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Contestations, Conflicts and Music-Power: Mevlevi Sufism in the 21St Century Turkey

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Contestations, Conflicts and Music-Power: Mevlevi Sufism in the 21St Century Turkey CONTESTATIONS, CONFLICTS AND MUSIC-POWER: MEVLEVI SUFISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NEVİN ŞAHİN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FEBRUARY 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _____________________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________ Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çıtak (METU, IR) _____________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC) _____________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk Güray (YBU, MUS) _____________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Yelda Özen (YBU, SOC) _____________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Çağatay Topal (METU, SOC) _____________________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Nevin Şahin Signature: iii ABSTRACT CONTESTATIONS, CONFLICTS AND MUSIC-POWER: MEVLEVI SUFISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY TURKEY Şahin, Nevin PhD. Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen February 2016, 232 pages Established as a Sufi order in central Anatolia following the death of Rumi, Mevlevi Sufism has influenced the spirituality of people for over 8 centuries. Having strong ties with the Ottoman state, Mevlevi Sufism gradually moved from a Sufi order into a historicity subject to museumification, cultural heritage of national and international value, and stage performance for tourist attraction. This transition was triggered by the law no. 677 implemented in 1925 for the closure of Sufi lodges and convents. Bringing the dervish lineage and Sufi service to an end, the law also played role on the contemporary discussions regarding Mevlevi Sufism. While practitioners of Mevlevi music reject a Mevlevi identity, the state embraces Mevlevi Sufism with a claim of state visibility in issues like cultural heritage and spiritual tourism. This duality between the state and practitioners on the one hand reflect the conflicting modes of spirituality within the order, and on the other hand affect the contemporary controversies concerning the claim of conserving the centuries old tradition. The data collected through an ethnographic field research of 15 months among Sufi circles and performances in different parts of Turkey and Europe reveal that state institutions, non-governmental foundations, iv entrepreneurs, stage performers and the audience as actors are politically involved in the field of struggle for power in Bourdieusian sense over the sema field. The interplays of power reflect the circularity of Mevlevi Sufism which is influenced by even the earliest religious practices and is embodied in the circular movement of whirling dervishes. Keywords: Mevlevi Sufism, Whirling Dervishes, Music-power, Cultural Heritage, Consumerism v ÖZ ÇEKİŞMELER, ÇATIŞMALAR VE MÜZİK-İKTİDAR: 21. YÜZYIL TÜRKİYESİ’NDE MEVLEVİLİK Şahin, Nevin Doktora, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Mustafa Şen Şubat 2016, 232 sayfa Mevlana’nın ardından Anadolu’da kurulan ve Osmanlı devletine yakın duran Mevlevilik, 1925 tarihli tekke ve zaviyelerin kapatılması kanununun etkisiyle, bir tarikattan müzeleştirilen bir tarihi değere, ulusal ve uluslararası bir kültür mirasına ve turistleri etkileyen bir sahne performansına dönüşmüştür. Hem derviş silsilesi hem de dergâh çilesi kesintiye uğramıştır ancak tartışmalar sonlanmamıştır. Müziğini icra edenler Mevlevi kimliğini reddederken devlet Mevleviliği kültürel miras ve manevi turizm düzeyinde kucaklamaktadır. İcracılar ve devlet arasındaki bu ikilik geleneği muhafaza etme iddiasına ilişkin uzlaşmazlıklara da işaret etmektedir. Türkiye ve Avrupa’nın farklı yerlerinde 15 ay süren etnografik saha araştırmasıyla derlenen veri, devlet kurumlarının, vakıf ve derneklerin, girişimcilerin, sahne sanatçılarının ve seyircilerin sema meydanındaki Bourdieucu iktidar mücadelesine katıldıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Söz konusu iktidar etkileşimleri, Mevleviliğin en eski dini pratiklerden etkilenmiş olan ve semazenlerin devirlerinde vücut bulan döngüselliğini yansıtmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mevlevilik, Semazenler, Müzik-iktidar, Kültürel Miras, Tüketim vi To olive trees vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am grateful to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen for his encouragement and considerateness throughout the research and authoring process. I also express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Ali Tayfun Atay, who co- supervised my dissertation until the first interviews of my fieldwork. I would also like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk Güray, who contributed to the research with inspiring comments, and the examining committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çıtak, Assist. Prof. Dr. Çağatay Topal and Assist. Prof. Dr. Yelda Özen for their enlightening suggestions. I thank deeply to Dr. Pınar Karababa Kayalıgil for her dedication to help me in every phase of the dissertation. I owe a debt of gratitude to Kübra Zeynep Sarıaslan for supporting me in changing the course of my framework and opening up new spaces for research. I am also thankful to Didar Kalafat, Eda Sevinin and Laçin Tutalar for their invaluable solidarity and friendship. I thank Serhat Kürklü and my research assistant colleagues at Yıldırım Beyazıt University, together with my professors and administrators, for their physical and psychological support throughout the dissertation. This dissertation was funded by BAP-07-03-2013-013 research project and TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) 2211 PhD Grant. viii This dissertation would not come out without the help of my interlocutors. I would like to thank especially to Gülden Abla and all my interlocutors for sharing their time, memory and feelings with me. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family for believing in me and my success, being with me and leaving me alone whenever necessary, making me feel their love and trust despite hundreds of kilometers between. Lastly I want to salute Fındık, Siyah, Novi, Baldo and the memories of beloved Kurtiz and Nói, who helped bear even the most unbearable throughout this phase of life. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ................................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ .................................................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. From Personal Experience to Academic Interest .................................................. 3 1.2. The World is Whirling: Context of the Research ................................................... 7 1.3. Literature on the Sociology of Mevlevi Sufism in Modern Turkey .............. 15 1.4. Organization of Chapters ............................................................................................. 20 2. THE FIELD ............................................................................................................................. 23 2.1. Mevlevi Sufism Spreading from Konya: A Historical Perspective ................ 23 2.2. The Spectrum of the Research: MEKÜSAV and Others .................................... 29 2.3. Constraints of the Field ................................................................................................. 40 2.3.1. Outer Factors .................................................................................................. 40 2.3.2. Inner Factors ................................................................................................... 45 2.4. Colleague-Interlocutors: Tangling of Research and Experience................... 47 2.5. Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................................... 50 x 3. CASES AND KEY CONCEPTS WITH THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PARALLELS ................................................................................................................................ 52 3.1. Ritual as Cultural Heritage .........................................................................................
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