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Turkish Review / Volume: 3 Issue: 1 January – February 2013 CANTHE OTTOMANS THE AK PARTY AND NEO-OTTOMANIBE A MODEL FOR SM EHUDEGYPT' TOLEDANO S MUSLI M BROTHERHOOD? ALPER Y. DEDE TURKITHE FOUR SH-ARAB PI LLARS COOPERATI OF OTTOMAN ON I DENTION HI TY GHER ENER EDUCATI AKTÜRK ON BRAHM ÖZDEMR WITHE THDRAWI EMERGENCE NG OFMI LIOTTOMAN TARY FROM STUDI POLI ES I NTI THE CS: LESSONSUS DOAN GÜRPINAR FROM SOUTH KOREA JEONG WON NAH TURKI SH TURKEY’FREEDOM S OF ELECTION EXPRESSI LAW ON VS FALLS FREEDOM SHORT OF RELIOF THE GI ON MARK ERGUN ÖZBUDUNBÜLENT KORUCU VOLUME 13 ISSUE 31 – MARCH-APRILJANUARY – FEBRUARY 2011 2013 TL 15 / $ 10 / € 8 / £7 REVI EW TURKISH REVIEW / VOLUME: 3 ISSUE: 1 JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2013 AL AKBULUT EKREM DUMANLI TURKI SH REVI EW Publ i sher Chief executive officer KERM BALCI Ed i t or - i n - ch i ef HELEN SOUTHCOTT MURAT AKT Associate editor Managing editor RÜDÜ KALYONCU FEVZ YAZICI For um edi t or Cr e a t i v e d i r e c t o r ÜMT KURT ERCAN YAVUZ Li t erar y edi t or MUSTAFA ERDEN Layout desi gn LAMYA ADLGIZI, SA AFACAN, ÖMER ÇAHA, NESLHAN ER, YONCA POYRAZ DOAN, ORHAN NALIN RICHARD PERES, SA YAZAR Co v e r i l l u s t r a t i o n St af f wr i t er s HAYR BEER Publisher’s representative SÜLEYMAN BAARAN Adver t i sement [email protected] Editorial advisory board GÖKHAN BACIK*, ÜMT CZRE, LOUIS FISHMAN*, MUSTAFA GÖKÇEK*, NLÜFER GÖLE, ÜKRÜ HANOLU, ROLA AL-HUSSEINI*, AL KAYA, LEVENT KÖKER, AHMET T. KURU, AKAN MALICI*, ZYA ÖN, ERGUN ÖZBUDUN, RONALD GRIGOR SUNY, EHUD TOLEDANO * Editor-at-large DISCLAIMER Turkish Review is an English-language journal published six times a year. We aim to act as a forum for both peer-reviewed academic articles and journalistic pieces on Turkey’s politics, society, economy, culture and history, explored within domestic and international contexts. That is, we are a review of three things: events within Turkey; developments outside of but relevant to Turkey; and global affairs from a Turkish perspective. By “Turkish perspective” we mean adopting a constructive approach, with an inter-disciplinary, inclusive, in-depth and insightful attitude, while maintaining accessibility, originality and objectivity; above all making use of constructive, non-Orientalist, de-colonialist and dialogic language. Turkey lies at the center of (and is itself) a diverse geography, and the wide-ranging texts and backgrounds of our contributors reflect this. The opinions represented and conclusions drawn are those of the authors alone, and do not in any way construe endorsement by Turkish Review, its parent company, or affiliate organizations. TURKISH REVIEW ISSN 1309964-7 / Ahmet Taner Kýþlalý Cad. No: 6 34194 Yenibosna, Ýstanbul Turkey / www.turkishreview.org Turkish Review is indexed and distributed by CONTACT TURKISH REVIEW: EDITORIAL INQUIRIES: [email protected] SUBSCRIPTION AND CUSTOMER RELATIONS INQUIRIES: [email protected] / Phone : +90 (212) 454 14 03 Fax: +90 (212) 454 14 46 PRINTING: Bi l net Mat baacýlýk, Biltur Basým Yayýn Hizmet A.Þ. / Dudullu Organize Sanayi Bölgesi 1. Cadde No:16 Ümraniye / ÝSTANBUL Tel: +90 216 4 44 44 03 / 277 Fax: +90 216 365 99 07 GSM: +90 532 748 14 09 www.bilnet.net.tr 2 3 contcont ent ent s s ARTICLES The four pillars of Ottoman identity: religious toleration, diversity and the four millets under the ‘eternal state’, By ener Aktürk 14-21 An exploration of who the Ottomans were as a community of people, including subjective perceptions by the Ottomans themselves. The emergence of Ottoman studies in North America: Orientalism, the modernization school and the Cold War, By Doan Gürpınar 22-29 An account of the origins and evolution of the academic discipline of Ottoman studies within the US. Freedom of expression, religious insult and hate crime, By Ergun Özbudun 56-61 An examination of the international and Turkish legal framework protecting freedom of expression and TURKI SH REVI EW preventing incitement of religious hatred. Vol ume: 3 I ssue: 1 January - February 2013 DEPARTMENTS Forum 5 Turkish Globe, By Lamiya Adilgızı 6-7 The Ottomans through the lens 41-48 Turkish Lexicon, REPORT S By Richard Peres 50-55 Q&A: Presidential systems, New decoration trends in late Ottoman Palestine: mural By Ersin Kalaycıolu 62-67 paintings in elite residential houses, By Sharif Sharif-Safadi 30-37 NGO Watch: Democrasia, An analysis of domestic decorative and architectural By Neslihan Er 74-75 trends in late 19th century Palestine. Culture and Art Clippings, Analyzing a late Ottoman debate on science, religion and By Helen Southcott 76-77 modernity, By Serdar Poyraz 38-40 Economic success and Turkey’s A study of the debate between two leading Ottoman ‘investability’, By sa Yazar 78-79 intellectuals and what it reveals about late Surveys Review, Ottoman ideas and philosophy. By Ömer Çaha 80-85 Piri Reis, pioneering Early Modern cartographer, Think Tanks Tracker, By Dimitris Loupis 68-73 By sa Afacan 86-89 The world of the Ottoman mariner, admiral and Last Word: cartographer, as UNESCO celebrates the anniversary Hüseyin Pazarcı 112 of the Piri Reis world m ap of 1513. 4 5 contcont ent ent s s REV I EW S & BRI EFS Introduction, By Ümit Kurt 90 ‘An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Çelebi,’ By Robert Dankoff and Sooyong Kim 91-96 ‘Another Empire? A Decade of Turkey’s Foreign Policy Under the Justice and Development Party,’ By Kerem Öktem, Aye Kadıolu and Mehmet Karlı 97-100 Conference: Middle Eastern Congress on Politics and Society at Sakarya University 101-103 Conference: Contemporary Turkish Studies at a Glance at stanbul Bilgi University 104-105 Conference: Peacebuilding through Education at the Times Center, New York 106-107 Conference: International Conference on Conflict Prevention in the Middle East in stanbul 108-109 Conference: 5th Annual ASMEA Conference in Washington, D.C. 110-111 OPINIONS Some thoughts on the Ottomans and neo-Ottomanism, By Ehud R. Toledano 8-13 An exploration of Ottoman foreign and domestic policy and a comparison to the policies of the ruling AK Party. 6 7 ARTICLE VOL-3/1 ener Aktürk Koç University, stanbul n its ideal aspiration, Ottoman identity can The four pillars of be described as a universal identity potentially encompassing the entire humanity in all of its ethno-racial, religious, Ottoman identity: and sectarian diversity, but within an essentially Islamic political framework. Given religious toleration, the factual, cultural, demographic and The Jewish community political reality it created on the ground, once formed a key Imetaphorically Ottoman identity can be likened to a segment of Ottoman diversity and the chair (or throne) rising on “four pillars” corresponding to society. Shown here is the four principle millets: the Muslim, Orthodox an abandoned Christian, Armenian and Jewish communities. These synagogue in Edirne, northwest Turkey. four millets under four religiously defined communities together Sept. 29, 2011 constituted and sustained Ottoman identity as long as it PHOTO: AA, the ‘eternal state’ lasted. The separation of these millets under the RAHM ÇNOKUR influence of ethno-religious nationalism over time was ARTI CLE I N BRI EF: Who were the tantamount to the disintegration and disappearance of conquest of Constantinople in 1453 was “the Caesar of incumbent upon every sultan to bring as much of Ottoman identity, in which all nationalisms and nation- Rome” (Kayser-i Rum). He was sultan, khan, shah, humanity as possible under Ottoman government. Ottomans as a community of people? states -- Balkan, Arab and Turkish alike -- participated. caliph and Caesar at once. Consider, in this context, Many empires, including modern ones, have had This question can be answered in two Süleyman the Magnificent’s self-description: messianic ideologies of expansion laden with various interrelated ways, corresponding to the Ottoman self-perception: the ‘eternal state’ and its ‘world order’ “civiliZing missions.” For this author, as a comparative I am Süleyman, in whose name the hutbe [Friday political scientist of the late 19th and 20th centuries, ideal aspiration and the factual reality Who did the Ottomans think they were? This is perhaps the first question one needs to ask in any inquiry into sermon at conGreGational prayers] is read in Mecca and Georg Hegel’s conceptualiZation of Prussia as the perfect of Ottoman identity, respectively: Who questions of identity.1 The names the Ottomans gave to Medina. In BaGhdad I am the shah, in Byzantine modern state or the idea of a “new world order” did the Ottomans think they were? Who their state, the titles their sultans carried, and their realms the Caesar, and in EGypt the sultan; who sends sustained by the US as a benevolent hegemon after the were the Ottomans in reality? This discourse of legitimacy all provide significant hints about his fleets to the seas of Europe, the MaGhrib [North Cold War come to mind as potential modern Africa] and India.2 comparisons. However, almost no such modern state or article aims to answer both of these their self-perception. Ottomans thought of their political authority as empire had the pretension or aspiration to universal questions from a comparative historical being unlimited, both in time and in space. Among the ‘Encompassing the world’ with the ‘cycle of justice’ sovereignty as the Ottomans, Romans, Persians and perspective, addressing the sub- many names that the Ottomans used for their state, one Ottoman identity was in principle coterminous with all some other pre-modern empires did. Ottoman ideology communities that made up the people of them is rather famous and the most memorable “the humanity. As such, Ottoman identity was a universalistic went beyond similarly moralistic discourses of universal Eternal State” (Devlet-i Ebed Müddet).
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