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Core Design and Optimization of the High Conversion Small Modular Reactor

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Technische Universität München Fakultät für Maschinenwesen Lehrstuhl für Nukleartechnik Core Design and Optimization of the High Conversion Small Modular Reactor Denis Janin Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Phaedon-Stelios Koutsourelakis, PhD Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Rafael Macián-Juan, PhD 2. Prof. Dr. Jean-Baptiste Thomas Die Dissertation wurde am 08.05.2018 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Maschinenwesen am 01.11.2018 angenommen. ABSTRACT This research work investigates the design and optimization of the high conversion small modular reactor (HCSMR) core. The HCSMR has a thermal output of 600 MW for 200 MW electrical. It is an integrated PWR with a tightened fuel assembly lattice. The rod-to-rod pitch is 1.15 cm in a hexagonal fuel assembly geometry. As a result the moderation ratio (1.0) is reduced compared to large PWRs (around 2.0) and the HCSMR has an improved ability to convert 238U into 239Pu and use plutonium isotopes more efficiently. The core is loaded with MOX fuel. The HCSMR concept finds its roots both in large high conversion light water reactors and small modular reactor (SMR) concepts. The reduced core size results in an increased neutron leakage rate compared to large cores. This intrinsically supports the core behavior in voided situations. The necessity to introduce fertile fuel materials in the core to keep negative void coefficients is reduced, contributing to the HCSMR safety and limited core heterogeneity. The fuel of light-water reactors (LWRs) is mostly low-enriched uranium. Considering current industrial practices, close to 20 tons of natural uranium are needed to generate one TWhe. LWR natural uranium needs could be reduced by increasing the conversion of 238U into 239Pu. This can be achieved by tightening the fuel assembly lattice, which reduces the moderation ratio and hence hardens the neutron spectrum. Such cores loaded with MOX fuel in a closed fuel cycle can reach conversion factors above 0.8 compared to LWR conversion factors close to 0.5. It also enables a better plutonium utilization and limits the production of minor actinides. A renewed interest in small modular reactors (SMRs) can be seen worldwide. The intention to reach long cycle lengths influenced SMR designers to adopt fuel management strategies resulting in low fuel discharge burnup. This leads to a substantial increase in natural uranium needs compared to today’s LWRs. For such SMR designs close to 40 tons of natural uranium are needed to generate one TWhe. The HCSMR core is designed using multi-objective optimization methods. This aims at addressing the multiple parameters influencing the core design by exploring all possible trade- offs between core performances and safety requirements. The objectives are not weighted in a global optimization function: Pareto optimum HCSMR cores are designed. The neutron-physics computations are performed with the deterministic code APOLLO2, CRONOS2 and APOLLO3®. For comparison the Monte-Carlo code TRIPOLI-4® is employed. The URANIE platform is used to perform the optimization: to set-up design of experiment, create surrogate model functions and implement genetic algorithms optimization. The outcome is a population of Pareto optimal HCSMR cores. This population makes it possible to reach cycle lengths up to 1200 EFPD, conversion ratios above 0.9 with negative void coefficients and maximum linear power below 400 W/cm. The associated natural uranium needs are significantly reduced, under seven tons of natural uranium are needed to generate one TWhe. Keywords: LWR, High Conversion, Under-moderated, SMR, Multi-objective Optimization, Neural Network, Core design i RESUME Ce travail a pour objectif la conception et l’optimisation d’un petit réacteur à haut facteur de conversion (HCSMR : High Conversion Small Modular Reactor). Le HCSMR a une puissance thermique de 600 MW pour 200 MW électrique. Le concept HCSMR est un petit cœur de type REP intégré, utilisant des assemblages combustibles MOX hexagonaux à pas resserré. Le rapport de modération du HCSMR (1.0) est réduit comparé aux REP standards (2.0). Ceci permet une meilleure conversion des isotopes 238U en 239Pu ainsi qu’une utilisation améliorée du plutonium. Les racines du concept HCSMR se trouvent à la fois dans les cœurs à hauts facteurs de conversion de puissance, et dans les cœurs de petits réacteurs (SMR : Small Modular Reactor). Comparé à un cœur de forte puissance un petit cœur a un taux de fuite neutronique plus élevé. Ceci améliore naturellement le comportement du cœur en situation vidangée. La nécessité d’introduire des éléments combustibles dits fertiles pour limiter l’effet de vidange est alors réduite, contribuant à la sureté du HCSMR et permettant de limiter les hétérogénéités du cœur. Le combustible des Réacteurs à Eau Légère (REL) est principalement composé d’uranium enrichi. En considérant les pratiques industrielles actuelles, près de 20 tonnes d’uranium naturel sont nécessaires pour produire un TWhe. En améliorant la conversion d’238U en 239Pu, les besoins d’uranium naturel peuvent être réduits. Ceci peut être obtenu lorsque le spectre neutronique est durcit. Des cœurs de ce type chargés avec du combustible MOX dans un cycle combustible fermé conduisent à des facteurs de conversion supérieurs à 0,8. Les RELs actuels ont un facteur de conversion proche de 0,5. Les concepts sous-modérés permettent également une meilleure utilisation du plutonium et limite la production d’actinides mineurs. Un regain d’intérêt est observé pour les projets SMR. Le souhait des concepteurs d’obtenir de longues durées de cycle conduit à des taux de combustion du combustible relativement faibles. En conséquence, les besoins d’uranium naturel pour ce type de cœur sont élevés : près de 40 tonnes d’uranium naturel sont nécessaires pour produire un TWhe pour un SMR. La conception du cœur HCSMR utilise des méthodes d’optimisation multicritères. L’objectif est d’explorer l’ensemble des meilleures combinaisons parmi les critères de conception. Plutôt que définir une fonction globale d’optimisation, ce travail s’articule autour de la recherche de surface de Pareto. Les études neutroniques sont réalisées avec les codes déterministes APOLLO2, CRONOS2 et APOLLO3®. Les résultats sont comparés avec ceux obtenus via le code Monte-Carlo TRIPOLI-4®. La plateforme URANIE est utilisée pour les étapes d’optimisation : la création de plan d’expérience, la formation de méta-modèle et l’utilisation d’algorithme génétique. Le résultat de ce travail est une population de cœurs HCSMR optimisés. Parmi ces concepts il est possible d’obtenir des durées de cycle supérieures à 1200 JEPP, des facteurs de conversion au- delà de 0,9 tout en maintenant les taux de vidanges négatifs et des puissances linéiques maximales inférieures à 400 W/Cm. Les besoins d’uranium naturel associés sont réduits à environ sept tonnes pour produire un TWhe. Mots clés: REL, Haut facteurs de conversion, réacteurs sous-modérés, SMR, Optimisation multi- objectifs, Réseaux de neurones, conception réacteurs. ii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Diese Forschungsarbeit untersucht die Auslegung und Optimierung eines kleinen modularen Reaktors mit erhöhten Brutraten (HCSMR: High Conversion Small Modular Reactor). Der HCSMR hat eine thermische Leistung von 600 MW und erzeugt 200 MW elektrisch. Es ist ein integrierter DWR (Druckwasserreaktor) mit kompaktem Reaktorgitter. Der Abstand zwischen zwei Brennstäben beträgt 1,15 cm in einem hexagonalen Gitter. Damit ist das Moderator-zu- Brennstoffverhältnis (1,0) im Vergleich zu einem großen DWR (2,0) reduziert, und daher hat der HCSMR eine verbesserte Fähigkeit zur Konversion von 238U nach 239Pu und kann Plutonium Isotope effizienter spalten. Im Kern des HCSMR sind MOX Brennelemente eingesetzt. Das HCSMR Konzept leitet sich vom großen DWR mit erhöhten Konversionsraten und von kleinen modularen Reaktoren (SMR) ab. Eine reduzierte Kernhöhe und -breite führten zu einer größeren Neutronenleckage im Vergleich zu einem Standard DWR. Dies wirkt sich positiv auf das Sicherheitsverhalten bei Kühlmittelverluststörfällen aus. Der Bedarf an Brutmaterial zur Minimierung des Kühlmitteldichtekoeffizienten wird damit ebenso reduziert, so dass die gesamte Sicherheit des HCSMR aufgrund verringerter Heterogenität profitiert. DWR Brennstoff besteht heutzutage hauptsächlich aus schwach angereichertem Uran. Moderne DWR benötigen ca. 20 Tonnen natürliches Uran (U-nat), um eine TWhe zu erzeugen. Der Verbrauch an Uran könnte reduziert werden, wenn sich die interne Konversion von 238U auf 239Pu erhöhen ließe. Ein kompakteres Brennstoffgitter ermöglicht dies, und das reduzierte Moderationsverhältnis macht das Neutronenspektrum härter. Solche Kerne ermöglichen Konversionsraten über 0,8 in einem geschlossenen Brennstoffkreislauf. Im Vergleich dazu haben aktuelle DWR-Konversionsraten von ca. 0,5. Dadurch wird auch eine bessere Nutzung von Plutonium möglich bei gleichzeitig verringertem Aufbau der minoren Aktinoide. International wird ein erneutes Interesse an kleinen Reaktoren (SMR) beobachtet. Der Wunsch nach großer Zykluslänge führt bei SMR zwangsläufig auf niedrige Entlade-Abbrände. Das bedeutet einen Anstieg des Bedarfs an natürlichem Uran im Vergleich zu heutigen DWR. Solche SMR haben einen Bedarf von ca. 40 Tonnen natürlichem Uran für die Erzeugung einer TWhe. Der HCSMR Kern
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