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Safety and International Development of Small Modular Reactors

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Safety and International Development of Small Modular Reactors atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 11 ı November aus den Unwägbarkeiten, die der Staat durch die von ihm um eine Scheinlösung. In Wirklichkeit bedarf es dafür eines unvermittelt neu gestartete Endlagersuche selbst ausgelöst ganz neuen Konzepts, das nicht nur verfassungsrechtlich hat. Allein dadurch kommt es zu zeitlich und inhaltlich belastbar ist, sondern auch zu finanziell tragfähigen unabsehbaren Kostenfolgen. Umso bemerkenswerter ist es, Lösungen für alle Verantwortlichen führt. Langfristig! 645 dass sich der Gesetzentwurf an keiner Stelle mit der Frage von in Betracht kommenden Alternativen auseinandersetzt. Dabei liegt es nahe zu prüfen, welche Regelungen erfor- Author Prof. Dr. Tobias Leidinger derlich sind, um die Finanzierung der Entsorgung wirklich Rechtsanwalt und Fachanwalt für Verwaltungsrecht langfristig zu gewährleisten. Einseitige, unbegrenzte Haf- Luther Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Graf-Adolf-Platz 15 tungs regelungen zulasten der heute existierenden Unter- 40213 Düsseldorf, Germany nehmen lösen das Problem jedenfalls nicht. Es handelt sich Safety and International Development of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) – A Study of GRS AND NEW BUILD OPERATION Sebastian Buchholz, Anne Krüssenberg and Andreas Schaffrath Introduction The abbreviation SMR stands for Small Modular Reactor and describes reactors with low power output. One reactor module, composed of primary, secondary and, where necessary, intermediate circuit and auxiliary systems, may be transported to the construction site as a whole or in few parts only and can therefore be connected quickly to the grid. Various modules can form a larger nuclear power plant and additional modules may be added one by one, while the others are in operation. Designers develop SMR for the deployment mainly in remote, sparsely populated areas or near cities respectively. SMR may provide in both cases electricity, district heating and potable water. The International Atomic Energy metal reactor (LMR) technology and licensing in the US. In the begin- Agency (IAEA) defines SMR as Small [SAN 14]. ning of 2014 Westinghouse announced, and Medium Sized Reactors. Reactors Additionally the governments of that it will decrease the financing for with a nominal power up to 300 MWel other countries are pushing the its SMR since it lost the second DOE are characterized as small, reactors development of market-ready SMR funding round [WNN 14b]. Also B&W: with a nominal power between 300 concepts. In Europe Great Britain is Although they won the funding round and 700 MMel as medium-sized. The strongly interested in SMR techno- in 2012, they announced in April modular character is not explicitly logy. In the USA the US Department of 2014 that they want to reduce their met by this definition but is also Energy (DOE) announced a $ 452 Mio fi nancing for the mPower to $ 15 Mio not excluded. In the literature the funding for supporting the realisation per year [WNN 14c]. abbreviation SMR is used for the of licensing processes in order to For this reason GRS has carried out characterisa tion of Small Modular support the commercial operation of a study on Safety and International Reactors. Within this article the abbre- one SMR until 2022. The DOE plans to development of Small Modular Reactors viation SMR is taken as a hypernym finance in particular such SMR, which (SMR) [BUS 15] in 2014 funded by the for both definitions. is factory produced and transported to German Federal Ministry for Economics Basically, SMR are no fundamen- the construction site. Concepts with a Affairs and Energy. Main content and tally new approach. Since the mid of maximum power of 300 MWe, which results of this study are presented in the last century the former USSR and are eligible for funding, have to start the following. First, a status of devel- the USA have used nuclear reactors operation until 2025. The DOE will opment of the SMR concepts is given. as engines for their submarines, finance at most 50 % of the costs over Secondly, the main characteristics merchant vessels and ice breakers. 5 years, while the private enterprises and special features of the different Currently, a new interest in SMR is have to fund the other half. The concepts are summarized. The third currently awakened, based on their funding must be paid back, when the and main part considers the charac- particular safety features. 5 SMR project is not completed. Babcock and teristics of the safety systems of SMR. concepts are currently under construc- Wilcox (B&W) won the first funding tion: the CAREM in Argentina, 2 CNP­ round in November 2012 with its Deployment and Develop­ 300 in Pakistan and 2 KLT­40S in concept mPower, NuScale the second ment Status and of SMR Russia – all three concepts based on funding round in March 2013 with its This section gives a tabular overview light water reactor (LWR) techno- homonymous SMR concept [WNA 14]. on the deployment and development logy – 2 HTR­PM in China based on In the meantime, the funding of status of those SMR investigated by gas cooled reactor technology and the SMR projects was reduced be- GRS. Currently three of these SMR are 1 PFBR­500 in India based on liquid cause of high costs for development operating, two in China and one in Operation and New Build Safety and International Development of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) – A Study of GRS ı Sebastian Buchholz, Anne Krüssenberg and Andreas Schaffrath atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 11 ı November Name Type Manu facturer Country P [MWe] Status Site Currently Operating 646 CEFR LMR CIAE/CNEIC CN 20 Operating, Prototype for CDFR-1000 Tuoli (CN) CNP-300 LWR CNNC CN 325 Operating, additional planned Qinshan 1 (CN), Chashma (PK) PHWR-220 HWR BARC IN 236 16 operating, additional planned Rajasthan, Madras, Narora, Kakrapar, Kaiga (all IN) Currently under Construction CAREM LWR CNEA AR 27 Start of construction: February 2014 Atucha, AR CNP-300 LWR CNNC CN 325 2 blocks under construction Chashma, PK KLT-40S LWR OKBM Afrikantov RU 35 2 reactors in Akademik Lomonosov, Akademik Lomonosov deployment: 2016 (Barge) HTR-PM GCR INET CN 105 Demonstration plant Shidaowan, CN under construction since 2012 (2 modules) PFBR-500 LMR IGCAR IN 500 Under construction, Kalpakkam, IN first criticality planned in September 2014 Concepts with Planned Deployment ACP-100 LWR CNNC CN 100 Planned construction (Start 2015) Zhangzhou, later: Jiangxi, Hunan, Jilin ALFRED LMR Int Int 125 Planned construction (Start 2017) Mioveni, RO BREST-OD-300 LMR NIKIET RU 300 Planned construction Beloyarsk, RU CNP-300 LWR CNNC CN 325 Operating, additional construction planned PK OPERATION AND NEW BUILD OPERATION G4M LMR Gen4 Energy US 25 Planned construction Savannah River, US GT-MHR GCR Int Int 285 Planned construction Seversk, RU MHYRRA ADS-LMR SCK CEN BE Heat only Planned construction (Start 2015) Mol, BE PHWR-220 HWR BARC IN 236 16 operating, further planned IN RITM-200 LWR OKBM Afrikantov RU 175 MWth Completion expected: 2018, Icebreaker LK-60 2 more in 2019 and 2020 SVBR-100 LMR AKME RU 101 .5 Planned construction RIAR in Dimitrovgrad VK-300 LWR RDIPE RU 250 Planned construction Kola peninsula, (Current status unknown) Archangelsk, Primorskaya Further Concepts 4S LMR Toshiba/CRIEPI JP 10-50 Well-developed, possible construction site: Galena (Alaska) ABV-6M LWR OKBM Afrikantov RU 6 Well-developed Adams Engine GCR Adams Atomic FR 10 2010 folded Engines Inc . AHWR300-LEU HWR BARC IN 304 Well-developed, site selection started ANGSTREM LMR OKBM Gidropress RU 6 n/s ANTAR-ES/SC-HTR GCR AREVA US 250 Developing phase ARC-100 LMR ARC LLC US 100 Developing phase ASTRID LMR CEA FR 600 Conceptional design phase till 2015 ELENA LWR Kurchatov Institut RU 0 .1 - Em2 GCR GA US 240 Early state ENHS LMR University of Calif . US 50-75 Well-developed, demonstration plant till 2025 FBNR LWR Federal University BR 70 Early state of Rio Grande do Sul Flexblue LWR DCNS FR 160 Developing phase Fuji MSR TTS Int 200 Market maturity planned till 2018-2025 GTHTR GCR JAEA JP 274 Development after Fukushima doubtful IMR LWR MHI JP 350 Licensing earliest 2020 IRIS LWR Int Int 335 Just before licensing of US NRC, needs investors LSPR LMR Titech JP 53 Developing phase mPower LWR B&W US 180 Well-developed, DOE funding, financing reduced since 2014 MRX LWR JAERI/ JAEA JP 30 no up to date information available NHR-200 LWR INET CN Heat only n/s NIKA-70 LWR NIKIET RU 15 Apparently folded in favour of KLT-40S und VBER NP 300 LWR AREVA FR 300 no current information available NuScale LWR NuScale Power Inc . US 45 Well-developed, funded by DOE PB-AHTR MSR UCB/ORNL US 410 Early state PBMR GCR ESCOM ZA 165 International commercialization PEACER LMR NUTRECK KR 300-550 Development phase, planned demonstration plant (PATER) PRISM LMR GE-Hitachi US 311 Well-developed, US NRC licensing pending RADIX LWR Radix Power Systems US 10-50 n/s RAPID LMR CRIEPI JP 1 Development phase RAPID-L LMR CRIEPI JP 0 .2 Development phase RUTA-70 LWR NIKIET RU Heat only Development phase, lacking funding SC-GFR GCR SNL US 100/200 Conceptual phase Operation and New Build Safety and International Development of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) – A Study of GRS ı Sebastian Buchholz, Anne Krüssenberg and Andreas Schaffrath atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 11 ı November Name Type Manu facturer Country P [MWe] Status Site SCOR600 LWR CEA FR 630 Development phase SHELF LWR NIKIET RU 6 Early design phase 647 SmAHTR MSR ORNL US 50 Early design phase SMART LWR KAERI KR 100 Licensing completed SMR-160 LWR HOLTEC US 160 Well-developed, US NRC licensing shall start in 2016 SSTAR LMR ANL/LLNL US 20 Well-developed STAR-LM LMR ANL US 175 Development phase STAR-H2 LMR ANL US Heat only Development phase, construction till 2030 planned SVBR-10 LMR AKME RU 12 Development phase TRIGA LWR GA US 11,8 Focus of GA lies on GT-MHR and EM2 TSMR MSR SINAP CN 45 Development phase TWR LMR Terrapower US 500 Construction of a demonstration plant between until 2022 planned U-Battery GCR Int Int 5-10 Development phase UNITHERM LWR RDIPE/ NIKIET RU 2 .5-6 .0 n/s VBER-300 LWR OKBM Afrikantov RU 295-325 Well-developed Westinghouse SMR LWR Westinghouse US 225 Well-developed, decreased financing since 2014 WWER-300 LWR OKBM Gidropress RU 300 n/s | Tab.
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