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Allieres Berria.Indd B ASQUE CLASSICS SERIES This collection seeks to provide in English translation key texts and authors in the cultural development of the Basque Country. It will The Basques encompass anonymous works authored by the “community” to the BASQUE CLASSICS texts of Modern Age polemicists authored in the defense of Euskara SE RIES (the Basque language) and Basque political institutions. The Basque Classics Series will also publish anthologies and books of key near by Jacques Allières contemporary scholars of outstanding and enduring worth who have 11 made original and serious contributions to our understanding of Basque history, linguistics, and culture. With an Introduction by BEÑAT OYHARÇABAL Many modern French speakers have come to know about the Basques through Jacques Allières’s concise, reliable book, which we now publish in English for the first time. Published in the 1970s, before the post-Franco Spanish constitution and the creation of the autonomous communities on the South side of the border and written from the perspective of the north, The Basques this book provides and invaluable snapshot of a time and place in Basque history. The book is part of the Presses Universitaires de France’s well- known collection Que sais-je? (What do I know about?), one of which is Allières’s The Basques, about the Basque Country and its inhabitants. A linguist, Allières has much to say about the language, but he is well versed on many other subjects. Prehistory, history, geography, economy, and much more are presented in this slender little volume. As Allières states in his introduction, offering information about the Basques in such a limited format is almost impossible. He does so by giving the reader use- ful information in each section without reducing the high standard of his academic texts, as befits a book that is part of an encyclopedia, particu- larly in connection, directly or indirectly, with the language. In fact, while JACQUES this book offers little information about items of contemporary culture, that is not the work’s main subject: it is more centered on ethnology and anthropology, which is why the language takes such a prominent place, the Basques themselves using it to denominate their own ethnic group. A LLIÈRES ISBN 978-1-935709-43-5 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada The Basques by Jacques Allières Series Editors William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu The Basques Jacques Allières Translated by Aritz Branton With an introduction by Beñat Oyharçabal Basque Classics Series, no. 11 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 11 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2016 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2016 by Jose Luis Agote Cover painting: “Pasajes de San Juan” by Juan de Echevarría Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Allières, Jacques, author. | Branton, Aritz, translator. Title: The Basques / Jacques Allières ; translated by Aritz Branton ; with an introduction by Joaquín Gorrochategui. Other titles: Basques. English Description: Reno : Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, [2016] | Series: Basque classics series ; no. 11 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016017872| ISBN 9781935709343 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781935709435 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: País Vasco (Spain) | Basques. Classification: LCC DP302.B46 A4313 2016 | DDC 946/.6--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017872[lccn.loc.gov] Contents Note on Basque Orthography .................................... vii Introduction — Beñat Oyharçabal............................... ix The Basques by Jacques Allières Part 1. Geographical Context..................................... 3 1. Location ....................................................... 5 2. Human and Political Geography........................... 7 Part 2. From the Origins to the Present.......................... 9 1. Prehistory ..................................................... 11 2. Protohistory .................................................. 15 3. Historical Events ............................................. 29 Part 3. Language and Literature.................................. 53 1. The Language ................................................ 55 2. Literature...................................................... 77 Part 4. The Basques and Their Economy: Ethnographic Context.......................................... 91 1. Traditional Ways of Life until the Nineteenth-Century Industrial Revolution ........................................ 93 2. After the Nineteenth-Century Industrial Revolution.... 117 Short Bibliography ................................................. 127 Index .................................................................. 129 Note on Basque Orthography The standard form to refer to the Basque language today is Euskara. Most English-language texts on the Basque Country have tradition- ally employed only the French and Spanish orthographic render- ings of Basque place names. Here, in light of the standard Basque orthographic renderings of these same place names by the Basque Language Academy (Euskaltzaindia), we will endeavor to use these Basque versions, with an addition in parentheses of the French or Spanish equivalents on first mention in each chapter. Some exceptions to this rule include the use of Navarre (Nafa- rroa in Basque, Navarra in Spanish) and Lower Navarre (Nafa rroa Beherea in Basque, Basse Navarre in French); the hyphenated bilin- gual cases of Donostia-San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz, and Iruñea- Pamplona; and occasions where French or Spanish place name variants are used to make a linguistic point. In the latter case, the Basque equivalents appear in parentheses after the French or Span- ish place name. Additionally, on occasion we anglicize certain Basque terms, rather than use the original Basque, French, or Spanish terms them- selves. Thus, for example, inhabitants of Zuberoa (Soule), instead of being rendered as zuberotarrak or xiberotarrak (from the Basque alternative Xiberoa), or Souletines (in French), are described here as Zuberoans. It should be noted that, for much of the period under study here, there was little consistency in the rendering of either place names or personal names in any of these languages; a fact of life that is apparent in a region of Europe where multiple cultures and identities overlap. We see such lack of consistency as a more flex- ible way of appreciating this diversity. Introduction BEÑAT OYHARÇABAL In recent decades, many French speakers have first come to know about the Basques through Jacques Allières’s concise, reliable book, which we now publish in English for the first time. The book is part of the Presses Universitaires de France’s well-known collection Que sais-je ? (What do I know about . ?) and follows the publishers’ established criteria: namely, a specialist provides concise informa- tion for the general reader about a particular subject in a 128-page, small-format book (12x18 cm). In 2013, there were more than 3,650 books in the collection, one of which is Allières’s The Basques, about the Basque Country and its inhabitants. Verbal Morphology Born in Toulouse in 1929, and dying in 2000 in the same region, Allières was a Romance linguist who also studied Basque and became an expert in this language, and was even appointed an honorary academician of Euskaltzaindia, the Royal Academy of the Basque Language. He completed his secondary and university education in his hometown. He then passed the agrégation (a com- petitive examination to enter French public service) as a French grammar teacher, thus obtaining the highest teaching qualifica- tion in France, in 1954. He took up a teaching position in Baiona (Bayonne) the same year, which is where he first came into contact with Basque speakers. However, shortly afterward he was involved in a car accident and had to return to Toulouse, where he started to lecture on French linguistics at the university and worked on his x Jacques Allières dissertation about Gascon: Dialectic and Synchronic Description of the Gascon Verb. Meanwhile, he carried on studying Basque, with the young Basque seminarians at Institut Catholique proving to be useful sources of information for his research. He asked each one of them to translate the parable of the Prodigal Son into the language as spoken in each of their villages. While he knew Classical languages well, he was, above all, a Romance linguist. His published work in this area covers French and Catalan diachrony and Romance linguistics as well as Gas- con and Occitan in general. However, colleagues who knew him best were aware that his curiosity about languages and their diver- sity had led him to acquire knowledge about a great number of languages outside his specialized area, including Indo-European, Semitic, Chinese, and Finno-Ugric languages.1 He developed this curiosity at a very young age, including his interest in Basque, mak- ing Pierre Lafitte’s Basque grammar book his bedside reading as an adolescent.2 Without any doubt, when it came to non-Romance languages,
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