Nuclear Power Plants – Design and Safe Operation

- August 2018 -

Dr.- Ing. L. Mohrbach Contents

. Nuclear Energy and Climate . Generation I – III . Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) . Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000) . Generation IV . Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR) . High-Temperature Reactor (HTR) . Advanced Concepts . Small Modular Reactors (SMR) . Nuclear Energy in the World . Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 2 Breakdown of Primary Energy Sources Worldwide

Oil %

Coal 20 Gas

10 Hydro 4% Nuclear Renewables

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016

www.bp.com/.../energy...2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-re...

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 3 Power Generation Worldwide: Climate Agreement of Paris in 2017

4 – 5 K TWh / a Global Warming 45,000

40,000 2K + 2.3 % p. a.

+ 1.5 % p. a. 30,000 8%

Wind, Biomass, Solar 20,000 Hydro 12% 12% Nuclear Energy Fossil Energies 10,000 18%

0 2014 2040

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 4 Nuclear Energy Effectively Reduces CO2 Emissions

• 450 nuclear power plants provide about 12% of the worldwide electric energy supply.

• They save around 2 Gt CO2 emissions p. a.

• This corresponds to approx. 6% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 5 450 Nuclear Power Plants in 31 Countries (4/2018)

USA 98 -6 + 2 + 17 France 58 -2 + 1 + 2 Japan 7 (+35) -2 + 2 Russia 36 + 9 + 29 6 + Czech Republic United Kingdom 15 + 2 + 12 4 + 42 + 1 Finland Canada 19 + 7 4 + 2 Hungar Germany 7 -7 39 + 40 + 228 yChina South 24 + 5 3 + 2 + 2 Argentina Korea 4 +6 UAE 2 Sudan India 24 + 8 + 634 Thailand 3 Kenya 2 + 1 + 4 Brazil UkraineKorea 15 + 2 + 6 4 Poland 2 Belarus + 1 Lithuani Sweden 2 Morocco 1 The Philippines auen 8 -2 + 3 1 Libya 2+2 Bangladesh 2 + 3 Mexico Spain 7 1 Algeria 1 Croatia 5 + 3 + 3 Pakista Belgium 7 8 Egypt 1 Mongolia 2 + 6 Southn 7 Indonesia 2 Malaysia Taiwan 6 -2 + 2 2 Kazakhstan 4 Chile 1 -1 + 1 AfricaArmenia Bulgaria 2 + 1 4 Jordan 4+8 Turkey The Netherlands 1 Cambodia 16 Saudi Arabia 1 + 2 Slovaki 4 + 2 + 2 1 North Korea 4 Nigeria 2 + 2 + 2 Rumania Switzerlana 5 -1 2 Bolivia 1 Ghana 1 + 1 Slovenia 1 Sri Lanka 1 Thailand d 1 + 1 + 7 IranIran

Decommissioning Planned: 21 Under Construction: 89 (IAEA: 57) Projects: 414 + 90

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 6 Household Electricity Prices in Europe in 2015 (2nd Half)

€ct/kWh 35

28 UK

Italy

0 Rep.

Spain EU Malta Latvia (Euro) Serbia France Turkey

Cyprus Poland Greece Ireland Austria Croatia Kosovo Iceland Estonia Finland FYROM Herzeg. Albania Norway Sweden Belgium Bulgaria ‐ Slovakia Portugal Hungary Slovenia Romania Moldova 19 Germany Denmark Lithuania

Czech Netherlands Luxembourg EU Montenegro Liechtenstein VAT Bosnia Source: Eurostat, EdP Taxes and Duties (VAT excl.) Generation and Distribution

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 7 CO2 Emissions from Combustion plus Cement Production

Gt CO2 /a 12 China China <2015 10 „Carbon Leakage?“ USA 8 EU 28 India 6 Russia Japan 4

0 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2 Equivalents)

Mio t/a „Wall Fall Profit“ Financial Crisis 1,200 CH4, 17 N2O, Kyoto Budget 1,000 FCKW 917 NPPs … ? 800 750

600 Target: 400 CO2 - 40%

200

0 1990 2000 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2016 2020

Source: Umweltbundesamt Emissionssituation 2016, Energie-Infodienst 2017

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 9 Contents

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 10 Classification of Advanced Developments

Siemens-KWU Pre- Convoy INVAP (Arg) CAREM

Westinghouse Framatome 4-Loop EPR 1965 1995 2010 2030

Generation I Generation II Generation III Generation III+ Generation IV Improvement of Further efficiency, Commercial Early Evolutionary Increase of safety, Power Reactors Prototypes Plants Efficiency waste economics (600 – (~100 MW) (<1300 MW) (1150 – Breeders, 1200 MW) PWR, 1650 MW) High-Temperature Reactors, CANDU, BWR, Liquid Fuel Reactors, AGR, Magnox Steam Superheating RBMK Small Modular Reactors („SMR“)

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 11 Reactors for the World Market in 2018 (Predecessor Types)

Name MWel Developer In Oper. U. Con. Planned EPR 1650 Framatome/ EdF - 6 10 Atmea 1 1150 Framatome/ Mitsubishi - - 4 AP-1000 1100 Brookfield (CAN)/ Westinghouse - 2 - CAP-1000 1100 CNNC (China)/ Westinghouse - 8 18 CAP-1400 1300 CNNC - - 2 ACPR-1000 1000 China GN/ CNPC 24 6 - PWR Hualong- 1 1150 China GN/ CNNC - 6 4 WWER- 1000 1000 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress 36 5 - MIR- 1200 1200 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress 2 13 13 TOI 1300 1300 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress - 2 - APR 1400 Korea Electric 1 9 3 ABWR 1380 General Electric, Hitachi (Toshiba) 5 2 4 BWR ESBWR 1600 General Electric - - 2 E-CANDU-6 600 SNC Lavalin/ China GN 2 - 1 CANDU IPHWR-700 700 Nuclear Power India - 6 8 HTR-PM200 200 China NEC - 2 2 GEN IV CFR-600 600 TerraPower/ CNNC - - 2 CAREM 27-100 CNEA (Arg.)/ INVAP - 1 1 SMR KLT-40 35 Atomenergoprojekt - 1x2 4 Linglong 1 100 CNNC-CNEC New Energy/ NPIC - - 2

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 12 Summary: World Market for Nuclear Power Plants

8 Pressurised Water Reactors (5 Manufacturers) 2 Boiled Water Reactors (1 Manufacturer) 2 Heavy Water Reactors (2 Manufacturers)

GENERATION- IV- Programme GIF (US Ministry of Energy 2002)

Six advanced reactor types with improved - safety, - efficiency, - risk of proliferation

Small Modular Reactors:

About 20 pressurised water reactors About 5 light water reactors with supercritical steam parameters About 10 high-temperature reactors About 10 liquid metal cooled (fast) reactors (incl. breeders) About 10 molten salt reactors

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 13 Nuclear Power Plant Projects in Europe

Commissioned Under Construction Planned „Nuclear“ Country „Newcomer“

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 14 Nuclear Power Worldwide

1. AREVA EPR

DWR • 1.650 MW DWR • 950 MW

DWR • 1.117 MW

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 15 Hinkley Point C (EdF Energy)

2 x 1650 MWe AREVA- EPR (4th-of-a-Kind)

First privately financed nuclear project in UK 2012: EPR Design Certification („GDA“) 2012: „Contract for Difference“: • Strike Price: 92.50 £/MWh (35a) (less expensive than gas, wind, coal...) • ( -3 £/MWh if Sizewell C follows ) • Inflation-indexed • Incl. fuel, disposal, demolition • Plant lifetime 60a + • Costs of construction 16 G£ (in 2016) •Calculatedpayback time (24 TWh/a): 7.2 a • Investors: EdF (66.5%) + CGN China General Nuclear (33.5%) • 900 permanent jobs, + 5,600 during construction (57% UK) Oct. 2014: Approval by European Commission (today: Brexit?) Oct. 2015: Site licence 28 July 2016: EdF decision for investment (delayed by French worker councils, start of construction) 15 Sept. 2016: Re- evaluation by new government Theresa May („Brain Drain to China?“) 2023 - 25: In Operation (7% of UK´s power generation)

10 in Planning: 2 APR Moorside, 2 EPR Sizewell, 4 ABWR Wylfa+Oldbury, 2 Hualong Bradwell

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 16 Gen III+: EPR

. Evolutionary development of a German convoy and the French N4 construction line . Design philosophy: . Further improvement of failure avoidance . Incident rates for meltdowns <1·10-7/a . Designed for severe, extremely improbable incidents. Limitation of impacts on the plant itself . Economically competitive

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 17 Gen III+: EPR

. Core catcher concept . Transfer of corium into a safe condition . Multilayer spreading area . Long-term cooling from below and . flooding from above from the IRWST.

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 18 Unit 2: Control Rod Drive Mechanism Room (below the reactor) in 2017

Finely fragmented corium (failure of the reactor pressure vessel under overpressure?) 2 Crashed floor grating

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 19 Source: Asahi Shimbun

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 20 Unit 2: Control Rod Drive Mechanism Room (floor) in 2018

Undamaged fuel assembly head

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 21 Results of Probabilistic Safety Analyses

Probability for a Mega Tsunami (higher than 10 m) in Fukushima Daiichi

KC B Insufficient Design against a known Site- specific Risk

DRS-A KC IAEA Recommendation for existing B KWB- A Units DRS-B IAEA Standard for new DWR KC Units (Konvoi) B KWB- A EPR

AP100 0

German KEREN “Residual Units A Core Melt Frequency per Year Risk”

IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency Sources: IAEA, VGB

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 22 Gen III+: Light Water- (PWR) Concepts: AP-600/ AP-1000

. Westinghouse: Manufacturer of about ¾ of all PWRs worldwide. . Evolutionary . Consequent simplification . Expanded passive systems - (e.g. no „nuclear“ diesel necessary) . 1999: AP-600 certified by US-NRC - Operators: Capacity too low . 2005: AP-1000 certified (UK: 2011) - Licence for China, 4 units . 2012: 4 units in USA . 2016: USA: Delays . 2017: Insolvency of Westinghouse, abandonment of VC Summer 2-3 . 2018: Commissioning of Sanmen-1 . 2023: Commissioning of Vogtle-3

 Westinghouse, USA

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 23 Contents . Nuclear Energy and Climate . Generation I – III . Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) . Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)

. Generation IV . Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR) . High-Temperature Reactor (HTR) . Advanced Concepts

. Small Modular Reactors (SMR) . Nuclear Energy in the World . Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 24 USA 2001: Generation IV International Forum (GIF)

Generation III („Evolutionary“):  Generation IV (Revolutionary“):

PWR – Pressurized Water Reactor VHTR – Very-High-Temperature Reactor GFR – Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor BWR – Boiling Water Reactor SFR – Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor CANDU – Heavy Water Reactor LFR – Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor SCWR – Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor MSR – Molten Salt Reactor

Partly also for H2 and process heat generation

VHTR        GFR      SFR    LFR   SCWR     MSR    http://gen-iv.ne.doe.gov  Co-Chair im Steering Committee  Roland Schenkel,EC, 23.11.2005, Berlin

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 25 Targets of the „Generation IV International Forum“ after 2030

Further development (after GEN III):

• Profitability (cost-effectivness/efficency) • Safety and reliability • Minimisation of residues (partitioning + transmutation) • Enlargement (expansion) of the fuel basis (U, Pu recycling, Th) • Safeguards (stability of proliferation)

Further applications:

• Production of electrolytic hydrogen • Seawater desalination • Process heat

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 26 Gen IV (1): Supercritical- Water- Cooled Reactor = HPLWR

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 27 Gen IV (2) : Gas- Cooled Fast Reactor

GFR Gas-cooled fast reactor

• 600 MWth, • efficiency of 48% • ceramic fuel, U/ Pu (20%)

• Helium-cooled (Brayton Cycle)

• closed fuel cycle (combustion of actinides)

• 850 °C process heat (H2 production)

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 28 Gen IV (3): Lead- Cooled Fast Reactor

LFR

50 - 1200 MWe, • Unpressurised • Natural circulation • Metallic or nitrite fuel, U/ Pu • Pb- or Pb/Bi- cooling for 550 °C • Closed fuel cycle • Seawater desalination,

H2 production • Cycles of 15 – 20 years

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 29 Gen IV (4): Very High- Temperature Reactor

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 30 Gen IV (5): Sodium- Cooled Fast Reactor

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 31 Gen IV (6): Molten Salt Reactor

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 32 Contents . Nuclear Energy and Climate . Generation I – III . Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) . Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)

. Generation IV . Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR) . High-Temperature Reactor (HTR) . Advanced Concepts

. Small Modular Reactors (SMR) . Nuclear Energy in the World . Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 33 Gen III: Innovative Concepts – IRIS (Westinghouse)

International Reactor Innovative and Secure . Development since 1999, Consortium under management of Westinghouse. . Review within NERI- Generation IV (US-DOE).

. Modular system with 100-300 MWel. . PWR with integral pressure vessel: . core . control rods . coolant pumps (4) . steam generators (8 in pair design) . pressuriser

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 34 Gen III: Innovative Concepts – IRIS (Westinghouse)

International Reactor Innovative and Secure . Development since 1999, Consortium under management of Westinghouse. . Review within NERI-Generation IV (US-DOE).

. Modular system with 100-300 MWel. . PWR with integral pressure vessel: . core . control rods . coolant pumps (4) . steam generator (8 in pair design) . pressuriser . Full- pressure containment.

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 35 General Atomics Gas Turbine/ Modular Helium Reactor GT-MHR

. He- cooled, graphite- moderated high- temperature reactor . Underground . Development since 1985 by - General Atomics, - Framatome, - Fuji Electric, - OKBM/ MINATOM (Russia) . Helium high- temperature turbine - Brayton Cycle

. Meltdown- resistant:

Residual heat removal by thermal radiation

 Framatome, Frankreich

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 36 Terrapower Travelling Wave Reactor (Bill Gates)

• „Fast Breeder“ • Radially Migrating Breeding Zone • Multiyear cycles • Depleted U-238 –> Pu-239 • Metallic fuel • No reprocessing • Improved safeguards • Open fuel rods? • Efficient coolant purification • Xiapu- 2 (Fujian, China) • 600 MWe • Operational 2023 Source: www.terrapower.com

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 37 Terrapower Molten Chloride Fast Reactor MCFR (Bill Gates)

1966-73: Pilot project, stopped due to unmanageable corrosion

Fuel Dissolved in Molten Salt January 2016: 40 M$ funding (5a) Neutron Heat U.S. Department of Energy reflectors exchanger Reactor Southern Company, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vessel Electric Power Research Institute Vanderbilt University Under design: Component test rigs

Source: www.terrapower.com

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 38 Contents . Nuclear Energy and Climate . Generation I – III . Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) . Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)

. Generation IV . Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR) . High-Temperature Reactor (HTR) . Advanced Concepts . Small Modular Reactors (SMR) . Nuclear Energy in the World . Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 39 SMR Project Flexblue (Sea Floor)

DCNS (Shipyard)/ Framatome/ CEA/ EdF (Direction des Constructions Navales)

PWR 160 MWel, Gd- based absorber

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 40 Floating Nuclear Power Plant „Akademik Lomonossov“ KLT40S

1 Reactor 2 Steam generator 3 Reactor coolant pumps 4 Control roddrives 5 Emergency corecooling accumulator 6 Pressuriser (1st vessel) 7 Pressuriser (2nd vessel) 8 Steam lines 9 Isolation valves 10 Heat exchanger residual heatremoval system 2x35 MWel, commissioning in 2019

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 41 Contents . Nuclear Energy and Climate . Generation I – III . Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) . Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)

. Generation IV . Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR) . High-Temperature Reactor (HTR) . Advanced Concepts

. Small Modular Reactors (SMR) . Nuclear Energy in the World . Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 42 Costs of Generation (Example Switzerland 2017)

External Costs 1 € = 1.15 SFr System Production Costs on Comparison of Average Production Costs Costs Grid Level

Full Costs Nuclear power Hydro power* Small hydro power Gas-combined power plants Wind power Photovoltaics

*without pumped storage

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 43 Electricity Prices in Canada in 2017

30 €ct/kWh

Source: Canada‘s National CAN$ ct/kWh Electricty Board 2018

20 30

10 15

0 Yukon Nunavut Manitoba Brit. New Nova Pr. Ed- Ontario Col. Brunswick Scotia Ward Northwest Source: Canada's National ElectricityIsland Board (NEB) Territory Quebec Alberta Newf.+ Saskatchawan Labrador

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 44 Licence Extensions in USA in Feb. 2018

Lifetime extension to 60 years:

. Authorised for approx. 90 reactors, . remaining plants will follow

Lifetime extension to 80 years:

. Decision for submission for the first four reactors (Calvert Cliffs + …)

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 45 Finland: Final Repository ONKALO

First final repository worldwide for heat generating waste from NPPs *

• 2000: Government decision for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel • 2001: Decision in principle by Finnish parliament • 2012: Application of construction licence by Posiva (TVO/FORTUM) for Olkiluoto site • 2015: STUK** Confirmation that all safety criteria are met • 12 November 2015: Construcion licence for 6,500 t of spent fuel* • Next steps: Construction until 2020 • Before commissioning: Application for operation licence

*: Enough for more than 50 a operation of 5 NPPs

** STUK: Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority

Sources: STUK, 02/2015, WNA 11/2015

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 46 Number of Nuclear Power Units in Japan

InIn BetriebOperation VorhandenIdle BeschädigtDamaged 60

Fukushima Daiichi 1-4 Mihama 1-2 50 Fukushima Daiichi 5-6 Genkai-1 Shimane-1 Tsuruga-1 Ikata-1 Monju Ikata-2 40 Ohi 1-2

30 Pending Restart Applications: 25, Already Granted: 10 20 Shimane-3 Genkai 4

Ohi 3-4 10 Genkai 3 Takahama 3-4 Ikata-3 Ohi 3-4 Sendai 1-2 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 47 India: 24 In Operation, 8 Under Construction, 63 in Planning (<2035)

1: CANDU-100 2: CANDU-220 5: CANDU-450 7: CANDU-700 H: AHWR- 300 Gorakhpur/ 7 7 77Kumharia Narora 2 2 Bhimpur 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 1 Rawatbhata 7 Chutka 7 7

7 7 7 7 Mahi Banswara Rajouli/ Nawada 7 7

7 7 2 2 Kakrapar

G G G GGG Mithi Virdi Markandi H B B 5 5 Tarapur Kovvada A AAA AA E E E E E E Jaitapur Nizampatnam 7 7 7 7 7 7 Kudgi/ Bijapur Kavali WW W W W W 7 7 2 2 2 2 Kaiga Pulivendula

A: AP-1000 Madras/ 2 2 B: BWR-180 Kalpakkam F F F FF G: ESBWR W: WWER-1000 E: EPR-1600 Kudankulam W W W W W W W W F: Fast Breeder W

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 48 China: 46 Units ( 2018), 41 under Construction, 189 Planned (<2035)

4: DHP-400th Yanlong Jiutai Liangjiashan Jingyu Hengren 1: ACP-100 Linglong-1 G: HTR-200/600 H H H H Donggang Pulandian 6: ACP-600 6 6 Lanzhou 4 4 WWXudapu/ Xudabao F: C(D)FR-600 Rongcheng/ 14 14 H H H H U: CANDU-600 C C C C C C C C Hongyanhe Heilongjiang Shidaowan G G C: (A)CPR-1000 Jiamusi H H Hongshiding H H H H H H H: Hualong-1 H H H H Nanyang, Luoyang, Xinyang : CAP-1000 Haiyang Xianning (Dafan) Jilin 14: CPR-1400 Tianwan W W W W C C W W Zhingxian Guangshui Inner Mongolia Liaoning Yangxin B G Jiyang Xinjiang Beijing Wuhu Bamaoshan H H Qiaofushan, Haixing-Cangzhu Tianjin Bohai Sea C Hebei Fangjiashan C 1 1 Ganzhou, 1 1 Shangrao, G6 Wan‘an-Yanjiashan Shanxi Quinshan 3 6 6 6 6 U U 1 Shandong Jingtan1 G6 Ruijin Ningxia Qinghai Longyu, Cangnan Ganshu Shaanxi Jiangsu Henan Sanmen G6 Songjiang Anhui G6 Shanghai Tibet Anqing Pengze W: WWER-1000 Sichuan Hubei Ningde C C C C H H E : EPR-1600 H H H H Zhejiang Chongqing Xiapu F T G6 T: Travelling WaveNanchong-Sanba, Jiangxi S: Floating (+21) Hunan Sanming F F Yibin/ Pengan Guizhu Fujian Fuqing C C C C H H C C Shizu Fuling Bai‘An G6 Taiwan Yunnan Guangdong Guangxi 1 1 Putian; Zhangzhou- Gulei 1 1 1 1 Tongren Hongkong Zhangzhou H H H H H H H H H H Changde Lufeng C C C C C C Daya Bay Xiaomoshan Hainan Lingao Huizu/Huangbu Xiantan Taohuajiang 1 6 6 H H Taishan E E E E H H C C Fangchenggang (Bailong) H H Changjiang Yangjiang C C C C C C Pingnan (Baishan) Shaoguan Zhanjiang Haifeng VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 49 Heyuan (Jieyang) Hebaodao C C Résumé

Concluding Remarks:

1. Highly developed technology, exportable

2. Operation-proven with more than 17,000 (reactor) years

3. Acceptance: 90 % of the Europeans live in countries with nuclear energy

4. Fukushima was not a residual risk incident, no radiation damages

5. Nuclear power plants do not age as other power plants, early shutdown means an enormous destruction of financial assets

6. Highly profitable if technical lifetime can be reached

7. Quasi-domestic

8. Carbon neutral

9 VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 50 Thank you very much for your attention!

Dr- Ing. L. Mohrbach VGB PowerTech e.V. Deilbachtal 173 D-45257 Essen

[email protected] Tel.: xx49 201 8128 221 Fax: xx49 201 8128 345 www.vgb.org

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 51