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Acerrae (Accerrans) 101, 110, 118, 127, 144–5 archaeological evidence, general discussions fear of 124, 143 12–13, 26 loyal during Social War 326 Archidamus of 195, 199, 219–20, 222 Acrotatus 196 Arpi Aecae 53, 54, 57, 74, 76 alliance with Rome 69, 73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 83 defection (Second Punic War) 85–7, 89, 90 growing resentment against Rome 81–3, 84 recaptured, punished by Romans 246, 255, hatred of Samnites 75, 78, 83–4 308 hegemonic state 19, 20, 76 Aemilius Barbula, Q. (cos. 311) 86, 152, 226 interstate rivals Aequi 14, 292 Canusium 21, 56, 76–7, 81, 97, 98–9 Agathocles 151, 169, 176, 185, 196 Luceria 77 ager Falernus 71 Taras 79–80 confiscated from Capuans 122, 123, 129 Teanum Apulum 56, 81, 94, 95 fertility 111 Messapic 55 devastates 36, 100, 103–4, 321 political factions 58–9, 61 Neapolitans raid 140 in Second Punic War tribus Falerna 36, 130 Carthaginian garrison 58, 255, 256, 257 ager Romanus Dasius Altinius (leader of revolt) 58, 59, 61, divided, controlled central Italian peoples 65, 84, 210, 256–7 290, 291, 310 defection 57–85; date of defection 53, 57–8; extended through conquest, confiscation hegemonic motives 52, 56, 84–5 22, 29 Hannibal executes Dasius Altinius’ family vastness encouraged wider Roman–Italian 59, 210, 242 contacts 318 influenced subordinate communities Alexander of 79, 150, 151, 195–6, 199, 226 85–91 allies and alliances, see treaties and alliances recaptured, punished by Rome 53, 210, Maximi, see Pontifical Tables 253, 255–8, 308; seen as major Roman , annalistic tradition 7–9 victory 76 8, 9–11 territory devastated by Hannibal 68, 71 and Apulians 55, 56–7, 67–73, 75–7, Arretium 14–15, 31, 239, 289, 310–1 87, 254 325, 326 economic activity 68–9, 73–5, 87–9 122, 125, 126–7, 128–30, 252–3 hostility with Samnites 55–6, 78–9, 89 Ausculum 53, 57, 85–6, 89–90, 255 arbitration battle of () 47, 76 Hannibal as arbiter 37 as arbiter 167 Bacchanalia 286, 321–2 Pyrrhus as arbiter 198 balancing (political science Romans as arbiters 116, 315–6 term) 17, 20, 301 sententia Minuciorum 315 Blanda 205, 255 Taras as arbiter 80, 195, 227 Brundisium typical of Hellenistic diplomacy 167 Hannibal tried to capture 250, 263

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366 Index

Brundisium (cont.) Oscanised 133, 139 important aristocrats pan-Campanian sanctuary (Hamaea) 124, Dasius of Brundisium 61, 62–3 125, 144, 245 Lucius Rammius 317, 319 in Second Punic War long-distance trade 200, 201–2, 263 fought for Hannibal 237 principal city on Sallentine Peninsula 199 decisive theatre of war 100, 127, 243; major received Colony 26, 199 Roman military commitment 100, 127, rivalry with Taras 199, 200 243–4 Roman base during Second Punic War 199, devastation 112–13 209, 210, 212, 254 recapture, punishment by Rome 243–53, strategic location 73, 200 309, 313 treaty with Rome 199 in Social War 325, 326, 327–8 Bruttian League 18–19, 151, 152, 158 Campanian League, see Capuan League Bruttium, (Bruttii, Brettii) early history and formation 151 Hannibal collects grain near, destroys 69 in 46 Roman supply base 68, 72 grievances against Rome widespread 150–5 vicus of Canusium 67, 72 Hellenisation 152–4 Cannae (battle), date of 1, 148 hostility towards, conflicts with 15, Canusium 149, 151–2, 154, 161–2, 175, 178–80, 204–5 Busa, aristocratic woman 61, 63, 65–6 intra-Bruttian conflicts 149, 154, 158 hegemonic state 19, 76–7, 98 political factionalism 150–1, 156 Cannae was vicus of 67, 72 in Pyrrhic War 15, 25, 149, 154 defenses 96 Pyrrhus negotiated for 83–4, 198 Forentum dominated by 98 Roman confiscations after war 150, 155, 157 interstate rivalry with Arpi 20, 56, 94, 97, Roman conquest brutal 15, 25, 154 98–9 in Second Punic War Messapic 55 chronology 150, 158 political factions 65–6, 95–6 defections 40, 148, 149–50 resisted Oscanisation 81, 97 fought for Hannibal in large numbers 237, Roman conquest 271; served in Carthaginian garrisons hostages taken 64, 94 237, 262 long-term advantages 97–8 motivated by desire for land, plunder 162, nature of 80, 94 167, 172, 270; attacked coastal Greek Romanisation 98 cities 165–6, 172–3 in Second Punic War recaptured, punished by Rome 271, 278, fought in territory 54, 67 309, 310; limited Roman war effort Hannibal devastated territory 72–3 269–70 Hannibal tried to capture 259–60 urbanisation, centralisation 152 loyal to Rome 53, 55, 92–3, 95–9, 254 see also Bruttian League sheltered Roman survivors after Cannae Buxentum 206, 208, 286, 308, 310 65, 95, 96, 294 in Social War, revolted 327 122, 126–7, 128, 129, 247, 252–3 strategic location 74 calendar (Roman), accuracy 1, 148 trade 72, 88 Capua, Capuans influenced by Capua 122 aristocrats, aristocratic families principal town of 122 Calavii: Ovius and Novius Calavius 62, received Latin colony 123 115; Pacuvius Calavius 104, 106–8, in Second Punic War 127, 135, 252–3, 257 112–13, 120–1 , Campanians Magii 314; Cn. Magius Atellanus 123; Campania, Campani defined 101–2 Decius Magius 105–6, 107, 112 densely urbanised 70, 112 Marius Blossius 105, 107, 111–12 fertility and wealth 111 Seppius Loesius 251 legio Campana 178–9, 180, 182 Sthenius and Pacuvius Ninius Celeres markets, trade 112, 113 105, 107

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Vibius Virrius 105, 107, 119, 120–1, 245, 252 maintains Greek culture 170 civitas sine suffragio 116–18, 129 object of Locrian expansionism 169, 170 hegemonic, expansionistic state 19–20, in Second Punic War 121–2, 123–4 besieged, recaptured by Romans 264–5, dominated satellite communities 122–3 274, 277 expansionism in Second Punic War: defected 171 attacked 124–5; encouraged socius navalis 170 defection 101, 119–26 Cincius Alimentus 11, 12, 270, 275 interstate rivalries with , , citizenship, citizens (Roman and Latin) Acerrae 124, 140, 284 extension of citizenship political factionalism 106–8, 251 individual grants 114, 118, 245, 314, 317–18 relations with Rome obtained by per migrationem or per Ager Falernus confiscated 36, 123, 129 magistratum 318 in fourth century 128–9 as Roman policy 29, 303–4 grievances against Rome 113–17 and Social War 325 intermarriage, Capuan–Roman 104–5, ’ ambiguous desire for Roman (or 106–8, 305 Latin) citizenship 117–18, 133, 134, 221, Roman interference in sovereignty 115–16 268, 318, 319, 325 Roman stereotypes 102, 106 Latin right (ius latinum) 22, 30, 62, 303 in Second Punic War Roman (‘full’) citizenship (civitas optimo Carthaginian garrison 105, 251 iure) 22, 303–4 defection 103–27 without the vote (civitas sine suffragio) 15, 22, defection influenced satellite states 128–30 39, 118, 129, 303 embassy to Hannibal 103–4, 110, 119 seen as burden 21, 116–18, 129 Hannibal promises power 52, 105–6, 119, Claudius Marcellus, M. (cos. 222, 215, 214, 210, 242, 245, 247–8 208) 40, 206 three hundred ‘hostages’ 104, 113–14, 216, castra Claudiana (near ) 124, 136, 245 244 treaty with Hannibal 50, 105, 113–17 command of Cannae legions 96, 244 Roman devastation, 245–6, 247, 248, death 259, 267 250–1 failed to relieve 124, 137, 143 Roman recapture, punishment 100, and Nola 136–8 107–12, 120, 244–52, 308, 309, 313 bribed Lucius Bantius 63, 109 territory defeated Hannibal 112, 135, 136 relations between town and country 111–12 established garrison 109, 135, 137 wealth and fertility 103 executed local elites 109, 135 see also Campania; Capuan League recovered Salapia 60, 63, 259 Capuan League 122–3, 128, 252 role in recovery of Taras 240, 264 Carricini, see under , Samnites Cleonymus of Sparta 196–7, 226 Casilinum Coelius Antipater 11, 102, 103 Capuan satellite 122 colonies, Roman and Latin 22 civitas sine suffragio 129 exceptional loyalty of Latins 30, in Second Punic War 39, 236 besieged, captured by Hannibal 124, locals enrolled as colonists 30, 62, 98 125–6, 137 strategic and symbolic importance 23–4, garrisons: Carthaginian 125, 247; Roman 29–30, 82, 236, 290, 292 allies from Praeneste 124, 127, 130, 318 coloniae maritimae 30 recaptured by Rome 247–8 marked limits of ‘Roman’ Italy (third Roman grain depot 249 century) 24, 26, 27 strategic fortress 100, 122, 123, 125 post-war consolidation (second century) (and Zonaras) 6, 8, 9–11 2, 308–10 Caudine Forks, battle of 62, 91, 94, 129 32, 33, 63, 64–5, 103, 247, , see under Samnium, Samnites 291, 305 (Aulonia) 168 Consentia 148, 149–50, 152 Bruttian pressure 151–2 Hellenisation 153

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368 Index

Consentia (cont.) tailored diplomacy to individual important centre 151 communities 49–50, 114–15, 166 in Second Punic War see also liberation propaganda defection 150, 155, 159, 271 recapture 150, 271 ethnic, cultural animosities Corfinum (Italica) 326 Apulians vs. Samnites 55–6, 75, 78–9, Cornelius Rufinus, P. (cos. 277) 31, 163, 174, 305 83–4, 89 Cornelius , P. (cos. 205) Greeks vs. non-Greeks 15, 149, 150, 151–2, 154, protected Rhegion 277 161–2, 175, 179–80, 198, 204–5, 207, 226, recaptured Locri 32, 276–7 262, 265–6 rewarded, punishment Locrian elites 162, Italians vs. Carthaginians 25, 48–9, 54–5 164, 313–14 Italians vs. 23, 25, 27–8, 290, 325 Croton 44, 148, 170, 224, 278, 305 Etruria, Etruscans decline (fourth–third centuries) 176 occasionally allied with Gauls 21–3, 290 hatred of Bruttians 175 Roman conquest 14–15, 26–7 hegemon of Italiote League 176 in Second Punic War 71–2, 289–90, 294–6 political factions 173–5 Roman grain requisitions 224, 249, 261, 262 in Pyrrhic War 174 rumored defections 239, 289, 315 in Second Punic War in Social War 325 defection 31, 171–8 population transferred to Locri 167, 177 Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (‘Cunctator’), Q. Roman garrison 159, 163 36, 86 Thurian citizens moved to 229, 230 captured Manduria 263, 264 received Roman colony after Second Punic around Capua 136, 137, 244, 245, 247 War 206, 309 ‘Fabian strategy’ 40–2 Cumae 46, 122 siege of Taras 204, 240, 260, 262, civitas sine suffragio 118, 129, 245 264–6, 274 close relations with Naples 140, 141–3 consolidated position after siege 266 partially Oscanized 142 Fabius Pictor 6, 7, 11, 25 political factions 138 factionalism, within Italian aristocracies 52 in Second Punic War contributes to Hannibal’s defeat 5, 52, 241–2, Capuans attack 124–5 244–6, 276, 281 loyal despite Hannibal’s efforts 127, 133, exacerbated by Roman conquest 33, 58–9, 64, 134–5 150–1, 181–2 Roman garrison 127, 134, 244 examples, by region Apulia 60–1, 65–6, 91 devastation of territory Bruttium 150–1, 155, 156 effectiveness, general discussion 68 Campania 106–8, 135–8 in Second Punic War 162–4, 173–5, 181–2, Hannibal 36, 67–73, 93, 103–4, 107, 136, 189–92 212, 213, 294–6 Samnium 33, 64–5 Romans 240, 245–6, 247, 248, 273, 276 (Patavium) 315 Diodorus Siculus 6, 8, 9–10, 94 Hannibal manipulates 5, 61, 64, 164 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6, 8, 9–10, 140 Romans manipulate 30–2, 241–2, Dionysius I of Syracuse 169, 170, 258–9, 276 176, 183–4 Fagifulae 292, 332–3 Dionysius II of Syracuse 170, 184, 185 Falerii 26–7, 31, 290, 323–4 diplomacy foedus, foedera, see under treaties and alliances ancient, nature of 19, 286 Forentum 64, 80, 81, 94, 97–8 Hannibal’s Fregellae 30, 323–4 embassy to Rome after Cannae 36 , 14, 291, 292, 293, 299 promised Italians hegemony, wealth: general discussion 37, 52, 242; specific garrisons, garrisoning (Hannibal) 238 cases 71, 84, 105–6, 119, 161–2, 167–70, generated resentment 58, 105, 204, 240, 255, 176, 217, 263–4 257, 262–3

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Italians serve in 204, 238, 247–8, Heraclea 189, 195, 196, 197, 224, 226 262, 265–6 favourable treaty with Rome 221, 268 left when Hannibal recalled 237, 278 ‘Heraclean Tablets’ 222 see also Arpi; Casilinum; Capua; Compsa; in Second Punic War Croton; Locri; Petelia; Salapia; Tisia defection, recapture 221–3, 263, 268 garrisons, garrisoning (Romans) Hannibal plunders territory 212, 219 Italian towns occasionally garrisoned, 145, 146, 327 fourth–third century 29, 81–2, 128, 151, Herdonia 57, 73, 74, 75, 255 154, 163, 178–9, 197, 226 long-standing ties to Arpi 87–9 legio Campana (Rhegion) 180, 182 relative power 89–90 potential source of local grievances 154 political factions 59–60 in Second Punic War in Second Punic War recaptured cities 207, 257 battles of Herdonia, historicity 205, 249, secured towns after Cannae (general) 41, 258, 259 127, 210, 239, 240, 244; Romans decline defection 53, 54, 58, 85–7, 90; chronology Petelian request 155 86 stationed before Cannae 62–3 Hannibal destroyed, moved population (Clastidium); 113 (); 159 (Croton, to and Metapontion 59, 230, 259, Locri, Rhegion); 161–2 (Taras); 191, 219 263, 268; archaeological evidence 60 (Metapontion, Thurii) recaptured, punished by Rome 246, 249, in Social War 327 255, 259, 308 see also Casilinum; Cumae; Locri; 14, 32 Metapontion; Naples; Nola; Puteoli; Hiero II of Syracuse 46, 185 Rhegion; Taras; Thurii Hieronymus of Syracuse 185 Gauls () Hipponium (Hipponium, ), 153, Celtic War (225–222) 25, 27–8, 191, 209 157, 161, 162, 168–70, 171 join Hannibal’s army 38, 237, 290 receives Latin colony 150, 171, 309 occasional alliances with Italians 27–8, , see under Samnium, Samnites 290, 325 hospitium 305, 317 as ‘outsiders’ (non-Italians) 23, 25, 290, 300 hostages, hostage-taking sack of Rome (c. 390) 8 in Gereonium 69, 72, 93 Romans take Apulian hostages 64, 94, 95 Hannibal destroyed 54, 71, 73 Samnites hold Roman hostages 91 vicus of Teanum Apulum 71–2, 73 in Second Punic War 166 Grumentum 206, 267, 308 Carthaginians capture Locrian hostages 165–6 , Romans hold 300 Capuan 104, raided Italy during First Punic War 46 113–14, 245; Hannibal gives Capuans Hannibal Barca 300 Roman hostages 114–17 desired access to a port 44, 103, 145–6, 211, Romans take, execute Tarentine and 231, 240, 246 Thurian hostages 113, 191, 192, 210, in exile, advisor to Antiochus of Syria 312 214–16, 227 generalship, criticism of 42–3, 232, Romans take Etruscan hostages 239, 289 288–99 Tarantines capture Thurian hostages 223, march on Rome 35 227, 229 studied First Punic War 45–6 in Social War 323, 326, 328 studied Pyrrhic War 45–8 treatment of captives 35, 36, 37 imperialism, Roman treatment of recalcitrant cities 49, 101, 144, conquest of Italy 6, 14, 25–7, 300–2 145, 155 exceptional bellicosity 16, 285 see also under diplomacy; factionalism; intrusiveness 115–16, 315–6 liberation propaganda; manpower; nature of 16 strategy, Hannibal’s; treaties and organisation of Italy (after 338) 21–3 alliances settlement after Second Punic War 308–9 Hellenisation 55, 73, 77–8, 152–4 overseas conquest 311–12

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interstate relations in Italy, general 16 general discussion 6–9, 10–12 Italia sources for Capuan revolt 102–3, 119–26 federal league during Social theme that lower classes supported Hannibal War 325–7 12, 58–60, 104, 106, 132, 156 Roman concept of 23–4, 321–2 Locri Epizephyrii Italians betrayed Roman garrison to Pyrrhus 154, 163 Italian–Roman unity 25–8, 48–9, defences 165 303–4, 306 factionalism 162–4 Roman abuses, after Second Punic War raids 46 321–2 hatred of Bruttians and Lucanians 161–2 pan-Italian identity 25–8, 325–7 hegemonic, expansionistic 151, 161, 162, personal ties, intra-Italian (general 167–70, 171, 176, 177 discussion) 319–20 rivalry with Rhegion 54–5, 183–4, 188 personal ties with Romans (general in Second Punic War discussion) 30, 33 defection 159–71 Romans reward, provide support for loyal Hannibal captures hostages 165–6, 210 aristocrats Hannibal uses port 44, 166 general discussions 30–2, 33, 52, 241–2, Roman attacks 267, 270, 272, 274–5; 285–6, 305, 315–16, 319 Cincius Alimentus takes part in 12 specific examples and discussions: Arpi Roman garrison 159, 162, 166, 180, 182 61; Apulia 62–3, 64; Bruttium 150–1; Scipio Africanus recaptures 32, 162, 164, Canusium 63, 65–6; Capua 106–8; 274–7, 313–14 Compsa 32, 64–5; Croton 174; Locri treaty with Hannibal 37, 50, 161, 166–8 163, 164, 313–14; Patavium 315; Rhegion socius navalis 134, 164 178–9; Taras 192 temple of Lacinian Juno 11 in Second Punic War, scale of , Lucanians defections 40 Bruttians allegedly derived from 151 in Social War, scale of defections 325 conflicts with Italiote Greeks 15, 149, 151, 161, see also factionalism; hospitium; Social War 178–9, 180, 204–5, 207, 219–20, 226 Italiotes 15–16, 25, 49, 54–5, 160, 188, 328 conquered by Rome 14, 15, 25, 151, 152, 154, Italiote League 150, 160–1, 175, 176, 193–4, 207, 226 196, 226 in Pyrrhic War 46, 83–4, 154, 197–8 see ethnic, cultural animosities, Greeks vs. relations with Taras 15–16, 79–80, non-Greeks 194, 196–7 in Second Punic War 205–8 Laös 205, 207 defections 40, 205–8, 340–1 Larinum 293, 320 recaptured, punished by Rome 205, 206, 34, 128–9, 303 255, 263, 264, 267–8, 308, 309 laws, Roman served in Hannibal’s army 238 leges Genuciae 128 treaty with Hannibal 37, 50 lex Acilia 318, 322 in Social War 325 lex Agraria 321 urbanisation, centralisation 17–18, 207 lex Appuleia 318 Luceria lex Iulia 133, 134, 325 Oscanised 73, 79, 81 leagues, federal 18–19 rivalry with Arpi 80, 81–3 see also Bruttian League; Capuan League; Roman conquest 77 Italia, federal league during Social War; Arpians aid Romans 69, 80, 81–2 Italiotes, Italiote League; ‘Nucerian betrays Roman garrison 63–4 League’; Sallentine League receives Latin colony 74, 81–3 liberation propaganda 35–6, 37, 49–50, 133, Roman base against Samnites 91–2 164–5, 167, 182–3, 200, 215 in Second Punic War 91–2 Hannibal invoked 37, 49–50, 114–15, 164–5, Hannibal devastates territory 71 167, 182–3, 215 Roman base of operations in coloniarum 10, 85–6 Apulia 254, 255

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Manduria 199, 212–13, 263, 264 Nola, Nolans (Nolani) manpower close ties to Acerrae, Naples, Nuceria 139–41, Hannibal’s 38, 42, 240–1 144–5 limited reinforcements 43–5, 237–9 later dispute with Naples 316 Roman 25, 29, 37–8, 235–7, 243–4, 254, conquered by Rome 141 266–7, 289, 299, 302–3 Lucius Bantius 63, 107, 109 impact of allied defections, Second Punic Oscanised 139 War 235 political factions 138 Marius, C. 317 rivalry with Capua 124, 143 14, 292–3, 325 in Second Punic War , Marsic 14, 292–3, 325 loyal despite Hannibal’s pressure 106–8, 168–70, 171 127, 135; Hannibal devastates territory Messapia, , Messapic 15, 26, 55, 61, 112, 136 63, 195, 196–7, 199, 204–5, 222, 267 Marcellus conducts trials 109, 135, 313 see also Sallentine (Sallentines, Sallentini) Marcellus defeats Hannibal near 103, 135, Metapontion () 29, 193, 212, 136 221–2, 230, 259, 267 negotiated with Hannibal 74, 135, 136, decline 219, 220 137, 138 defected during Second Punic War 218–21, Roman garrison 41, 109, 124, 127, 135, 263 136–8 Roman garrison 55, 209, 218, 219, 260 in Social War 327–8 subordinate to Taras 189, 219–20, 221–2, 263 Nuceria 146 Municipium/municipia, defined 22, 303 in Second Punic War 103, 127, 145–6 sacked by Hannibal 101, 110, 145 Naples, Neapolitans in Social War 326, 327 close relations with Cumae, ‘Nucerian League’ 145, 146, 327 Nola 139–43, 316 Numistro 206, 207 favourable treaty with Rome 133–4, 140–1 partially Oscanised 133, 139 Oscanisation 73, 79, 80, 81, 95, 97, 170, 208 rivalry with Capua 140, 142, 143, 284 in Second Punic War Paeligni 325 Hannibal attacks 103, 132–4, 145–6; 149–50 captures cavalrymen 132, 210; Patavium 315 chronology 132–3 , see under Samnium, Samnites loyal to Rome 107, 127, 133–4 14–15, 127 Roman garrison 127, 132, 244 Petelia 270, 275 in Social War 327–8 close ties to Rome 156–7 socius navalis 134 Hellenised 153 Tarentine influence 194 important urban centre 151, 152 navies, naval power political factions 155, 156 Carthaginian fleets, Second Punic War 44, rivalry with other Bruttians 158 157, 162, 265, 266 in Second Punic War 270 lands in Taras, source of grievance 203, Hannibal besieged, captured 150, 155 214, 261 requested, denied Roman garrison 155 Romans recaptured after Hannibal’s recall before Second Punic War 24, 146, 197, 237, 278 202–3 Philinus 24 during Second Punic War 157, 210, 212, 210, 265, 266, 272, 312 213–14, 230, 261, 264–5, 272; fleet military commitment to Hannibal 298 defeated by Tarantines 261, 272; Roman treaty with Hannibal 34, 48, 211–12, 213 naval superiority 43, 44, 249, 272 Picenum, Picentes 15, 26, 71, 309, 325 see also navales Pinna 326, 328 Tarantine navy 196, 197, 202–3, 261 9–10 Neapolitan War 140 8, 9–10, 11, 25 Nerulum 152, 226 145, 327

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372 Index

Pontifical Tables 28, 8, 63–4 enduring rivalry (political-science term) Porcius Cato, M. 288, 321 281–3 Poseidonia/ 23–4, 134, 207, 208 ancient examples identified 283–5 Potentia 206, 309 Realist theory and 285–7 Praeneste 117–18, 127, 318, 323 rivalries end, are overcome 284, 287 Puteoli 112, 127, 133, 206, 244, 246, 284, 309 see also under Acerrae; Arpi; Canusium; 4 Capua; Locri; Luceria; Naples; Nola; influenced Hannibal’s strategic thinking Petelia; Rhegion; Taras; Teanum 45–8 Apulum; Thurii Pyrrhic War rivalry, political, see factionalism Italians defect after Heraclea 15, 46, 83–4, roads, Roman 197 encouraged Roman–Italian interactions negotiations with Rome 197 190, 318 sources for war 10 potential impact on local economies, won over Greeks and Italians 149 settlement 74, 201 Tarentine appeal 15–16 strategic and symbolic importance 27, 82, see also treaties and alliances, Roman 100, 123, 138, 168, 200, 201, 244, 292, alliances with Carthage 310–1 Romanisation 78, 98, 153, 157, 293, 318 Quinctius Flamininus, T. (cos. 198) 164 Sabata 101, 122, 126, 128, 252–3 Realism (international relations theory) 16–20, Salapia 28, 285–7 conquered by Rome 87 Rhegion (Rhegium) 168 economic activity 69, 72, 87 appeals to Rome political factions 60–1, 63, 64, 91, 258–9 against Bruttians, Lucanians 15, 151, 180 in Second Punic War against Taras 179, 198 Carthaginian garrison 60, 85, 238, 259 Greek culture 182–3 defected 61, 85–7, 90 hatred of Bruttians 179–80 Hannibalic base 212–13, 255 political factions 178–9, 181–2 recaptured by Rome 60–1, 258–9; in Pyrrhic War 180, 182 Hannibal tries to retake 260 legio Campana 154, 178–9 in Social War 327 rivalry with Locri 54–5, 183–4, 284 subordinate to Arpi 84–5, 87–90 rivalry with Syracuse 183–5, 188 Salernum 309, 326 in Second Punic War Sallentine (Sallentines, Sallentini) 26, 199 base for Roman campaigns in Bruttium defected during Second Punic War 205, 148, 240, 264–5, 272–4, 277, 297 212–13, 235 Carthaginian forces attack 161, 251 recaptured, punished by loyal to Rome 178–6 Rome 263, 264, 267 refugees from Locri 162, 275 Sallentine League 199 Roman garrison 159, 180–1 Samnites, Samnium socius navalis 134, 161, 272, 273 alliance with Taras against Rome 79–80, rivalry, interstate/intercity 140, 195 in ancient Italy (general discussions) 5, 20 conquered by Romans 15, 25, 32, 151, 226 breakdown after Second early alliance with Rome 128–9 Punic War 327–8 hatred of Apulians 55–6, 75, long-term rivalry patterns, by region: 78–9, 89 Apulia 75, 80, 94, 95–9; Bruttium and border between Apulia and Samnium western Magna Graecia 158, 183–6, 237; 56–7 Campania 128–30, 143–6; Lucania and in Pyrrhic War and aftermath 15–16, 44, 46, eastern Magna Graecia 224–7, 229–31 75, 83–4, 154, 198 Roman imperialism and 21, 301, 302–3 in Second Punic War surface during Second Punic War, general defections (Caudini and Hirpini) 33, 40, 51–2; undermine Hannibal’s strategy 148, 235, 291, 331; Compsa 64–5, 103, 148 52, 280–1 Pentri remain loyal 136, 291, 332–3

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Index 373

Romans recapture, punish 136, 247, 254, Taras (Tarentum, Tarantines) 255, 264, 308, 333 economic activity, decline 200–2, 263 in Social War 325 hegemon of Italiote League 160–1, 176, tribes 193–4, 196 Carricini 291, 293 hegemonic, expansionistic 19–20, 52, 79–80, Caudini 148, 291, 308 189, 192–3, 196, 223, 242, 263–4 Hirpini 32, 148, 264, 291, 308, 325 arbitration between Romans and Samnites Pentri 291 80, 198 urbanisation, centralisation 291 employed Bruttians, Lucanians, Samnite Wars 14–15, 75 Messapians, Samnites, 15–16, 79–80, Apulian theatre 75, 94, 95 194, 198, 204–5 Luceria 53, 63–4, 91–2 against Italiote Greeks 55, 151, 179, 196–7, Campanian theatre 128–9 198 as evidence for Roman–Italian relations 4, 6 pressures Naples 140, 194 sources for 7, 9–10, 83–4, 284 territory and population 193, 201–2 historicity of First Samnite War 14 invites condottieri possible example of an ‘enduring rivalry’ 285 Acrotatus 196 Scylletium (Scyllacium) 169, 310 (castra Alexander of Epirus 79–80, 151, 195–6, Hannbalis) 199, 222 Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (cos. 213) 40, 124–5, Archidamus 195 134–5, 206–7, 245, 254, 269, 305 Cleonymus of Sparta 196–7; Sidicini, Sidicinians 20, 122, 129 Pyrrhus 15–16, 83–4, 191–2, 197–8 Silenus 11 political factionalism 189–92, 242 127 relations with Rome Sipontum 69, 72, 76, 79, 87–9 conflicts (before Pyrrhic War) 15–16, colony after Second Punic War 206, 286, 194–5, 198 308, 309, 310 treaty (fourth century) 24, 79 Social War 307, 324–9 rivalries with Arpi, Brundisium, Thurii causes 117, 325 79–80, 188, 189, 197, 199, 201, 224–7, extent of defections 325 229, 284 Italian coordination 325–7 in Second Punic War Italians seek aid from Mithridates of captured Thurian hostages 223–4, 327 227, 229 socii navales 134, 161–2, 164, 170, 202–3, 272 Carthaginian garrison 204, 261, 262–3 Sosylus, 11 compelled Heraclea to defect 221–2 145, 326, 327 defection 190–2, 211–17 Strabo 10, 69, 93, 162, 182–3, 193, 196 hostages executed in Rome 113, 166, 191, strategy, Hannibal’s 3, 34–7 210, 215, 216 assumed local reinforcements 38–9 recaptured, punished 240, 260–6, assumed short war 36–7 308, 313 did not envision destroying Rome 34–5, Roman garrison held citadel 190, 191, 203, 288–9 208–9, 214, 217–18, 265–6, 296; Roman hindered by local rivalries 101, 280–1, 284 efforts to supply 214, 260, 261–2 strategy, Roman (after Cannae) 40–2, 239, treaty with Hannibal 50, 200, 203–4, 215 240–1 socius navalis 134, 202–3 divide Hannibal’s attention 264–5 widespread resentment against Suessula 118, 127, 129, 136, 137, 138, 249, 254 Rome 191 Surrentum 145, 326, 327 source of Hellenisation 77–8, 88 Syracuse Teanum Apulum (Teate, Tiati) expansionist activities in southern Italy 169, hegemonic state 19–20, 56, 77, 79, 81 183–4, 193, 196 Oscanised 79, 81, 95 rivalry with Rhegion 184–5 rivalry with Arpi 56, 94 in First Punic War (relations with allies) 46 Roman conquest, treaty 23, 64, 80, 94 and Pyrrhus 47 in Second Punic War, 53, 92–3 in Second Punic War 44, 185 Hannibal devastated 71–2, 73, 93

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374 Index

Temesa (Tempsa) 161, 168, 171, 206, 309 Treaty’) 24; with Italians namely Terrentius Varro, C. (cos. 216), 96, 104, 107, 113, Abruzzo peoples 292, Arpi, Herdonia, 244, 254 Salapia 87, Heraclea 221, Naples 133–4, Thurii Sallentines, including Brundisium Cleonymus of Sparta captures 197 199, Taras 24, 79, Teanum Apulum 23, conflicts with Bruttians, Lucanians and Thurii226 ; with Syracuse 27–8 Samnites 59, 151–2, 198, 226 Tullius Cicero, M. 102, 103, 120, 320 request Roman assistance 15, 20, 151, 154, 197, 226; treaty with Rome 226 Umbria, Umbrians hegemon of Italiote League 150, 196, 222, 226 Roman conquest 14–15, 26, 27 hegemonic state 193, 224–5 in Second Punic War 71–2, 289–90 rivalry with Taras 188, 189, 193, 196–7, 198, rumours of defections 239, 325 224–7, 284 urbanisation, central and southern in Second Punic War Italy 17–18 defection 223–31; chronology 223; held out Abruzzo 292 until late in war 229–31, 268–9 Apulia 69–70, 75–7, 78–9 Herdonian citizens to Thurii 60, 230, 259, Bruttium 152 263, 268 Campania 70, 112 hostages held, executed in Rome 166, 214, Lucania 17–18, 207 216, 223, 227 Samnium 291 recapture, punishment by Rome 268–9, Uzentum 199, 205, 212–13 278, 309 Roman garrison 197, 209, 219, 226, 228 Valerius Antias 8 Taras captures Thurian sailors 223–4, Valerius Laevinus M. (cos. 210) 212, 213–14, 215, 227, 229 254, 273 Thurian citizens to Croton229 , 230 Valerius Maximus 8, 103 transhumance 74–5 134, 206, 207, 273 Tisia 273, 274 Venusia 53, 57, 73, 74, 200, 209 treaties and alliances conquered by Rome 63, 83, 91–2 Hannibal and Italians defected during Social War 325 Capua, 37, 50, 105, 113–17 receives Latin colony 24 Locri 37, 50, 166–8 additional colonists sent 310 Lucanians 37, 50 locals enrolled 30, 62, 98 Taras 37, 50, 200, 203, 215 in Second Punic War 91–2 Hannibal and Philip V, 34, 48, 211–12, 213 sheltered Cannae survivors 65, 92, Roman alliances 95, 104 foedus/foedera 21–3, 322 Vestini 292, 325 Italians seek alliances from Rome 15, 20, Vibinum 57, 71 26–7, 75, 81, 128, 140, 155, 301, 304 Volceii 206, 264 nature of alliances 21–3, 48–9, 304 Volsinii 14–15, 16, 26–7, 31, 290, 315 Rome a ‘good ally’ 51, 301, 304 specific examples of Roman treaties and warfare, Hellenistic 35–6 alliances: with Alexander of Epirus warfare, endemic in pre- 16, 78–80, 79; with Carthage 24, 47–8 ‘Philinus 154, 285–6, 301, 302

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