Uncle Bob Mossman, Rosie Well, TIME sure flies, LIFE is strange, and NEWSWEEK just keeps on getting strang­ Beryl Sortino Scrivo, Youseff Yancey, Rev. Dwight Pluc1cemin, NJ Frizzell, Claude Santiago, Gerard and er. And speaking of getting stranger, l've Armell Bonnett, Michael Grier, Scott been closely following the rapid develop­ ~ Dear Beryl: .
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