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MICROBIAL DEGRADATION of PARATHION by WILLIAM

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MICROBIAL DEGRADATION of PARATHION by WILLIAM MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PARATHION By WILLIAM LEONARD GIBSON 1½: A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Microbiology State College, Mississippi August 1972 Reproduced by NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U S Department of Commerce Springfield VA 22151 li aiP I I MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PARATHION By WILLIAM LEONARD GIBSON -. Dissertation Submitted to'the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Microbiology State College, Mississippi August 1972 Copyright by William Leonard Gibson 1972 I MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PARATHION By WILLIAM LEONARD GIBSON Approved: Dr. Lewis R. Brown Dr. Ro ert G. Tischer Assistant Dean of the College Chairman, Department of of Arts and Sciences and Microbiology (Member of Professor of Microbiology and Graduate Committee) Director of Dissertation John C. Mickell on Dr. Howard W. Chambers ofessor of Microbiology Associate Professor of ( ember of Graduate Entomology (Member of Committee) Graduate Committee) James R. Heitz sistant Professor of Biochemistry (Member of Graduate Committee) August 1972 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere appreciation is extended to Dr. Lewis R. Brown for his guidance and supervision in the direction of this research problem and for his constructive criticism regarding the preparation of this manuscript. Gratitude is also extended to the members of my graduate committee, Dr. Robert G. Tischer, Dr. James R. Heitz, Dr. Howard W. Chambers, and Dr. John C. Mickelson for their advice and consultation. My thanks is also extended to the staff and the graduate students of the Microbiology Department. To my wife, Gayle, for her patience, understanding, and encouragement during the course of my graduate study, and for her clerical assistance in the preparation of this manuscript, I am especially indebted. The author is grateful for the financial assis- tance awarded him by the Office of University Affairs, N.A.S.A. - Headquarters, Washington, D.C., Grant # NGL- 25-001-040 entitled "A Multidisciplinary Research Program on the Environment." W.L.G. State College, Mississippi August 1972 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . .iii LIST OF TABLES . ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES . ix INTRODUCTION . REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 3 History . 3 Parathion Poisoning . · . 84 Chemistry of Parathion . 4 Mode of Action . Relative Toxicity of Parathion . Applications . 7 Ecological Effects . 6 Detection . .. .. 610 Phytotoxicity . Factors Affecting Fate of Pesticides Photochemical Decomposition . Chemical Decomposition . Physical Factors of Decomposition .. 711 Persistence . Biodegradation of Pesticides . 12 Biodegradation of Parathion . 14 Activation . 14 Cometabolism . ;. 15 Hydrolysis . ······...... ....16 Reduction .. .. .. 17 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Ring Cleavage . 19 : : MATERIALS AND METHODS . 26 Cultures . ...... 26 Isolation and Screening of Microorganisms 26 Identification of Cultures . 27 Chemicals . 27 Parathion and By-Products . 27 * . Emulsifiers . 27 Hydrogen Ion Concentration . * . 28 Aminoparathion Synthesis . 28 Cultural Procedures .. 28 Cultural Techniques for Manometric Studies 28 Plate Count Procedure . 30 Resting Cell Studies . 30 Harvest and Preparation of Cells 30 Manometric Studies . 0 * * * 0 31 Inhibitors . 32 Thunberg Techniques . 32 Aeration . 33 Chromatographic Determinations . 34 Gas Chromatographic Analysis . 34 Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis 35 Chemical Analyses . 37 Pigment Extraction . 37 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page p-Nitrophenol Analysis . .. 38 Phenol Determination . 39 Protein Determination . 40 Biochemical Determination of Capsule Composition . ...... 41 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 43 Parathion Utilizing Microorganisms . 43 Isolation . .. ..... .. 43 Preliminary Screening of Microorganisms . 43 Morphological Characteristics ... 44 Culture Characteristics . .. 45 Physiological Characteristics . 45 Classification .... ......... 46 Parathion Utilization . 46 Effects of Solvents on Parathion Utilization . ... 47 Effects of Cultural Conditions on Growth . 50 Effect of Temperature . 50 Effect of pH . ... 51 Aeration . 51 Chemical Transformation during Growth . .. 53 Pigment Production . ... 53 p-Nitrophenol Detection . 54 Manometric Studies . ... 54 Thunberg Investigations . .. 57 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Inhibitors . ................. 59 Comprehensive Correlations of Results . 60 Physiological Age . ... 62 Identification of Parathion Metabolites . 63 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . .. 66 ABSTRACT . 69 APPENDIX . ................ 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................. 109 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Relative toxicities of several organo- phosphorus insecticides . 73 2. Threshold odor concentrations of pesti- cides in water . 74 3. Effects of ethanol on the composition of cells of the Pseudomonas isolate . 75 4. Effect of carbon dioxide and the chemical composition of the mineral salts medium on growth . ..... .. .......... 76 5. QO Values for cells grown on nutrient broth 2 plus parathion, and nutrient broth plus other test compounds . 77 6. QO Values for cells grown on mineral salts 2 plus parathion, and mineral salts plus other test compounds . ,. 78 7. Thunberg measurement of reduction potentials by resting cells of the Pseudomonas species 79 8. Identification of products resulting from microbial degradation of parathion . , . 80 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Structure of parathion and parathion metabolites . ... 81 2. Preliminary screening of microorganisms for parathion utilization . ... 82 3. Photomicrographs of the cellular morphology of the-Pseudomonas isolate ........ 83 4. Changes in parathion concentration during the growth of the pseudomonad under both light and dark conditions . 84 5. The effects of ethanol on oxygen consumption by the pseudomonad . ..... 85 6. The effect of pre-incubation of cells in ethanol on oxygen consumption by the pseudomonad . , . 86 7. The effect of ethanol concentration on parathion utilization by resting cell sus- pensions grown on nutrient broth . 87 8. The effect of ethanol concentration on parathion utilization by resting cell suspensions grown on mineral salts and parathion ................. 88 9. The effect of temperature on p-nitrophenol production on parathion utilization . 89 10. The effect of temperature on the growth of the pseudomonad in the presence of parathion as the carbon source . , . 90 11. The effect of pH on the oxidation of parathion by resting cell suspensions .. 91 12. The effect of pH on the production of p- nitrophenol from parathion . .. 92 13. Oxygen consumption and respiratory quotients for resting cell suspensions grown on nutrient broth and parathion (10 ppm) and assayed on parathion. .... 93 x LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 14. Oxygen consumption and respiratory quotients for resting cell suspensions grown on mineral salts and parathion (10 ppm) and assayed on parathion . 94 15. The effect of different parathion concen- trations by resting cell suspensions . 95 16. Oxygen consumption and respiratory quotients for resting cell suspensions grown on nutrient broth and assayed on p-nitrophenol . 96 17. Oxygen consumption and respiratory quotients for resting cell suspensions grown on nutrient broth and assayed on phenol . .. 97 18. The effect of chloramphenicol on oxygen con- sumption by resting cells grown on parathion, and assayed on nutrient broth and on paration ............... 98 19. The effect of chloramphenicol on oxygen con- sumption by resting cells grown on nutrient broth, and assayed on nutrient broth and on parathion . ....... 99 20. The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on oxygen consumption by resting cells grown on para- thion, and assayed' on nutrient broth and on parathion .. .. 100 21. The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on oxygen consumption by resting cells grown on nutrient broth, and assayed on nutrient broth and on parathion ......... 101 22. Cell populations, parathion residues, p- nitrophenol concentration, and phenol con- centration of cells grown on mineral salts and parathion (10 ppm) . ... 102 23. The effect of physiological age on para- thion and p-nitrophenol utilization by resting cell cultures (Day 0) . 103 xi LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 24. The effect of physiological age on parathion and p-nitrophenol utilization by resting cell cultures (Day 3) . 104 25. The effect of physiological age on para- thion and p-nitrophenol utilization by resting cell cultures (Day 4) . 105 26. The effect of physiological age on para- thion and p-nitrophenol utilization by resting cell cultures (Day 6) . 106 27. The effect of physiological age on parathion and p-nitrophenol utilization by resting cell cultures (Day 8) . 107 28. Proposed pathway for parathion degradation . 108 I INTRODUCTION Parathion is an organophosphorous insecticide still widely used in certain areas. It is marketed under various trade names primarily by two companies, American Cyanamid Corporation and Monsanto Chemical Company. Its popularity exists primarily due to its high insect mortality rate. How- ever.,:when ingested or absorbed by wildlife, man or other non- target organisms; parathion may exert a severe neurotoxic effect.and is often fatal. Parathion is effective in the control of aphids, mites, grasshoppers, moths; leafhoppers, wireworms, and many other insect pests (Monsanto, 1972). The degradability of parathion is of great practical
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