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By Anne Millar Wartime Training at Canadian Universities during the Second World War Anne Millar Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate of Philosophy degree in history Department of History Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Anne Millar, Ottawa, Canada, 2015 ii Abstract This dissertation provides an account of the contributions of Canadian universities to the Second World War. It examines the deliberations and negotiations of university, government, and military officials on how best to utilize and direct the resources of Canadian institutions of higher learning towards the prosecution of the war and postwar reconstruction. During the Second World War, university leaders worked with the Dominion Government and high-ranking military officials to establish comprehensive training programs on campuses across the country. These programs were designed to produce service personnel, provide skilled labour for essential war and civilian industries, impart specialized and technical knowledge to enlisted service members, and educate returning veterans. University administrators actively participated in the formation and expansion of these training initiatives and lobbied the government for adequate funding to ensure the success of their efforts. This study shows that university heads, deans, and prominent faculty members eagerly collaborated with both the government and the military to ensure that their institutions’ material and human resources were best directed in support of the war effort and that, in contrast to the First World War, skilled graduates would not be heedlessly wasted. At the center of these negotiations was the National Conference of Canadian Universities, a body consisting of heads of universities and colleges from across the country. This organization maintained an active presence in all major deliberations and exercised substantial influence over the policies affecting the mobilization of university resources. iii Dedicated to Josh and Beth iv Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Jeffrey Keshen, for his continuous encouragement and guidance. His interest in my research convinced me to attend the University of Ottawa and throughout my time there he provided me with vital support and countless professional opportunities. I have benefitted greatly from his commitment to his students. Thank you to the members of my thesis evaluation committee, Dr. Chad Gaffield, Dr. Ruby Heap, Dr. Ida Kranakis, and Dr. Paul Stortz, for their insightful comments and encouragement. In particular, I am indebted to Dr. Heap who throughout my doctoral work gave me valuable opportunities to engage with historians of higher education. I have been honoured to be a part of many of her professional initiatives. I also wish to thank Dr. Jonathan Vance who influenced my decision to pursue graduate studies and who encouraged my enthusiasm for historical research. It was he who set me on the path to examining universities in wartime. Nathan Sassi and Jennifer Bruce provided appreciated moral support. I am grateful to both for their friendship. This research would not have been possible without the financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Government, and the University of Ottawa. Additionally, this project has benefitted from the expert knowledge and invaluable research assistance of archivists and staff members of Library and Archives Canada, the Dalhousie University Archives and Special Collections, the McGill University Archives, the University of British Columbia Archives, the University of Guelph Library Archival and Special Collections, and the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services. I am especially grateful to Mary Houde, v Loryl MacDonald, Harold Averill, Barbara Edwards, and Jan Brett. I thank also the dozens of other individuals who sent me photographs and scanned images of university war memorials and honour rolls. Thank you to my family for encouraging me to take advantage of all of the academic opportunities I have been fortunate enough to be given. My parents, Lynn and Mervin, emphasized the importance of higher education and believed that their children could accomplish anything they set their minds to. Their validation has proven invaluable. My gratitude also goes to my brothers, Philip and David, for encouraging me to be competitive and for providing strong examples of hard work and perseverance. My aunts, Joan and Donna, spent countless hours providing emotional support, coordinating logistics, and helping me organize my thoughts. I am appreciative of the memories and stories of my late grandparents and my great aunt. It is to them that I first turned to for an understanding of the impact of the Second World War on Canadian society. I am also deeply appreciative of my new family, Jolyn, Paul, Eli, and Laura, for their interest in my research and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank my husband, Joshua Perell, for his unwavering support and unrelenting confidence in my abilities. He is my best friend and has loved, supported, encouraged, and helped me through this work. We made this journey together and I am blessed to have him by my side. vi Table of Contents Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedication …………………………………………………………………………… iii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………... iv Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….. vi List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………….... viii List of Figures………………………………………………………………………... xi List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………… xiv Introduction…………………………………………………………………………... 1 Chapter One The Mobilization of University Students and the Cooperation and Collaboration of the National Conference of Canadian Universities, 1940-1945…………………………………………. 14 Chapter Two University Service Training, Part I: The Establishment of University Service Training Units, 1939-1945………………….. 75 Chapter Three University Service Training, Part II: The Coordination of Service Training Units on Campus, 1942-1945………………… 128 Chapter Four Producing Essential Personnel, Part I: The Debate over the Acceleration of University Courses, 1939-1943……………… 194 Chapter Five Producing Essential Personnel, Part II: The Introduction of Specialized, Short-Term Training Programs, 1940-1944……….. 259 Chapter Six Education for Reestablishment, Part I: The University Training Plan, 1939-1954…………………………………………………. 305 Chapter Seven Education for Reestablishment, Part II: Student Veteran Criticism of the University Training Plan and Veteran Organization on Campus, 1945-1950…………………………… 363 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………. 397 vii Figures………………………………………………………………………………... 408 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………... 450 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….. 510 viii List of Abbreviations AFHQ Air Force Headquarters ARP Air Raid Precaution ATB Auxiliary Training Battalion ATC Advanced Training Centre BCATP British Commonwealth Air Training Plan CAMSI Canadian Association of Medical Students and Interns CASF Canadian Active Service Force CAUC Canadian Army University Corps CDC Canadian Dental Corps CGS Chief of the General Staff CMA Canadian Medical Association CMHC Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation COTC Canadian Officers Training Corps CRCC Canadian Red Cross Corps CRCS Canadian Red Cross Society CWAAF Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Air Force CWAC Canadian Women’s Army Corps DAG Deputy Adjutant General DCGS Deputy Chief of the General Staff DGMS Director General of Medical Services DMS Department of Munitions and Supply DND Department of National Defence DNWS Department of National War Services DOC District Officer Commanding DOR Directorate of Requirements DPNH Department of Pensions and National Health DUASC Dalhousie University Archives and Special Collections DVA Department of Veterans Affairs EDT Engineering Defense Training EFTS Elementary Flying Training School ESMDT Engineering, Science and Management Defense Training GACDR General Advisory Committee on Demobilization and Rehabilitation ITS Initial Training School IUS International Union of Students JSM Joint Staff Mission (Britain) JSUTB Joint Services University Training Board JSUTC Joint Services University Training Committee LAC Library and Archives Canada MCC Medical Council of Canada MHC Military Hospitals Commission MRTB Military Reserve Training Battalion (McGill University) MUA McGill University Archives MUS McGill University Scrapbook NCCU National Conference of Canadian Universities ix NCO Non-Commissioned Officer NCSV National Conference of Student Veterans NDHQ National Defence Headquarters NES National Employment Service NFCUS National Federation of Canadian University Students NPAM Non-Permanent Active Militia NRC National Research Council NRMA National Resources Mobilization Act NSHQ Naval Service Headquarters NSS National Selective Service OEC Organization and Establishments Committee OSAB Officers Selection and Appraisal Board OSAC Officers Selection and Appraisal Centre OTC Officer Training Centre OTC Officer Training Corps (Britain) OTRI Ontario Training and Reestablishment Institute OTU Operational Training Unit PAED Pre-Aircrew Education Detachment PDRO Post-Discharge Re-Establishment Order POM Potential Officer Material QUA Queen’s University Archives RAF Royal Air Force RCA Royal Canadian Artillery RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force RCAMC Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps RCASC Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
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