Iii EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION on ETHANOL-PETROL BLENDS

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON ETHANOL-PETROL BLENDS OPERATING WITH A PETROL ENGINE

MOHD NAZRUL IKRAM BIN MOHD ATAN

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Master of Engineering (Mechanical)

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JANUARY 2015

vii

ABSTRACT

The use of biopetrol fuel as alternative fuels in gasoline engine has been around for many years and ethanol-petrol has the potential to be used as alternative fuel that can reduce the total CO2 emission from internal petrol engine. However, the changes of bio-petrol is a very complex and need further understanding for researchers due to the relevance of the increase in the petroleum price and the future environmental regulation. The combination between ethanol and petrol provides a new challenging approach to find the good effect to the engines. This study focuses to ascertain a new approach in potential on ethanol-petrol blends operating with a petrol engine especially the effects of ethanol gas petrol blending ratio and variant types of ethanol on performance and emissions of petrol engine. The recommendation of the ethanol petrol fuel blending ratio that strongly affects the vehicles performance and exhaust emissions according to rpm and throttle opening conditions. It is shown that the variant in biopetrol blending ratio and engine operational condition are reduced engine-out emissions and increased efficiency. The ethanol petrol blends had been successfully tested as alternative fuel for spark ignition and the result for engine power slightly increase without engine modification. The result showed that CO2 emissions decreased at high engine speed, while the CO emissions is increases. Thus, process of combustion and stability were increased and engine efficiency was improved with 15% volume ethanol in fuel blend.

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ABSTRAK

Penggunaan bahan api biopetrol sebagai bahan api alternatif dalam enjin petrol telah wujud selama bertahun-tahun dan etanol-petrol mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan api alternatif yang dapat mengurangkan jumlah pelepasan CO2 daripada enjin petrol dalaman. Walau bagaimanapun, perubahan bio-petrol adalah sangat kompleks dan pemahaman lanjut untuk penyelidik kerana perkaitan kenaikan harga petroleum dan peraturan terhadap alam sekitar. Gabungan antara etanol dan petrol menyediakan pendekatan baru yang mencabar untuk mencari kesan yang baik kepada enjin. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan untuk memastikan pendekatan baru dalam potensi pada campuran etanol-petrol beroperasi dengan enjin petrol terutama kesan etanol petrol gas pengadunan nisbah dan varian jenis etanol pada prestasi dan pelepasan daripada enjin petrol. Cadangan campuran nisbah bahan api antara petrol dan etanol sangat mempengaruhi prestasi kenderaan dan ekzos pelepasan mengikut rpm dan keadaan pendikit terbuka. Ia menunjukkan bahawa varian dalam nisbah pencampuran biopetrol dan enjin keadaan operasi dikurangkan pelepasan enjin keluar dan meningkatkan kecekapan. Campuran petrol etanol telah berjaya diuji sebagai bahan api alternatif untuk pencucuhan bunga api dan hasil untuk kuasa enjin meningkat sedikit tanpa pengubahsuaian enjin. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa pelepasan CO2 menurun pada kelajuan enjin tinggi, manakala pelepasan CO adalah bertambah. Oleh itu, proses pembakaran dan kestabilan telah meningkat dan kecekapan enjin telah bertambah baik dengan 15% etanol isipadu dalam campuran bahan api.

CONTENTS

TITLE iii DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii ABSTRACT vii ABSTRAK viii

C ONTENTS ix v LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvi

LIST OF APPENDIX xix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of study 1

1.2 Problem statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scopes 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Bioethanol fuels 4

2.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of bioethanol 6

2.1.2 Bioethanol properties 8

2.2 The effects of bioethanol in petrol engine 10

2.3 The effects of bioethanol in performance engine 13

2.4 Influences of emission regulation bioethanol 16

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 18

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2 Methodology flow chart 20

3.3 The test engines 21

3.4 Description of measurement systems 24

3.4.1 Engine performance system 24 measuring equipment 3.4.2 The dynamometer 25 3.4.3 Data Acquisition System 26

3.5 Sample preparation 27

3.6 Experimental procedure 28

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 25

4.1 Introduction 29

4.2 Engine performance analysis 30

4.2.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on performance of petrol engine 30

4.2.2 The effects of engine speed on performance of petrol engine 33

4.2.3 The effects of throttle opening condition on performance of petrol engine 37

4.3 Engine emission analysis 38

4.3.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on emission of petrol engine 38

4.3.2 The effects of engine speed on emission of petrol engine 41

4.3.3 The effects of throttle opening condition on emission of petrol engine 44

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45

5.1 Conclusions 45

5.2 Recommendations 47

REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX A 51 APPENDIX B 63

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LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Bioethanol blends its effect on engine performance 6

2.2 Emission reduction factors 6

2.3 European Standard for bioethanol (prEN 15376:2007) 8

2.4 European Standard for E85 petrol 9

2.5 Properties of ethanol unleaded gasoline blended fuels 10

2.6 Test conditions 10

2.7 Properties of ethanol 11

3.1 Engine specification 22

3.2 Specification of IMR 2800-A type emission gas analyser device 23

3.3 Technical specifications of the dynamometer 25

3.4 Sample volumetric composition 27

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LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Distillation properties 12

2.2 The ratio of ethanol in the mixture vs. engine speed 12

2.3 Schematic diagram of the experimental system 13

2.4 Effect ethanol on performance 13

2.5 Effect ethanol on performace 14

2.6 Effect ethanol on performace 15

2.7 The effect of ethanol addition on CO, CO2 and HC emission 15

2.8 The effect of ethanol addition on CO emission 17

2.9 The effect of ethanol addition on CO2 emission 17

2.10 The effect of ethanol addition on HC emission 18

3.1 Schematic layout of the experimental used 19

3.2 Methodology flow chart 20

3.3 A general view of the engine tested in the Automotive Lab 21

3.4 Mitsubishi 4G91 SI engine DOHC 16 valve 22

3.5 Gas analyzer model IMR 2800-A 23

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4.1 The effect of blending ratio on engine performance at 50% 31 throttle opening position

4.2 The effect of blending ratio on engine performance at 75% 31 throttle opening position

4.3 The effect of blending ratio on engine performance at 100% 32 throttle opening position

4.4 The effect of engine speed on engine performance at 50% 34 throttle opening position

4.5 The effect of engine speed on engine performance at 75% 34 throttle opening position

4.6 The effect of engine speed on engine performance at 100% 35 throttle opening position

4.7 The effect of throttle opening position on engine performance. 37

4.8 The effect of blending ratio on emission at 50% throttle 39 opening position

4.9 The effect of blending ratio on emission at 75% throttle 39 opening position

4.10 The effect of blending ratio on emission at 100% throttle 40 opening position

4.11 The effect of engine speed on emission at 50% throttle 41 opening position

4.12 The effect of engine speed on emission at 75% throttle 42 opening position

4.13 The effect of engine speed on emission at 100% throttle 42 opening position

4.14 The effect of throttle opening position on emission 44

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

STD - Standard petrol

E5 - 5% blending ratio

E10 - 10% blending ratio

E15 - 15% blending ratio

BSFC - Brake specific fuel oC - Degree celsius cc - Cubic centimeter

CI - Compress ignition cm - Centimeter

CO - Carbon monoxide

CO2 - Carbon dioxide

SI - Spark Ignition

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Today the petroleum stockpiles are limited and will ultimately run out. The ascension of population and urbanization makes the demand of energy is increasing daily. As the major typical energy sources like coal, petroleum, and fossil fuel square measure step by step depleted, biomass is rising collectively of the promising environmentally friendly renewable energy choices (A. Demirbas, 2008). Bio-fuel initiative has been backed by government policies within the search energy security through partly replacing the restricted fossil fuels and reducing threat to the surroundings from exhaust emissions and warming. The main fuel found to be associate progressively vital various to crude is bio-fuel. Bio-fuel conjointly produces less greenhouse gases like carbonic acid gas. Once either bio-fuel or crude oil is burned, the carbon content of the fuel returns to the atmosphere as carbonic acid gas (Barber et al., 2008). Many researchers have according on ethanol-petrol blends engine performance and emissions characteristics. The advantages of biofuels area unit the following: (a) they're simply offered from common biomass sources, (b) carbon oxide cycle happens in combustion, (c) they're terribly environmentally friendly, and (d) they're perishable and contribute to property (Bata et al., 2006). This experiments aims to study the run engine with different percentage of blending of gasoline and ethanol to reduce the exhaust emissions and also to increase efficiency of the engine.

1.2 Problems statement

By considering the usage of fuels in our life, it seems to be so wide that obviously can’t be live without. For that, there are a lot of alternatives have been found to increase the efficiency and preservation of fuel resources. How if we run out of these resources due to shortage of petroleum. There a lot of attention nowadays to these issues of petroleum resources and increasing energy consumption. Current fuels also can cause emission pollution that result from petrol exhaust. Petrol exhaust can cause emission pollution, and the use of biofuel has been found to reduce the production of carbon dioxide. Today’s challenge relates to the net reduction in carbon dioxide emissions through the development and adoption of new fuels and optimised engine technology. The effect of ethanol– petrol blends on SI engine performance already studied by Al-Hassan (Al- Hassan, 2003). The performance tests were conducted using different percentages of ethanol–petrol up to 40% under variable compression ratio conditions. The results showed that the engine indicated power improves with ethanol addition, the maximum improvement occurring at the 10% ethanol and 90% petrol fuel blend. The effect of oxygenate in petrol on exhaust emission and performance in a single cylinder, four stroke SI engine have been studied by Taljaard and they concluded that oxygenates significantly decreased the CO, NOx and HC emissions at the stoichiometric air–fuel ratio (Taljaard et al., 1991). Further studies on the effects of ethanol petrol blends on spark ignition engine performance and CO, CO2, HC and NOx at variable engine speed operating conditions and variable throttle conditions. The main purpose is to investigate the effects of petrol and ethanol petrol blends (E5, E10, and E15) on engine performance and emissions were investigated in four stroke spark-ignition at three open throttle conditions for various rpm.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this research are;

i. To investigate the effect of various ethanol petrol fuel blending ratio on performance and emissions of petrol engine. ii. To make recommendation of the ethanol petrol fuel blending ratio that strongly affects the vehicles performance and exhaust emissions according to rpm and throttle opening conditions.

1.4 Scopes

The purpose of this study is to determine the fuel properties of E0, E5, E10 and E15 ethanol petrol blending ratio with under three throttle opening conditions. In this study, set up and conduct the experiment of performance and emissions of Mitsubishi 4G91(1.5L) petrol engine at various rpm (2000 rpm, 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 5000 rpm) and gas analyser IMR 2800-A Series. The aim of this study is to investigate the comparison of SI engines performance operating by ethanol petrol fuel and normal petrol fuel. 4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Bioethanol fuels

Fuel from ethanol is the most widely used. Ethanol is a type of alcohol came/coming from fermentation of sugars, starch or cellulose (energy from) wood and plant material. Unlimited useful things/valuable supplies and renewable energy is much cleaner when compared with petroleum fuels. Most commercial production of ethanol from sugar cane or sugar red vegetables, such as starch and cellulose (energy from) wood and plant material usually require expensive pre-treatment. Recent findings related to the production of ethanol has increased the money-based ability to be done of ethanol as a transportation fuel. In addition to big net reduction in pollution (that heats up the Earth) emissions, (able to last/helping the planet) bio-ethanol can provide some added/more things that are good for the planet (A. Demirbas, 2008). Brazil is the world’s largest supplier of bio-ethanol with over 455 million tonnes of sugar cane grown on over 6.2 million hectares of land specifically for this purpose (Barber et al., 2008). The effect of using ethanol with unleaded gasoline on exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, CO2 and unburned hydrocarbons, HC) have been experimentally investigated by Bata and Roan (Bata et al., 2006). Ignition is a chemical process in which a substance responds quickly with oxygen and gives off heat. The first substance is known as the fuel, and the wellspring of oxygen is known as the oxidizer. The fuel can be a robust, fluid, or gas, despite the fact that for plane impetus the fuel is normally a fluid (Saridemir, 2012). Numerous studies have been made on ethanol applications in SI 5 engines due to its good properties such as its non-toxicity, high oxygen content and environmentally invitingness. The effects of blending ethanol petrol at different ratios with respect to spark timing and injection strategies, on a direct injection spark ignition engine at a part load and speed condition. It is shown that the benefits if adding ethanol as a fuel in a small petrol are reduced engine-out emissions and increased efficiency (Al-Hasan, 2003). Performance ethanol has come into the investigation of the representatives of the automotive business and the oil has stated that ethanol blends are less skilled than petrol. Business demands that ethanol has different properties to offset the low energy content in ethanol (Anonymous, 2008). High heat of vaporization of ethanol points to/shows that the volumetric efficiency of ethanol is higher than pure gasoline, increase output power (Lynd et al., 1996). The addition of ethanol to gasoline results in an increase in the number of research octane 5 for each added/more unit of ethanol (Abdel-Rahman et al., 1997). An important aspect of the internal burst into flames ion engine engineering involves reducing the amount of undesirable emissions arise during the firing process. Exhaust emission depends on the composition of the fuel, the equivalence ratio of air / fuel, operating conditions, oxygen content and chemical structure (something added to food, or something else) (He, B. et al., 2003). Emissions that pollute (the health of the Earth/the surrounding conditions) and add/give to worldwide warming, polluted (with acid) rain, smog, odour and other breathing- related and health problems (Pulkrabek, et al., 1997). Several studies have shown that mixing unleaded petrol with ethanol increases braking power, fuel conversion efficiency, and reduce brake specific fuel consumption (Al-Hasan, 2003). Usually, ethanol is blended with gasoline fuel called EXX, where xx points to/shows the amount of ethanol in the mixture. For example, E10 means 10% blend with 90% ethanol blended gasoline fuels in percentage volume. Table 2.1 shows some mixture of bioethanol and its effects on engine performance and production while Table 2.2 illustrates the emission reduction factor on bioethanol.

Table 2.1: Bioethanol blends its effect on engine performance (Saridemir, 2012)

Table 2.2: Emission reduction factors (Al-Hasan, 2003)

2.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of bioethanol

Among the advantages of bioethanol to the consumers are (Bayraktar, H., 2005):

(i) Less fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to conventional fuels. (ii) High Octane number allowing spark-ignition engines to run more efficiently. (iii) Lower particulate emissions. (iv) Lower benzene and 1-3 butadiene unregulated emissions; benzene levels decrease as the ethanol concentration in gasoline increases. (v) Less ozone forming potential than gasoline and diesel. (vi) No sulphur content. 7

(vii) Biodegradable. (viii) Less toxic than methanol or biomethanol. (ix) Dedicated and flexible fuelled vehicles with spark- ignition engines fuelled with bioethanol have been shown to have higher energy efficiency than their equivalent gasoline engines. (x) High-octane performance for a relatively small cost.

Among the disadvantages of bioethanol to the consumers are (Bayraktar, H., 2005):

(i) Lower cetane number than diesel, which makes bioethanol unsuitable as neat fuel for conventional diesel engines unless a cetane improver is added. (ii) Very high HC evaporative emissions (about 15 percent for E10G), requiring adjustment of the vapour pressure of the base gasoline to which ethanol is added. (iii) Because of the low vapour pressure and high latent heat of vaporisation of neat ethanol, it makes cold starting in cooler climates more difficult unless it is blended with some gasoline as starting aid or unless some other starting aid is used. (iv) Its combustion leads to increased formation of acetaldehyde but lower emissions of formaldehyde relative to gasoline. (v) Low lubricity can cause engine corrosion. (vi) Problems of phase stability in the gasoline mixture when water is present. (vii) Combustion of neat ethanol gives an invisible flame which can cause safety problems. (viii) E85G vehicles give higher unregulated emissions (ethene and acetaldehyde) than gasoline fuelled vehicles. (ix) When unburned ethanol (E95D) reacts on the catalyst surface it may give off an odour of vinegar; the odour situation is improved in new generation of catalysts.

2.1.2 Bioethanol properties

In Malaysia, two major bioethanol standards that are most referred are European Standard for Bioethanol (prEN 15376:2007) and European Standard for E85 petrol as per shown in Table 2.3 and Table 2.4 respectively.

Table 2.3: European Standard for Bioethanol (prEN 15376:2007) (Added, 2001)

The test methods listed in Table 2.3 have been shown to be applicable to ethanol in an inter-laboratory test program. Precision data from this program are incorporated in the test method.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter will show all the technique and procedure that are needed to achieve the objective of this project. All the experiments were performed in Automotive Lab, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Kuantan. The Automotive Lab contains a complete system for measuring all the parameters relating to the petrol engine performance and emissions analysis. The apparatus included three major systems such as the engine system, the power measurement system, and the emission measurement system. Two types of test will be conduct to get all the parameters needed such as power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption that run by using engine dynamometer. In the experiments, the concentrations of CO, CO2, HC and NOx in the exhaust gas is measured on line by the analyzer. Figure 3.1 gives a schematic layout of the experimental used.

Figure 3.1: Schematic layout of the experimental used.

3.2 Methodology Flow Chart

Start

Material and equipment preparation

Ethanol blend with petrol mixing fuel

Testing

Engine performance Engine emission tests for Torque, tests for HC, CO,

Power, and Brake NOx and CO2 Fuel consumption

Experimental data Validation Validation

NO YES Result Analysis and Discussion

End

Figure 3.2: Methodology flow chart.

3.3 The test engines

Figure 3.3: A general view of the engine tested in the Automotive Lab.

The engine performance and emission characteristic are conducted on an engine test bed which was installed in the Automotive Lab, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Kuantan. The methodology flow chart is shown in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.3 shows the general view of the engine tested in the Automotive Lab. The specification instrument and equipment used in the test was shown in Table 3.1. The tested engine is normally installed with all the required accessories needed for proper operation like the inlet air cleaner, the starter motor, the cooling water systems, etc.

Table 3.1: Engine specification

In Figure 3.4 show the four cylinder four stroke petrol engine equipped with automatic experimental technologies is used to measure performance parameters such as engine torque, brake power and BSFC at full throttle position for various engine speeds. The engine was coupled with an eddy current dynamometer and electronic data acquisition measuring meter.

Figure 3.4: Mitsubishi 4G91 SI engine DOHC 16 valve.

Moreover, smoke opacity meter with the model IMR 2800-A is used to measure exhaust emissions as shown in Figure 3.5. The specification gas analyzer has shown in Table 3.1.

F igure 3.5: Gas analyzer model IMR 2800-A.

Table 3.2: Specification of IMR 2800-A type emission gas analyzer device

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter describes all the data that obtained from the experiment. Based on the experiment, there are four types of fuel which are the STD, E5, E10, and E15. The performance and emissions test for the four types of fuel was tested on condition at throttle valves were at 50%, 75% and 100% (wide open throttle, WOT) opening and under the speed of 2000 rpm, 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 5000 rpm. The experiment was carried at Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Automotive Laboratory for performance and emission tests. The parameters that have been tested are performance tests and emission tests. For the performance tests, the terms that were considered are torque, fuel consumption rate and power. For the emission test, the term that were considered are hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The data were recorded and presented by using Origin software to have a clear graphical presentation for further analysis.

4.2 Engine performance analysis

The result and data for all types of fuels have been recorded include torque, power and fuel consumption rate for the performance tests. The averages of all data for engine performance analysis are listed out in the following table in appendices.

4.2.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on performance of petrol engine

From the Figure 4.1 to Figure 4.3 shows the effect of ethanol blending ratio on SI engine performance which is under different throttle opening condition at variable engine speeds were investigated. The analysis also based on STD, E5, E10, and e15 which is run in petrol engine with 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 rpm engine speed under 50%, 75% and 100% (WOT) throttle opening condition.

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2000 rpm 3000 rpm 2000 rpm 3000 rpm 4000 rpm 5000 rpm 4000 rpm 5000 rpm

299 50 % OPENING THROTTLE 75 % OPENING THROTTLE 300 286 288

273 276

264 BSFC(g/kWh) 260

BSFC(g/kWh) 252

114

128 111

120

108

112

105 Torque(Nm)

Torque(Nm) 104 70 102 120 60 100 50 80

40 60

Power(kW)

Power(kW) 30 40

20 20

STD E5 E10 E15 STD E5 E10 E15 Blending ratio (Percent) Blending ratio (Percent)

Figure 4.1: The effect of blending Figure 4.2: The effect of blending ratio on engine performance at 50 % ratio on engine performance at 75 % throttle opening position. throttle opening position.

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2000 rpm 3000 rpm 4000 rpm 5000 rpm

100 % OPENING THROTTLE 296

288

280

272

BSFC(g/kWh) 264

126

123

120

117

Torque(Nm) 114

111

Power(kW) 32

STD E5 E10 E15 Blending ratio (Percent) Figure 4.3: The effect of blending ratio on engine performance at 100 % throttle opening position.

Figure 4.1 shows the effect of the ethanol addition to petrol on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), engine torque and power at 50% throttle opening condition. The engine was initially started with only petrol. Then, the power and torque was increased with the increase in ethanol blending ratio. From the evaluation, it was seen that the blend fuel produced the increasing power at different engine speed. Brake specific fuel consumption (BFSC) were determined at steady working conditions (constant speed). The relationship between engine speed and the BSFC show the BSFC is decreased as the ethanol percentage is increases.

3843 at 100% opening throttle for E10 and E15, comparing with standard petrol. However, the brake specific fuel consumption rate for E10 and E15 at 75% opening throttle is increase. The brake specific fuel consumption is the mass of fuel needed to provide a unit of output power over a defined amount of time and is expressed as g of fuel consumed per kWh. Next, the engine torque versus throttle opening condition curve comparing ethanol petrol blends. The engine torque decreased at 50% opening throttle comparing with 100% opening throttle. In general the torque decreased for E5 and E15, respectively, comparing with petrol. The engine torque followed engine power curve. The highest torque and power curve for all blends was performed and recorded for E10 blend. The engine performance decreased at 50% opening throttle comparing with 100% opening throttle. In general the power decreased for E5 and E15, respectively, comparing with petrol. Figure 4.7 clearly show the power and torque is increased from 50% to 100% opening throttle while the engine in operation.

4.3 Engine emission analysis

For the emission tests, the data for all types of fuels have been recorded include hydrocarbon (HC), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke opacity. The average of the data for engine emissions analysis was stated in the following table in appendices.

4.3.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on emission of petrol engine

From the Figure 4.7 to Figure 4.9 shows the effect of ethanol blending ratio on SI engine emission which is under different throttle opening condition at variable engine speeds were investigated. The analysis also based on STD, E5, E10, and e15 which is run in petrol engine with 2000, 3000,4000 and 5000 rpm engine speed under 50%, 75% and 100% (WOT) throttle opening condition.

4439

2000 rpm 3000 rpm 4000 rpm 5000 rpm 50 % OPENING THROTTLE 11 6.0 10 4.5 9

3.0 8

CO (%) 1.5

CO2 (%) 7 0.0 6

3060 1200

2880 960

2700 720

HC (ppm) 2520 480

NOx (mg) 2340 240 STD E5 E10 E15 STD E5 E10 E15

Blending ratio (Percent) Figure 4.8: The effect of blending ratio on emission at 50 % throttle opening position.

2000 rpm 3000 rpm 4000 rpm 5000 rpm

8 75 % OPENING THROTTLE 11 6 10 4 9

CO (%)

2 CO2 (%) 8 0 7 3200 1200 3000 960 2800 720

NOx (mg)

HC (ppm) 2600 480

2400 240 STD E5 E10 E15 STD E5 E10 E15

Blending ratio (Percent) Figure 4.9: The effect of blending ratio on emission at 75 % throttle opening position.

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4.3.3 The effects of throttle opening condition on emission of petrol engine

STD E5 E10 E15

12 6 11 5 10

4 9

CO (%)

CO2 (%) 3 8

3100 7 700 3000 2900 650

2800 600

2700

HC (ppm) 550

NOx (mg) 2600 500 2500

50 75 100 50 75 100

Throttle opening (Percent) Figure 4.14: The effect of throttle opening position on emission.

The effect of throttle opening conditions on engine emission, was investigated at 50%, 75% and 100% throttle opening conditions. The data collected when the performance of SI engine is operating with STD, E5, E10 and E15. Engine performance variation as a result of fuel was monitored.

By referring the Figure 4.14, the graphs for emission of CO, CO2, HC and NOx is slightly increased by the increasing of throttle opening conditions. The emissions of CO and CO2 is slightly increased by the increasing of operation time for all fuels and engine speeds. High throttle opening condition will produce more smoke capacity after combustion due to the feature of ethanol petrol fuel with high oxygen content. The graphs show the E10 give the lowest value of CO2 emission that can conclude that suitable blending ratio and oxygen content can effect complete combustion.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ethanol petrol mixing on performance and emissions of a petrol engine. All the ethanol petrol blends at Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara, Kuantan automotive lab. The testing fuels that were considered are Standard petrol (STD), E5, E10, and E15. The performance of all mixtures was successfully investigated based on torque, brake power and brake fuel consumption rate. For the engine emission test, the parameter that was investigated are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). In this experiment, all the fuel mixtures have run on petrol engine with 50%, 75 % and 100% throttle position and engine speed were adjusted at 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 rpm. The results from this investigation are summarized as follows:

i. Combination of 10% ethanol at 3000 rpm under all opening throttle opening gave the best result of the engine torque. Ethanol improves engine torque are that ethanol has higher anti-knock quality due to high octane number. The decrease results from a difference of mole numbers of combustion products compared to petrol.

ii. The tested blends developed higher power and fuel consumption rate, and less emission. 46

iii. The ethanol petrol blends had been successfully tested as alternative fuel for spark ignition and the result for engine power slightly increase without engine modification.

iv. The result of this study showed, CO decreased at high engine speed and HC decreased at the high blending ratio (E10) at WOT position. This is due to the oxygen content in ethanol petrol perform the complete combustion in the combustion chamber.

The engine performance and emission of a SI engine have been investigated by using ethanol petrol blended fuel and pure petrol. Experimental results indicated that when ethanol petrol lend is used, the engine power and fuel consumption of the engine slightly increase, CO emission decrease as a result of the leaning effect conditions and CO2 emission increase because of the improved combustion.

5.2 Recommendation

There are several recommendations that can be suggested for the next study:-

i. Accurate emission value could not be reached by using portable gas analyzer. An integrated emission monitoring system with engine dynamometer should be considered for high accuracy result.

ii. Mixture process ethanol petrol should be analyze deeply to get the chemical properties for each blending ratio such as viscosity and flash point.

iii. Performance and emissions of spark ignition engine with ethanol petrol blends should be tested for long time enginr operation.

iv. Need to create the flushing tank to clear the tube piping from the ethanol petrol blending to prevent the data result affected from the previous experiment.

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