Himalayan Journal of Education and Literature Indian Linguistic

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Review Article Indian Linguistic Tradition: A View from Russian Indology

Prof. Dr. Zilola Khudaybergenova University of Bartın Republic of Turkey *Corresponding Author Dr. Zilola Khudaybergenova Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues and the stage of the formation of Russian Indology. The rise of Indology in Russia and St. Petersburg dates back to the first half of the 18th century. In Russia, the study of Indology began with the study of Article History the "Brahmin" language, i.e. Sanskrit. From the first half of the 19th century. the main Received: 10.04.2021 center for the study of Sanskrit becomes the Academy of Sciences. This period is Accepted: 20.04.2021 associated with the name of Acad. O. N. Bötlingka (1815-1904). From the end of the Published: 10.05.2021 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. the study of Sanskrit at the Academy of Sciences was subordinated to the study of Buddhist philosophy and culture. The Citations: article analyzes the direction of work of Russian indologists. Zilola Khudaybergenova. (2021); Indian Linguistic Tradition: A View from Russian Indology . Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte, 2(3) 1-8

Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access Keywords: Russian Indology, Sanskrit, Academy of Sciences the Republic of Russia, article distributed under the terms of the R.H. Lenz, O. N. Botlingk, S. F. Oldenburg, F. I. Shcherbatsky, A. P. Barannikov, N. Creative Commons Attribution license which D. Mironov, V. S. Vorobyova-Desyatovsky, V.P. Vasiliev, I.P. Minaev. permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY- NC) provided the original author and source are credited.

NTRODUCTION castes‟). This word formed the basis of two proper I names - Iran (aryanam 'the country of the Aryans / Linguistics originated in ancient times in connection noble'), which has survived to this day and meant the with the awakening of a special cognitive interest in territory of settlement of the first group of Aryan tribes, language, which was stimulated by the needs of and Aryavarta (Aryavarta 'way, the country of the emerging states and their activities in the spheres of Aryans / noble'), which meant in Vedic mythology and administration and economy, the creation and in real life, the original territory of settlement of another dissemination of writing, the need to teach writing and group of Aryans in India. We know about the Indo- train qualified scribes-administrators, as well as to solve Aryans as the carriers of the Vedic culture (mid-1st a number of applied tasks arising from the activity of millennium BC - mid-1st millennium AD), embodied in interpreting sacred texts and performing religious orally transmitted religious texts - the Vedas (Rig Veda, rituals, experiments in the field of poetics, etc. Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharva -veda) (Аlpatov, V.M. 1999). The distinctive and extremely stable linguistic tradition of the Eastern world originated in ancient India (Barannikov, P. А. 1966, March 3). She, like the MAIN PART Chinese linguistic tradition (but much more intensively) Russian Indology: Formation and Development influenced the formation and development of linguistic The rise of Indology in Russia and St. Petersburg thought in neighboring countries (Berezin, F.M. 1984). dates back to the first half of the 18th century. After the At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Indo- founding of the Academy of Sciences, one of its first European tribes of the Aryans, or Aryans (Indo- academicians was T.-Z. Bayer, who came to Russia in Iranians), invade Iran and India from the Northwest. As 1726 (https://dic.academic.ru). Being engaged mainly in a result of the divergence, the Indo-Iranian languages Chinese, Mongolian, Kalmyk, Manchu and Tangut split into two branches - Iranian and Indo-Aryan. The (Tibetan) languages, he was one of the first in Russia to speakers of the languages of the first branch also settle start studying "Brahmin" language, i.e. Sanskrit, under in the territories of modern Afghanistan and Tajikistan. the guidance of the Indian Sonkhbara who came to St. The self-name of the Indo-Iranian tribes, who lived Petersburg. The fruit of these studies was two of his earlier in the northern Black Sea region, and then in works on the literature and grammar of these languages. Asia Minor, is arya (in the original meaning „noble, In the second article, for the first time in Russia, loyal, friendly; representative of one of the three higher samples of the Sanskrit alphabet (Devanagari), printed

Zilola Khudaybergenova; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 1-8 from wooden plates, which were made according to the (1840-1890). The latter brought up a wonderful school drawings of Bayer himself, are given, and brief of Russian Indologists, who became the most prominent information about the Dravidian (Tamul, Telugu) and scientists of their time and continued his work. Two of some New Indian languages (Marathi, Gujarati, etc.) is them became academicians - S.F. Oldenburg and given). In the 30s. XVIII century. In addition to Bayer, F.I.Scherbatskaya. D.G. Messerschmidt, who was interested in the Punjabi and Tamil languages, studied the Devanagari alphabet, In addition to northern Buddhism, which S.F. as well as the alphabets of the Dravidian languages. Oldenburg was engaged in all his life, he studied Indian folklore, fairy tales and jatakas, and worked on the The study of Sanskrit in Russia in the initial period publication of Sanskrit texts. S.F. Oldenburg paid depended on the scientific interests of individual special attention to Mahabharata, having completely scientists, who were engaged in it only along the way worked through the entire epic under the leadership of with their main oriental studies. A similar picture was an Indian in London. He was the initiator and observed in the first decades of the existence of the permanent director of the publication of the world Academy of Sciences. Here, first of all, we should famous series "Collection of Original and Advanced mention F. Adelung (1768–1843), an honorary Buddhist Texts" under the general title "The Buddhist academician who tried to give an overview of literature Library", founded by him in 1897(Sergey Fedorovich in Sanskrit (http://funeral-spb.narod.ru). R.H. Lenz Oldenburg - ucheniy i organizator nauki. 2016). (1808-1836) left a noticeable trace in the study of Sanskrit. He was the first to lecture free of charge on At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. began an Sanskrit literature and comparative linguistics at St. intensive and comprehensive survey of Central Asian Petersburg University. P.Ya. Petrov (1814–1875) was cultures. Centers of Buddhist culture were discovered the direct successor of R.H. Lenz in the study of (SF Oldenburg's expeditions to Turpan [1909–1910] Sanskrit. The result of his studies was the work and Dunhuang [1914–1915]), new documents in "Adding to the catalog of Sanskrit manuscripts kept in Sanskrit and Tibetan languages were discovered, and an the Asian Museum of the St. Petersburg Academy of intensive study of northern Buddhism began. Sciences." This is the path that Acad. F.I.Scherbatskaya (1866- From the first half of the 19th century. the main 1942)(1; 9; 8). The scientific interests of center for the study of Sanskrit becomes the Academy F.I.Scherbatsky were steadily aimed at studying Indian of Sciences. This period is associated with the name of philosophy, more precisely, Buddhist logic, as well as Acad. O. N. Bötlingka (1815-1904) Buddhism itself from Sanskrit and Tibetan sources. Our (http://allpetrischule-spb.org). In 1887 he published the close proximity to the countries of the Buddhist world famous Panini grammar. His merit was the publication and the enormous wealth of the Academy of Sciences in of Wopadeva's grammar, Hemachandra's synonymous the field of Tibetan Buddhist literature also influenced dictionary with a German translation, the Upanishads, his choice. the ancient drama Mrichchakatika ("Clay Cart") in German translation, as well as a Sanskrit anthology. Thus, from the end of the XIX and beginning of the The culmination of O. N. Bötlingka's many years of XX century. the study of Sanskrit at the Academy of activity was the creation of Sanskrit dictionaries Sciences was subordinated to the study of Buddhist published by the Academy of Sciences: complete philosophy and culture. However, along with this, the (1852–1875) and short (1879–1889). These dictionaries philological direction continued to exist. In this respect, marked the era in the study of Sanskrit and became the activities of the third student of I.P. Minaev - prof. widely known all over the world under the name ND Mironov, who for many years dealt with the issues "Petersburg dictionaries". They served as the basis of all of Vedic literature (based on the hymns of the Rig European Indological science for a whole century and Veda) and worked on the description of Sanskrit contributed to the development of comparative- manuscripts, some of which were collected and brought historical linguistics. by the researcher himself. As a result of this work, I.P. Mironov prepared and published two catalogs of these Indological research at the Academy of Sciences manuscripts, which are available both in the St. was carried out in two directions. The first (earlier) was Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of linguistic, which found its expression in the publication the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the State of the above-mentioned Sanskrit dictionaries, Public Library. monuments of Indian grammatical literature and various Sanskrit texts. After the October Revolution, the further development of the traditional sections of Russian The second direction in Indology was Buddhist. The Indology continued. The "Buddhist Library" gained founders of the scientific study of Buddhism are the even greater scope. The most prominent scientists from Sinologist Acad. V.P. Vasiliev (1818-1900) and the countries of the West and the East united around it: indologist prof. I.P. Minaev (http://www.rgo-sib.ru) prof. Sylvain Levy (France), prof. De La Vallais

Zilola Khudaybergenova; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 1-8 Poussin (Belgium), Vogihara (Japan), M. Walleser published in 1967, was completed and prepared for (Germany), F.I.Scherbatskaya and O.O. Rosenberg publication. (Russia). It is especially worth noting the activities of On the initiative of Oldenburg and Shcherbatsky, V.S.Vorobyev-Desyatovsky (1928-1956), who, the publication of the series "Monuments of Indian possessing rare abilities and talent, deep linguistic Philosophy" was resumed, which they had conceived training and a broad scientific outlook, in a relatively back in 1914 and approved by a resolution of the short period of time was able to prepare a number of Academy of Sciences. For this, first of all, the works of very valuable works and research. In the Sector of Vachaspatimishra on all Indian philosophical systems, Oriental Manuscripts, V.S.Vorobyev-Desyatovsky was the main treatises of the Nyaya system, the seven successfully engaged in the study of Central Asian treatises of Dharmakirti, works on the logic of Dignagia manuscripts, continuing the tradition started by S.F. and Vasubandhu's work "Abhidharmakosha", Oldenburg (Dokumenti po deyatelnosti V.S. Vorobeva- containing the system of primitive Buddhism, were Desyatovskogo. 2016). He dismantled the Indian selected. Foundation and published an article about it "Collection of Indian Manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Already in the first years of Soviet power, there was Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences." an urgent need for textbooks for the study of Sanskrit. V.S.Vorobyov-Desyatovsky showed particular interest In 1923, on the initiative of F.I.Scherbatsky and under in studying the manuscript collection consisting of the his editorship, a Russian translation of the textbook by collections of N.F. Petrovsky, P.K. Kozlov, G. Buhler was made. This textbook, presented from the S.F.Oldenburg and others, and containing unique point of view of the Indian grammatical tradition, is still handwritten materials of the 1st – 9th centuries. in used in the study of Sanskrit at St. Petersburg State Sanskrit, Saka, Kuchin and Tibetan languages. The University and other universities in the country. work on the description and preparation for publication of a number of interesting materials remained In the plans of the Institute of Oriental Studies, unfinished. The study of the "hybrid" Sanskrit, which reorganized in 1930, an emphasis was placed on a new was distinguished by unusual inflectional forms, which topic, where in the first place were questions of the he began with great enthusiasm, also ended. The work economy of the countries of the East. Among the issues of V.S.Vorobyev-Desyatovsky on the description and requiring development on the basis of Sanskrit sources, study of Central Asian manuscripts is continued by in addition to traditional topics, were the publication of M.I.Vorobyeva-Desyatovskaya. Together with MI the most important Indian monuments on the history, Vorobyeva-Desyatovskaya the work on Buddhist economy and state structure of ancient India. At the Sanskrit manuscripts was carried out by E.N. Temkin same time, work began on Kautilya's treatise and V.G. Erman. "Arthashastra", which was interrupted and resumed only in 1938 (the publication of the complete Russian Today at the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute translation of Arthashastra was published only in 1959). of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of In the same 1938, a student of I.P. Shcherbatsky and Sciences, work continues on the academic translation Acad. A.P. Barannikov M.A.Shiryaev (1887-1952) and research of the most important monument of Indian began a new translation of the "Laws of Manu". culture - Mahabharata. To date, S.L. Neveleva and Ya.V. Vasilkov have published nine books of the In 1939, on the initiative of A.P. Barannikov, who Mahabharata (books III, VIII, X, XI, XIV, XVII and was at that time the director of the Institute of Oriental XVIII). The work on the XIIth book of the Mahabharata Studies, the Russian academic translation of is carried out by the young scientist M.I. Petrova. Mahabharata, the most important epic monument of ancient India, was started. Work on the translation of Indian Linguistic Tradition: Interpretation of the first book, Adiparva, continued with significant Russian Indologists interruptions during the war, both under the conditions The desire to preserve the purity of the language of of the siege of Leningrad and during the stay of the the religious ritual, which received the name Vedic, was Institute of Oriental Studies in Tashkent. The first book the basis for awakening a special interest in the was published in 1950 under the editorship of A.P. problems of language in the 1st millennium BC. first of Barannikov. all, among the representatives of the highest caste - the priests-Brahmins, who performed complex cult rites in After a long break, the translation of the second an already obsolete and not always understandable book of the Mahabharata - Sabhaparva, was prepared, language even in their own circle, which was which was published in 1962, the work on the considered the language of the gods and to which translation and study of the Mahabharata continued magical power was attributed. The Vedic language, further. In 1964, the translation and study of the fourth which served the Indian branch of the Aryans, by the book of this monument - Virataparva, which was middle of the 1st millennium BC. is practically out of use. There was a need for an accurate pronunciation of

Zilola Khudaybergenova; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 1-8 the sacred hymns - the Vedas, the normalization of at the same time. At the same time, they also turned to Sanskrit - the same for the whole of India, and the Vedic language. Collections of glosses to obsolete comprehensive comments on the ritual texts were also words of the "Rig Veda" are the first actually linguistic needed. experiments.

The problematic situation that developed in India The development of grammar problems - vedanga under the influence of the needs of a religious cult vyakarana - reaches a particularly high level. The differed from those that took place in the Middle East pinnacle of grammatical thought and a model for many and China: here the priority was given to spoken imitations was the work "Ashtadhyaya" ('Eight Books') speech, and not to writing; the letter came relatively by Panini (5th or 4th century BC), which sets the task of late. Accordingly, primary attention was paid to the strict regulation and canonization of Sanskrit, which study of the laws of melody, rhythm, metrics, phonetics developed alongside the Vedic language on a different (and then the Chinese learned from representatives of dialectal basis and gradually supplanted it in religious Indian culture, joining Buddhism), as well as the use. Panini constantly draws attention to the main elementary etymologization of words (Аlpatov, V.M. features of Vedic and the differences from Sanskrit. The 1999). description of the language follows a strictly synchronous principle. Attention is drawn to the Questions of language are considered by the Hindus extreme conciseness of the presentation (in order to in the earliest monuments of Vedic literature - Vedangs. make it easier to memorize the rules by heart). Panini's In one of the Vedangas (shiksha) issues of phonetics grammar, based on the previous linguistic tradition, and pronunciation are highlighted: the ancient Indians contains over 4,000 rules (sutras). A sophisticated made significant progress in the study of speech sounds system of symbolizing linguistic units, rules and and their classification based on articulatory signs. They operations is used. It is written in an extremely already realized the non-identity of the concepts of the formalized language, reminiscent of algebraic formulas, sound of speech and phoneme, they had the outline of which, without special commentary, is the concept of the syllable phoneme. Articulatory incomprehensible even to people who kno/w Sanskrit classifications of sounds built on a clear logical basis well. For example, the sutra ató heh is commented as were reflected in the sequence of graphic signs in the "in the plural after a, the personal ending of the 2nd alphanumeric systems of Indian writing (brahmi - from person singular is omitted"( Susov, I.P. 2008). Большое about the 8th century BC, kharoshthi, nagari, место уделяется фонетике. Much attention is paid to devanagari, charade, etc.), which, most likely, they go phonetics. Panini speaks in detail about combinatorial back not to the still undeciphered Proto-Indian (mostly sound changes, concerns issues of stress. hieroglyphic), but to the West Semitic syllabic writing. Another vedanga (chanda) is devoted to the theory of Analyzing morphological phenomena, Panini poetry, in the third (nirukta) questions of etymology and singles out various classes of verb roots, types of lexicology are considered. Nirukta is a special endings in the noun declension. The concepts of root discipline dealing with the explanation and and suffix are analyzed on the basis of the word etymological interpretation of words used in priestly paradigm; Panini is familiar with the concepts of ritual. Dictionaries were actively developed that catalog morpheme zero and internal inflection (Berezin, F.M. the names of the gods, the names of the actions they 1984). perform, the objects at their disposal, the signs of these objects, etc. Yaski's Nirukta is the first extensive And today, from the standpoint of "active grammar" lexicographical work of this kind that has come down to (ie, the speaker's grammar) and generative linguistics, us, consisting of five parts and including synonymous Panini's original approach to the description of language series and thematic groups of object names, lists of is striking: it goes from communicative goal setting and verbs and verbal nouns, less systematized lists of nouns transmitted meaning to the selection of lexical and adjectives, etc. In his work, Yaska paid special morphemes (roots) and then syntactic constructions. attention to etymology. At the same time, he included in Phonetic information dissolves into the main body of his Nirukta grammatical information (grammatical grammar. They are presented from positions similar in classification of words, information from the field of spirit to modern morphonology. Special attention is word formation, the concept of case, the seven- paid to morphological analysis (without differentiation membered paradigm of the name - without vocative). of inflection and word formation. For the first time in the history of linguistics, the concept of “fictitious” The achievements of the ancient Indians in the field morphemes is postulated. The syntax is constructed of lexicography are also noticeable. They wrote primarily as a statement of a set of information about extensive ritual and mythological treatises written in the functions of a noun in a sentence, etc., scattered in Sanskrit, a language qualitatively different from Vedic, different places of work. In grammar contains a number by the Brahmans (8-7 centuries BC), which set out the of applications in the form of lists of words combined general programs of the ritual actions of the priests and by grammatical features. the interpretation of the Vedic verses being performed

Zilola Khudaybergenova; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 1-8 According to A.P. Barannikova (1966), Panini for spiritual substance. Saraswati was assigned here the the first time in the history of Indian linguistics function of the goddess of knowledge, wisdom and provides examples of the comparative method, eloquence. In general, the discussion of the problems of comparing Sanskrit and Vedic language in the field of language occupied the representatives of practically all phonetics, morphology, word formation and, partly, the main systems of Indian religious philosophy: syntax. But Panini only states the facts of the Brahmanism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism. The difference, but does not draw any theoretical linguophilosophical ideas of the leading representative conclusions from this. of the "grammatical school" of philosophy, Bhartrihari (5-6 centuries AD), set forth in the famous work It should be noted the predominantly theoretical "Vakyapadiya" ("About a word and a sentence"), were orientation of Panini's work, which anticipates in its especially widespread in India. He examines the issues scientific level the achievements of modern formal of correlation between a sentence and a judgment in a logic, structural and generative linguistics. The method philosophical aspect, defining a sentence as a single of analyzing a word by its morphological structure is indivisible statement that expresses a single indivisible still used today. Subsequent grammatical works in meaning. Bhartrihari, like other grammarians, considers ancient and medieval India are mainly comments or a sentence to be the basic unit of language, since only it revisions of the canonized grammar of Panini (Vyadi, is capable of transmitting a thought, and words are Katyayana, Patanjali, and in the Middle Ages Chandra, artificial, in reality expressing nothing by the Vararuchi, Hechamandra, Jayaditya, Vamana, Bhattoji constructions of scientists. Therefore, ancient Indian Dikshit). Panini's principles served as a basis for grammarians are not interested in the word, they believe describing a number of other Indo-Aryan languages that words serve only to describe linguistic material, but (including Prakrit). they themselves are not included in this material. Bhartrihari distinguished three aspects of words: Vararuchi (3-2 centuries BC) was the first in writing, phonological structure, and nominative linguistics to put forward the idea that Sanskrit is the function. source to which all the facts of the Middle Indian languages are traced. In the grammar Illumination of This thinker identified Brahman as the highest the Prakrit he showed how Prakrit words and forms reality, which has no beginning or end, with the Word were formed from Sanskrit words and forms. According (Word-essence), from which the entire Universe with its to A.P. Barannikov, Vararuchi gives a rudimentary infinite variety of objects and phenomena unfolds. The form of comparative grammar; he applies the universe is, in his opinion, both that which should be comparative historical method long before this method expressed (expressed, signified), and that which should became widespread in Europe (Barannikov, P. А. 1966, be expressed (expressing, signifying), namely words, March 3). speech. Bhartrihari believed that knowledge is intertwined with the word already in a newborn, that Vararuchi analyzes phonetics in great detail, from this interweaving all human activity is born and studying the formation of each sound, phonetic science, art and crafts take their origins. He changes, in particular assimilation. Moreover, distinguished three stages that the Word passes through Vararuchi considers phonetic changes in connection in its development: "visionary" (here speech is with morphological transformations, thus indicating the indivisible and eternal), "intermediate" (here the Word connection between phonetics and morphology. is a mental and not perceived by people essence, although it has a temporal sequence, as it were), and Along with classical Sanskrit, Buddhist hybrid "exposed" (where articulated, sounding speech is Sanskrit arises and spreads, which, along with Pali, was observed). With an orientation toward the second stage, one of the main languages of the Buddhist religion, he formulates the concept of sphota as the central link gradually (from the 6th-5th centuries BC to the end of in the entire “grammatical philosophy”. Sphota is for the 1st millennium AD). ) which suppressed the religion him an indivisible linguistic symbol, a kind of state of of Brahmanism, and then during the 1st millennium consciousness communicated to the listener by means AD. dissolved on the territory of India in Hinduism as a of speech sounds. The utterance is recognized as the renewed Brahmanism. The ancient Indians also turned main unit from which words are allocated, and not to questions of the philosophy of language, initially in which is composed of words. They are distinguished by mythological legends and religious texts, and then in sphota of a sentence, sphota of a word, and even sphota philosophical and grammatical works. They recognized of a phoneme (but not a sound). language as the supreme deity ("Rig Veda"). In the Vedic pantheon, the gods were distinguished, in whose Phonetics reached an unusually high development in jurisdiction linguistic activity is: the goddess of Speech ancient India, which was associated with the need to Vach, the goddess of the sacred speech of Bharati, the preserve the purity of the pronunciation of Vedic goddess of the true speech of Varuna. In the Hindu hymns. Long before the Greeks, the Indians pantheon, Speech (Vac) began to be identified with distinguished vowels, consonants, and fricatives. They Brahman - the impersonal absolute, the universal were familiar with the concept of a phoneme (sphota -

Zilola Khudaybergenova; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 1-8 see above), which they opposed to the sound of speech. analysis procedures is also observed in modern The distinction between the sound of a language European and American linguistics. At the same time, it (phoneme) and the sound of speech was clearly drawn often cannot do without erroneous identification of the by Panini. Later, Indian linguists identified 8 varieties concepts put forward by ancient Indian science with of each phoneme. similar concepts formulated in the European linguistic tradition, without sufficient consideration of differences The description of sounds in the ancient Indian in ethnocultural, general scientific and linguistic grammatical tradition was made on a physiological contexts. It should be noted the ethnocultural specificity basis. Indian linguists described in detail the of Indian science, which remained indifferent to the articulations of sounds, studied the work of the organs history and chronology of the emergence of of the speech apparatus, and gave a clear classification grammatical treatises and dictionaries, which did not of sounds according to the method and place of their sharply change its guidelines. This explains the formation. They first drew attention to the alternation of difficulty of dividing the history of Indian linguistics vowels, having developed the doctrine of the 3 steps of into ancient and medieval. The differences lie mainly in raising vowels. The basis (lowest) stage of alternation is the emergence of a developed lexicography at the the sounds [i] and [u], the first stage of ascent (guna) is beginning of the Middle Ages and the formation, formed by [a + i] = [ai] = [ē], [a + u] = [au] = [ō] , and alongside the grammatical, of the lexicographic the second step (vrdhi) [a] + the first step [ai + a] = [āi], tradition. In the Middle Ages, the same, as in antiquity, [au + a] = [āu](5 : 132). can be traced, the motives for the subordination of linguistic studies to the practical needs of the restoration In morphology, three sections were distinguished: and re-creation of the ritual, now for the religious and  Classification of parts of speech. yogic purposes of achieving the otherworldly.  Formation of words.  Changing words(2 : 168): Both in antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the language was understood by Indian thinkers as a type of There were 4 parts of speech: name, verb, activity (in contrast to European linguists, who saw in preposition and particle. Name is a word denoting an the language primarily a nomenclature of names). In the object; verb - a word denoting an action, both taking medieval period, attention to the word increased, since place at the present moment and already accomplished. the teachings of Buddha Gautama / Shakyamuni (6th Seven cases were singled out: nominative, accusative, century BC) replaced the Vedic-Brahmanist ideology, instrumental, dative, defensive, genitive, local. At that which placed at the forefront the authority of the Vedic- time they were designated by numbers: 1,2 ... Brahmanist ideology, in the depths of which the works Prepositions were considered as indicative elements of of Panini and his contemporaries were formed. Buddha the language, and the particles were divided into refused to bow before the authority of the Vedas and comparative, connecting and insignificant. Having replaced them with conversations and sermons of the turned to the analysis of words, Indo-European linguists teacher - sutras, which already have a different structure distinguished roots, suffixes and endings in words. and cover almost the entire semantic-psychic sphere of human life, which put the meaning of the word in the There were three categories of roots: center of attention. Representatives of classical  simple (primary); grammar continued to interpret the texts of the Vedas,  generators; and semantic linguists began to interpret the teachings  derivatives. of the Buddha. Brahminist-minded Panini and his successors showed interest in the way of expression, in Also in ancient India dictionaries were compiled. the form of the texts, and the representatives of One of the first dictionaries - nighantavas - lists of Buddhist ideology - in the content side of the texts. This incomprehensible words used in the Vedas. In the 5th or was due to the difference in the sets of terms. By the 6th century. linguist Amara compiled a Sanskrit end of the 1st millennium AD. Buddhist religion lost its dictionary, which is still widely used by European position in India due to the revival of Brahmanism in Sanskritologists(4). the face of Hinduism, which again strengthened the position of the Panini tradition. Both in antiquity and in European scholars became acquainted with Sanskrit the Middle Ages, the goals of describing the language, and the ideas of ancient Indian grammar in the late 18th its intended purpose for specific addressees, were taken and early 19th centuries, which had a significant impact into account. Indian scholars have developed on the formation of comparative historical linguistics procedures for establishing and classifying in the and its method. The founders of comparative studies analysis of the language of units of a finite set not found believed that the ancient Indian language is the ancestor in direct experience, refusing to distinguish between of all Indo-European languages, that it possesses the their essence and phenomenon. They had an inherent highest perfection that was lost in the development of belief that the superhuman author taught people descendant languages. Frequent appeal to the concepts language as a matrix, i.e. a curtailed form of developed by the ancient Indians and especially the knowledge, developed further by the efforts of people.

Zilola Khudaybergenova; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 1-8 Many medieval commentators on Panini's work are of all Indo-European languages, that it possesses the known who worked in line with his tradition: Patanjali, highest perfection that was lost in the development of Katyayana, Buddhist Chandragomin (5th century), Jain descendant languages. The Indian linguistic tradition is Digambar Jainendra (5th century), Jain Shvetambar distinguished by a high degree of elaboration and Shakatayana (8th century). They tried to make Panini's orientation towards the written form of the language. book even more concise(5 : 24). Appears connected by What determined its popularity among medieval and their method with the grammar of Panini and at the modern linguists. same time, as if revising her grammatical treatises "Dhatupatha", "Gana-patha", as well as Chandragomin's The rise of Indology in Russia and St. Petersburg "Unadisutra", where the author distinguishes between dates back to the first half of the 18th century. After the the morpheme and the word, claiming that the latter has foundation of the Academy of Sciences, one of its first a referent ... On the basis of Panini's model, Prakrit academicians was T.-Z. Bayer. The study of Sanskrit in grammars (codified in the literature forms of Middle Russia in the initial period depended on the scientific Indian speech) are created: Vararuchi, Hemachandra interests of individual scientists, who were engaged in it (13th century). The object of grammatical description is only along the way with their main oriental studies. A the Pali language, which served southern Buddhism. similar picture was observed in the first decades of the The authors of works on the Pali language Kacchayana, existence of the Academy of Sciences. Sanghanandin, Brahmadatta are guided mainly by Aindra's prepaninian grammar school. The first From the first half of the 19th century. the main dictionaries appear. The Buddhist Amarasimha (5th center for the study of Sanskrit becomes the Academy century) laid down the principles of Indian of Sciences. This period is associated with the name of lexicography (grouping words according to meaningful Acad. O. N. Bötlingka. In 1887 he published the features, an ordered list of synonyms, a list of famous Panini grammar. ambiguous words with interpretations, and the poetic form of dictionary entries for memorization). He was Indological research at the Academy of Sciences followed by the Hindu Halayudha, the Jain was carried out in two directions. The first (earlier) was Hemachandra (11-13 centuries). Attention is drawn to linguistic, which found its expression in the publication the classification of vocabulary in accordance with the of the above-mentioned Sanskrit dictionaries, classification of world phenomena adopted at that time, monuments of Indian grammatical literature and various the groping of indivisible one-sided units of content Sanskrit texts. The second trend in Indology was (analogous to the figures of content in L. Yelmslev), Buddhist. The founders of the scientific study of and the distinction between primary and secondary Buddhism are the Sinologist Acad. V.P. Vasiliev (1818- meanings of words. At the next stage in the 1900) and indologist prof. I.P. Minaev (1840-1890). development of Buddhist thought, the concept of mantra appears - an utterance as an atom of purposeful The most outstanding achievement of Indian linguistic activity, as a unity of figures of expression linguistics is the Panini Grammar (IV century BC). (phonemes) and figures of content. Panini describes the phonetic and grammatical structure of Sanskrit. Linguistic rules are described in a poetic Subsequently, (taking into account the yogic use of manner. The grammar consists of 4000 poetic rules - language), which was the last fundamental achievement sutras, which are distributed over eight books, therefore of medieval Indian linguistic thought, the understanding Panini's Grammar is called the "Eight Books". The of meaning as a quantity determined by an extra- sutras were easy to memorize and were meant to be linguistic context, situation, pragmatic factors was memorized. Only a few centuries later Panini's formed, which was in good agreement with the general Grammar was written down. understanding of language as a mode of activity. REFERENCES In modern India, its own linguistic tradition is still alive, although Indian scholars and especially their 1. Barannikov, P. А. (1966, March 3). Vozniknovenie Western colleagues are striving to apply the methods of i razvitie obshestv po rasprostraneniyu yazika xindi comparative historical, areal, structural, generative v Indii. Pismennie pamyatniki i problemi istorii linguistics developed in the Western tradition to the kulturi narodov Vostoka. Tezisi dokladov II study of Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan languages. godichnoy nauchnoy sessii LO INА. Leningrad. 2. Berezin, F.M. (1984). Istoriya lingvisticheskix ucheniy. Moskva, Visshaya shkola, 319. CONCLUSİON 3. Dokumenti po deyatelnosti V.S. Vorobeva- European scholars became acquainted with Sanskrit Desyatovskogo. (2016). 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