Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01373-5 — the Roman Republic to 49 BCE Liv Mariah Yarrow Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01373-5 — The Roman Republic to 49 BCE Liv Mariah Yarrow Index More Information

Index

Acarnania, coins of, 27 Apollo, 8, 15, 40, 84, 102–3, 105, 134, 146, activation analyses, neutron and proton, 58 167, 169–70, 183, 187, 200, 220, 230 aediles, coins issued by, 71, 79–80, 173, 234 Appuleius Saturninus, L. tr. pl. 103 aediles, curule, 70–1, 169, 220 and 100 bce, 23, 25, 142, 153, 178, 181 aediles, grain supply, 41, 177, 234 Apulia, 115, 117 aediles, plebeian, 168, 179, 186 aqua Marcia,66–8, 177 aediles, religious role, 78, 81, 83, 85–6, 168 Aquillius, M’. cos. 101 bce, 128, 132 Aemilia, vestal virgin 2nd cent. bce,82 Aquinum, 12 Aemilia, vestal virgin legendary, 87 Arausio, battle of, 142, 178 Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, L. cos. 50 bce, architecture, depicted on coins, 60, 67, 104, 107, 164 108, 165, 219 Aemilius Lepidus, M. cens. 179 bce, 68, 87 Aretas III, 81 Aemilius Lepidus, M. cos. 78 bce,87 argento publico, 145, 179, 191, 214, 229 Aemilius Lepidus, M. triumvir, 68, 87, 107 Ariminum, 110, 181 Aemilius Paullus, L. cos. 182 and 168 bce, Arpi, 115, 117 100, 107, 220 Artemis, 79 Aemilius Scaurus, M. cos. 115 bce, 181 aspergillum, 103–4 Aemilius Scaurus, M. pr. 56 bce,81 Atalanta, 221 Aeneas, 72, 89, 93, 148, 222 Atella, 120 aes formatum,17 Athena, 123, 131–2, 149 aes grave, 12, 24 Ilias, 92 aes rude,13 Athens, 132, 147–8 Aesernia, 12 athletics, 60, 233 Aetolia, personiﬁcation of, 79 augurs and augury, 42, 99, 100, 148, 153, 178, Africa, personiﬁcation of, 156 184, 230–1 ager publicus, 180 Augustus, 66, 77, 99, 110, 160, 187–8, 201, agrarian issues, 22, 111, 153, 176, 178, 181, 221 235 Alba Fucens, 9 Bacchius Iudaeus, 80 Alexander, 67, 75, 77, 143, 156, 221, 231 Basilica Aemilia, 87 Alexander mosaic, 67, 101 Basilica Fulvia, 87 Alexander tetradrachms, 26, 75 bigati,38 Amazons, 77, 221 boar (see also pig), 11, 118, 170 numismatic depiction, 73, 76–7 Bocchus, king of Mauretania, 75 Amisos, 76–7, 130–1 Bonus Eventus, 164 Anchises, 89 booty, 18, 33, 35, 41, 58, 100, 107, 110, 150 Ancus Marcius, 66–7, 168 bridge, see pons Annius Milo, T. pr. 54 bce, 70, 174 brockages, 55–6 Antonius, M. triumvir, 58, 223, 228 Bruttium, 123–4 apex, 91, 99, 99, 141, 224 bucranium, 103

Index 267

bull, 18, 103, 175 causia,79 symbol of Italy, 129–30 Celsa, 186 Celtiberian, 186 caduceus, 11, 98, 138, 151, 154, 190, 231 census, 189 Caecilia Metella, 174 centuriation, 187, 235 Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. cos. 143 Ceres, 19, 85, 117, 126, 170, 176, 179, 184, bce, 67, 109 186–7, 236 Caecilius Metellus Pius, Q. cos. 80 bce, 152, Ceres, temple of, 186 184 Cilicia, 138 Caecilius Metellus, C. cos. 113 bce, 109 Cimbri and Teutoni, 144, 181, 220 Caecilius Metellus, L. cos. 251 bce, 19, 109 cistophorus, 138 Caecilius Metellus, L. pont. max., 82 citizenship, 76, 120, 128, 162, 174, 198, 228 Caecilius Metellus, M. cos. 115 bce, 109 civitas sine suffragio, 120 Caecilius Metellus, Q. cos. 109 bce, 153, 178 Claudius Marcellus, C. cos. 50, 107 Caiatia, 12 Claudius Marcellus, M. cos. 222, 215, 214, Calatia, 120 210, 208, 107 calendar, religious, 166, 169, 232 Claudius Pulcher, Ap. cos. 54 bce, 138 Cales, 12 Claudius Pulcher, C. cos. 92 bce,20 Calliope, 84 Clodius Pulcher, P. tr. pl. 58 bce, 70, 79, 85, Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, C. pr. 90 bce, 161, 174, 223, 234 23–4, 142 Clusium, 220 Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. pr. 74 bce,40 cock, 12, 18 Calpurnius Piso, C. pr. 211 bce, 167 Coelius Caldus, C. q. 50 bce, 173, 196 camel, 79, 81, 106 Coelius Caldus, C. cos. 94 bce, 173, 196 Campania, 11, 16, 22 coin collecting, 52, 204 campus Martius, 71, 149 collegiality, 114, 142, 158, 229 Cannae, battle of, 115 Colline Gate, battle of, 73, 105, 130, 154, 199 canting pun, 11, 26, 38, 60, 67, 100, 109, 111, colonization, 8, 110, 115 129, 153, 168–9, 172, 195, 228 comitia centuriata, 149 Canusium, 216 Compsa, 117 Capitoline temple, 169 concordia, 154, 163 Capua, 32, 120, 123 concordia ordinum, 163 carnyx, 108, 111, 113, 141, 173 Concordia, personiﬁcation of, 85, 87, 107, Carthage, 13 163–4 Cassius Longinus Ravilla, L. cos. 127 bce, 81, Concordia, temple of, 163 193–4 constitutional crises, 139 Cassius Longinus, C. cos. 124 bce, 194 constitutional development, 192 Cassius Longinus, L. pr. 66 bce, 200 control mark, 45, 60, 74, 89, 91, 94–6, 102, Cassius Longinus, L. procos. 48 bce, 194 105, 130–1, 135, 144–5, 168, 170, 187, Cassius Longinus, Q. q. 52, 81, 82 190, 196, 200–1 Cassius, C. tr. pl. 49, 78 Copia, 124 Cassius, Sp. cos. 493 bce, 186–7 Corcyra, 216 Castor, temple of, 105 Cornelius Cinna, L. cos. 87-84 bce,45–6, Catanaean brothers, 222 138, 142, 148, 152, 178 Catilinarian conspiracy, 163, 165 Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P. cos. 57 bce, Caudine Forks, battle of, 42 97, 138

268 Index

Cornelius Lentulus, Cn. cos. 56 bce,97 electioneering, 24, 78, 167, 169, 195 Cornelius Sulla, Faustus, 22, 71, 73–4, 157–8 elephant, 17, 109, 120, 122, 153, 156, 184, Cornelius Sulla, L. dic. 81 bce, 46, 69, 71, 73, 227 75, 84, 95, 99, 102, 109–10, 137–8, 142, Enna, 126 145, 147–8, 150, 152, 154, 156–7, 169, Epicurean philosophy, 175 199, 225, 228, 230 Eporedia, 181 corvus,31 equites, 163 crisis coinage, 33, 155, 231 Etruria, 16 Cupid, 74, 147, 201 cursus honorum,25 Fabius Hadrianus, C. pr. 84 bce, 145 curule chair, 82, 96, 159–60, 173, 184, Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, Q. cos. 121 236 bce, 140 Cybele, 79, 122, 145, 171, 173 Fabius Maximus, Q. cos. 116 bce, 183 Fabius Pictor, Q. pr. 189, 91 Dacia, 217 falcata, 107–8, 225 Dasius, 115, 117 Fannius, M. pr. 80 bce, 179 dating coins, 50, 70, 99, 109, 204, 215, fasces, 98, 159, 166, 184, 198, 222 217, 219, 222, 225–6, 228, 230, 233, 236, Faustulus, 43 238 felicitas, 154 debts, cancellation of, 163, 165 Felicitas, personification of, 231 Delphi, 84 fides, 88, 190, 222 Demeter, 19, 117, 126 flamen Martialis, 141, 223 denarius, introduction of, 35 flamen Quirinalis,91 desultor, 56, 167 Flavius Fimbria, C. leg. 85 bce, 138, 148 devaluation, 41 Flora, 172, 237 dextrarum iunctio, 89, 131, 190 foedus Gabinum, 217 diadem, 89, 161, 190 Fonteius Capito, P., 87 Diana, 42, 75, 102, 104, 106 Fonteius, M’. mil. tr., 83, 86 Planciana, 79–80, 233 foreign cults at Rome, 102, 174 Tifatina, 75, 230 freedpersons, 198 Didius, T. cos. 98 bce, 83, 87, 127 Fufius Calenus, Q. cos. 47 bce,89 die axis, 149, 211–12 Fulvius Nobilior, M. cens. 179 bce, die studies, 23, 47, 204, 215, 235–6 67, 87 Dionysus, 129, 131, 170, 200 Furius Philus, L. cos. 136 bce, 141 Dioscuri, 34, 99, 105, 108, 136, 168, 189, 212 Gabinius, A. tr. pl. 139 bce, 193 disabilities, 54, 101 Gaul, 163 Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. cos. 122 bce, Gela, 16, 126 140 Genius of the Roman People, 82, 96 Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. cos. 96 bce, gladiators, 74, 127, 165, 232 113 globe, 75–7, 85, 89, 96–7 donative issues, 154–5 goat, 79, 103, 221 Duilius, C. cos. 260 bce,18 gold issues, 33–5, 130–1, 143, 147, 149–50, 154–5, 229, 231 Ebusus, 7 grain supply, 22–4, 29, 34, 76, 142, 166, 176, Egadi rams, 18, 212 180

Index 269

Granikos monument, 67 Jupiter, 12, 28, 36, 40, 80, 82, 118, 121, 124, Gresham’s law, 27 144, 146, 169, 182 gryllos,11 Libertas, 201, 220 Jupiter Feretrius, temple of, 107, 220 Hannibal, 29, 115 Helios, 123 kings, Roman, 144, 160 Hellenistic kingship, 67, 110, 126, 143, 161, 190, 231 lacus Juturnae, 105 Hercules, 11, 56, 75, 96, 100, 119, 170 Lake Regillus, battle of, 105–6 Musagetes, 84, 220 Lanuvium, 174 Herdonia, 115 Laodiceia, 139 Herennius, M. cos. 93 bce,89 Lavinium, 13 Hermes, 123 lead isotopes, 58 Hiero II, 29, 214 legionary eagle, 98 Hirpini, 117 legislation related to the coinage, 38, 45–6 Hispania, 98 Leontini, 126 hoards, 32, 50, 70, 115, 124, 215 Leucas, 27 Honos, personiﬁcation of, 89, 190, 236 lex Cassia, 104, 83 Hostilius Mancinus, C. cos. 137 bce,42 lex Porcia, 198 Hypsicratea, 77 lex Thoria, 180 Liber, 170, 199 Ilium, 92, 138 Libera, 200 Illyria, 16 libertas, 197, 199 imperium, extraordinary, 70, 76, 83, 99, 106, Libertas, 81, 92, 159, 193–4, 198–9, 201 112, 148 Licinia, vestal virgin, 82 interrex, 142 Licinius Crassus, L. cos. 95 bce, 82, 113, 180 Italia, 89, 130, 134 Licinius Crassus, M. cos. 55 bce, 70, 73, 77–8 Iunius Brutus, L. cos. 509 bce, 159–60, Licinius Lucullus, L. cos. 74 bce, 149, 229 222 Licinius Lucullus, M. q. c. 86 bce, 149 Iunius Brutus, M. pr. 45 bce, 142, 158–60, Licinius Nerva, P. pr. 104 bce, 195 199–200, 232 lictor, 159, 198 Iunius Bubulcus Brutus, C. cens. 307 bce, lituus, 73, 75, 83, 99, 101, 103, 147, 153, 156, 105 159, 172, 178, 184, 224 Iunius Silanus, D. pr. 141 bce, 95, 111 Luca, conference at, 70 Iuventius Laterensis, M., 78 Luceria, 37, 115, 216 Lucretia, 160 Janus, 28, 31, 141, 212 ludi, 74, 78–9, 81, 127, 167, 215 Jugurtha, 75, 98 Apollinares, 40, 146, 165, 167–8, 170, 172, Julio-Claudians, 69 221, 224 Julius Caesar, C. dic. 49-44 bce, 40, 67–9, 71, Cereales, 83, 168, 170 77–8, 87, 99, 137, 143, 157, 160, 200, Florales, 170, 172 223–4, 231–2 Herculani, 168, 170 Julius Caesar, L. cos. 90 bce, 74, 92, 174 Megalenses, 79, 168 Julius Caesar, Sex. pr. 123 bce,74 Romani, 168 Juno Moneta, 60 Victoriae, 76, 157–8, 171 Juno Sospita, 175, 196 Victoriae Caesaris, 157

270 Index

Luna, 38 monuments, coins as, 60–1, 140, 154, 170–1, Lysippos, 67 177 mos maiorum, 62, 177, 192 Macedonia, personification of, 79 Muses, 84 magister equitum, 142 mutiny, 138, 148, 163 Magna Mater, 79, 122, 145, 171, 173 Mallius Maximus, Cn. 105 bce, 142 Narbo, 110, 180–1 Mamilius Limetanus, C. tr. pl. 109 bce, 190 Neapolis (modern Naples), 8–9, 12 Manlius Torquatus, L. cos. 65 bce, 151 Neptune, 80, 182 Manlius Torquatus, T. cos. 347 bce, 110–11 novus homo, novi homines, 25, 78, 83, 127, Manlius, L. pr. 218 bce, 163 142, 178, 221 Marcia, vestal virgin, 82 Nobanus, C. cos. 83 bce, 98, 178 Marcius Censorinus, C. leg. 82 bce, 168 nobiles, 78, 163, 196 Marcius Philippus, L. cos. 38 bce,66 Nonius Sufenas, M. pr. 55 bce, 158 Marcius Philippus, L. cos. 56 bce,66 Norba, 9 Marcius Philippus, L. cos. 91 bce, 65, 156 Numa, 67, 102, 168 Marcius Rex, Q. pr. 144 bce,67 Numantia, 42 Marcius Tremulus, Q. cos. 306 bce,64–5, 67 Marius Censorinus, C., 199–200 oath-swearing, 34, 42–3, 89, 120–1, 135–6, 222 Marius Gratidianus, M. pr. 85 bce,45–6, 55 Opimius, L. cos. 121 bce, 25, 163 Marius, C. cos. 107, 104–100, 86 bce, 23, 46, optimates, 163 69, 96, 137–8, 142, 144–5, 149, 178, Oscan, 12, 120–1, 123, 129–31, 133, 135–6, 180–1, 193, 230 226, 229, 235 Marmoreae, 117 overstriking, 12, 30, 32, 124 marriage, 190 Mars, 35, 42, 74, 86, 88, 90, 92, 135, 195, 199 Paestum, 7, 182–3, 185 Marsyas, 199, 219 Panormus, battle of, 19 Massilia, 7, 151 coins of, 7 Meles, 117, 119–20 Papirius Carbo, C. tr. pl. 137 bce, 193 Melkart, 119 Papius Mutilus, C., 129, 135–6 Memmius, C. pr. c. 104 bce, 83, 85 pater patriae, 77, 163, 232 Memmius, C. tr. pl. 54 bce, 83, 85 paterfamilias, 190 Mercury, 11, 15, 32–3, 123, 190 patronage, 62, 77–8, 140, 178, 184 metallurgy, 28, 46, 56, 58, 152 pax deorum, 166 Metapontum, 115, 117 Pax, personification of, 231 Metellus, L. pr. 71 bce, 134 pegasi (coins), 26 Minerva, 12, 27, 92, 123, 131, 146 Pegasus, 132 mint operation, 48, 55 Penates, 212 Minturnae, 7 Persephone, 117, 126 Minucius Faesus, M. aug. 300 bce, 178 Perseus, last Antigonid king, 107 Mithridates VI Eupator, 114, 128–30, 132, Perusine War, 189 147, 226, 228 Pessinus, 145 Mithridatic War, 77, 80–1, 138, 152, 220, Philip II of Macedon, 65, 219 229 Philip V of Macedon, 65, 99, 143 mob violence, 80, 142, 161 pietas, 62, 77, 82, 88, 96, 102, 104, 106, 140, moneyer, office of, 25, 67 148

Index 271

Pietas, personification of, 89, 153 quadrigati, 28, 30, 40 pig (see also boar), 17, 19, 120–1, 135, 212 quaestor Ostiensis, 24, 26, 142, 181 pileus, 92, 194, 198, 200 quaestor urbanus, 22, 24, 142 pirates, 76 quaestors, coins issued by, 54, 95, 142, 144, Plancius, Cn. cur. aed. 55 bce,78–80, 147, 150–1, 153–4, 178, 181 221 quaestors, relationship to commanding Plautius Decianus, C. cos. 329 bce,80–1 general, 42, 81, 233 Plautius Hypaesus, P. pr. 55(?) bce,80 quantification, 46 Plautius, A. pr. 51 bce,78–9 quinarius, 35, 39, 181–2 plow, 111, 186–9 Quinctius Flamininus, T. cos. 123 bce,99 Po Valley, 16, 181, 226 Quinctius Flamininus, T. cos. 198 bce, 99, pomerium, 137, 186 143, 155 Pompeii, mint of, 6 Quirinus, 86, 90, 92 Pompeius Magnus, C., cos. 55 and 52 bce, 22, 43, 69, 72, 74–80, 82, 95, 99, 137, race and scholarship, 119, 222 145, 155, 157, 160–1, 165, 221, ramo secco,16 231–2 religion, 166 Pompeius Rufus, Q. cos. 88 bce, 157 retariffing, 30, 41 Pompeius Rufus, Q. tr. pl. 52 bce, 158 revaluation of the denarius, 38 Pompeius Strabo, Cn. cos. 89 bce, 157 Rhegium, 124 Pompeius Strabo, cos. 89 bce,43 Roma, 36, 38–9, 42–3, 54, 65, 74, 88, 90–1, pons Aemilius,68 93, 95–6, 99, 101, 108–9, 113, 127, pontifex maximus, 68, 82, 87, 178, 220, 224 133–4, 137, 141, 151, 155, 158, 161, 167, Porcius Cato, M. pr. 54 bce, 180 177, 183, 189–90, 194, 198, 201, 222 portraiture, 107, 119, 143, 156–7, 173 as an obverse type, 154 Postumius Albinus, L. cos. 154 bce, 223 Romulus (see also wolf and twins), 43, 74, 90, Postumius Albinus, L. cos. 173 bce,98 92, 160, 186, 199, 222, 247 Postumius Albinus, Sp. cos. 110 bce, 98, Roscius Fabatus, L. pr. 49 bce, 175 103 Rupilius, P. cos. 132 bce, 125 Postumius Albus, A. dic. 498 bce, 105–6 praetor urbanus, 169, 172, 234 SÁC, 22, 22, 54, 60, 72, 75, 79, 87, 92, 97, 111, priesthoods, election to, 99 151, 158, 161, 172, 188, 214 princeps senatus, 142, 152, 181 Sabine Women, rape of, 190–1 prisoners of war, 107, 110 Sabinity, 67, 86, 92 Privernum, 80–1 Sacco valley, 9 proscriptions, 169 sacred chickens, 17 provocatio, 197, 238 Salapia, 115, 118 Ptolemaic coinage, 34, 150, 156 Salus, 105 Publicius Malleolus, C. q. 80 bce, 134, 195 Samnite War, Second, 8 Punic Wars Samnites, 115 First, 9, 12, 18, 27, 31, 109, 212 Sangro valley, 9 Second, 28, 30, 33, 37, 68, 102, 115, 117, Saturn, 23–4, 26, 158 124, 133, 146–7, 155, 237 Scribonius Libo, L. cos. 34 bce, 164 puteal Libonis, 164 secret ballot, 81, 193, 197 Pyrrhic War, 8–9, 13, 35, 213 Sempronius Gracchus, C. tr. pl. 123-2 bce, Pyrrhus, 17 23, 25, 41, 163, 177, 180

272 Index

Sempronius Gracchus, T. tr. pl. 133 bce, 42, supplication, 75, 79–80, 110 188–9 surface enrichment, 56 senatus consultum, 22, 54, 76, 111 Syrian ethnic identity, 126 septemviri epulonum, 173 Sergius Catilina, L., pr. 68 bce, 54, 163 Tarentum, 9, 117 Sergius Silus, M. pr. 197 bce, 54, 101 Tarpeia, 191 serration, 45, 98, 103, 113, 128, 190, 196 Tarquins, 160 Sertorius, Q., 156 Tatius, 172, 191, 222 Servilius Ahala, 159–60 Tauromenium, siege of, 125 Servilius Caepio, Q. cos. 106 bce, 23, 142, Teanum Sidicinum, 12 178 Telesia, 12 Servilius Caepio, Q. q. 100 bce, 23, 142, 160, theater, 70–1, 80, 111, 165 178 Thorius Balbus, L. leg. 79 bce, 175 Servilius Pulex Geminus, M. cos. 202 bce, Titurius Sabinus, L. leg. 75 bce, 191 100–1, 172 toga, 23, 44, 75, 92, 96, 98, 102, 104, 107, 155, Servilius Vatia Isauricus, P. cos. 79 bce, 101 159, 178–9, 187, 194, 198 Servilius, C. pr. 102 bce, 172 torque, 105, 107, 110–12 Servius Geminus, C. cos. 203 bce, 137 trade (modern) in antiquities, 52, 204 Servius Tullius, 104 triumph, 18, 105, 137, 140 sestertius, 35–6, 40–1, 234 depictions of triumphators, 144, 151, 156, Sestos, inscription from, 7 225 sexuality, 82, 162, 175, 194 triumphal monuments, 110 Sibylline books, 181 triumphus navalis,18 Sicilinum, 117 triumvirate, so-called first, 70, 77, 80, 83 Sicily, 16, 19, 28–9, 37, 73, 176, 181, 189 Trojan ancestry, 92 personification of, 128 Tullius Cicero, M. cos. 63 bce, 22, 45, 61, 64, signet ring, 11, 43, 73, 111, 148, 190, 225, 230 76–8, 81, 85–6, 127, 138, 152, 163, 175, Signia, 9 180–1, 192, 197, 201, 233 Silenus, 11, 111 Tusculum, 190 silver fineness, 29, 37, 57 Tyche, 122 slave revolts, 126–7, 176, 180–1, 217, 227 type revivals, 27, 40, 43, 95, 102, 135, 151, slaves, 80, 198 154, 179, 183, 216, 231, 236 social hierarchy, 125, 162, 165 Social War, 102, 128, 133, 142, 146, 157, 174, Ulysses, 190 189 unit of account, 38, 41 Sol, 123, 196 Urania, 85 Sol Indiges, sanctuary of, 13 urban poor, 180 Spain, 28, 98, 152, 156 Utica, 145 Spanish mines, 41 Spartacus, 217 Valentia, 124, 230 spolia opima, 107 Valerius Flaccus, C. cos. 93 bce, 39, 151–2 standard, legionary, 96, 106, 135–6, 138, 151, Valerius Flaccus, L. cos. 100 bce, 141, 152 173, 188 Valerius Flaccus, L. cos. 131 bce, 141 stork, 153 Valerius Flaccus, L. pr. 63 bce, 152 subsellium, 23, 75, 179 Valerius Flaccus, L. suff. cos. 86 bce, 138, Suessa Aurunca, 11 148, 152

Index 273

Valerius Messalla, M. cos. 53 bce, 160 Victory, 25, 28–9, 36, 38, 76, 94–5, 97, Valerius Messalla, M. suff. cos. 32 bce, 160 105, 111, 122, 124, 131, 141, 143, Valerius Poplicola, P. cos. 509 bce, 222 145, 151, 154, 156, 158, 167, 177, Veiovis, 146 186 venatio, 167 temple of, 145 Venus, 74, 92, 98, 148, 150, 199, 201, 220, 230 Villa Publica, 84, 87 Erycina, 72–3, 76 vindicta, 198 Genetrix, 72 Virtus, personiﬁcation of, 88, 128, 190, 222 Victrix, 70–1, 76, 147 Volcei, 120, 123 Vercellium, 117 voting bridges, 142, 193 verism, 143 Vulcan, 12 Verres, C. pr. 74 bce, 172 Vescellium, 117 war wounds, 54, 101 Vesta, 87, 194 weight standard, 32, 53 Vesta, Temple of, 82 reductions in, 30, 123 Vestal Virgins, 194 wolf, 91, 129–30, 201 veterans, 163, 178, 180–1, 186, 188 wolf and twins, 43, 90, 92, 96 via Aemilia, 68, 235 via Appia, 9, 174 X-ray ﬂuorescence, 57–8 victimarius, 103 victoriati, 120 Zeus, 118, 121, 124