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The Indian Contributions 18 INDIANINDIAN CONTRIBUTIONSCONTRIBUTIONS TOTO SCIENCESCIENCE Compiled By Vijnana Bharati Indian Contributions To Science Indian Contributions To Science Compiled by Vijnana Bharati All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. For information regarding permission, write to: Vijnana Bharati A-4, First Floor, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi- 110 049 Fourth Edition 2019 Contents Preface ..................................................................................................vii Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan (VVM Edition – VIII) 2019-20......... ix Acknowledgement .................................................................................xi 1. India’s Contribution to Science and Technology .................1 (From Ancient to Modern) 2. Astronomy in India ...................................................................9 3. Chemistry in India: A Survey ................................................20 4. The Historical Evolution of....................................................30 Medicinal Tradition in Ancient India 5. Plant and Animal Science in Ancient India .........................39 6. Mathematics in India ..............................................................46 7. Metallurgy in India .................................................................58 8. Indian Traditional Knowledge on ........................................69 Environmental Conservation 9. Ayurveda for Life, Health and Well-being: A Survey .......81 10. Nobel Laureates of Indian Origin & Inspiring ...............89 Lives of Scientists and their contribution 11. Conventional, Non-conventional and ................................131 Clean Energy Sources of India 12. Science and Its Various Branches .......................................137 13. Ayurveda and Medicinal Plants ........................................141 14. Indigenous Agriculture, Biotechnology ............................149 and Nano –technology 15. Traditional Wisdom of Astronomy ....................................154 16. India in Space: A Remarkable Odyssey .............................165 17. Discovery of Gravitational Waves— ..................................178 The Indian Contributions 18. Discovering Samgamagrama Madhavan ..................... 180 19. Latest Achievements July 2016 Onwards .................... 184 Syllabus: Junior group (Class VI- VIII): Chapters 1-7 & 9-12 Senior group (Class IX- XI): All Chapters (Chapters 1-19) vi Preface This piece of work on the India’s contribution to the knowledge of science has been specifically prepared for Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan. It portrays the achievements of India in science and technology since the ancient times. The evolution of India as a unique society can be attributed to the ancient concept of vasudaiva kutumbakam, meaning the whole world is one family. This unity had aroused feelings of to tolerance towards freedom of expression and knowledge. Rishis like Varahamihira, Aryabhatta, Vagbhatta, Susruta contributed towards the proliferation of knowledge of highest value and had put India at the forefront of all scientific developments and advancement. In fact, owing to the immense royal patronage provided for science, advancement of its knowledge and application of science in daily lives became a common factor in Indian society. When the whole of western society was in darkness, India rose high and shone as the ‘golden sparrow’ of the globe. The discovery of various scientific facts and the development of scientific concepts and technologies gave rise to a new age that could keep India in the forefront of the knowledge hub for centuries. The most important and indestructible wealth is knowledge’ and an individual with a quest to acquire knowledge is believed to be truly on the path of enlightenment and liberation. Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan intends to groom students of today, like you, to lead India as tomorrow’s scientists, technocrats and innovators. Therefore, it is important for students to know our rich and glorious past. Each one of you should imbibe in you the vision of our ancient scientists and sages who could achieve highly with available resources. They were people of great vision, value, wisdom, purity and compassion. Students would feel inspired from the generosity with which the benefit of such scientific knowledge was shared for social and national progress. Hence, it is extremely important that India retains its position as the spearhead of the global scientific fraternity. The spark has already been ignited by our great scientists like Ramanujan, C.V. Raman, Vikram Sarabhai, APJ Abdul Kalam and various organizations like ISRO, CSIR, DRDO, and so on. There is abundant talent in India and it needs to be utilized effectively and efficiently. I strongly feel that it is the duty of every parent and teacher to encourage students to think innovatively. The eagerness and spirit of scientific temperament should be developed in students. The task is accomplishable if you all strive for it. The goal is certainly not far away. Vande Mataram! Dr. Sudhir S. Bhadauria Secretary General, Vijnana Bharati viii VIDYARTHI VIGYAN MANTHAN (VVM EDITION –VIII) 2019-20 “INDIA’S LARGEST SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH FOR NEW INDIA USING DIGITAL DEVICES” Vidhyarthi Vigyan Manthan (VVM) is a national science talent search programme for New India organized by VIBHA (Vijnana Bharti), in collaboration with NCERT – Ministry of Human Resources and Development and Vigyan Prasar - an autonomous organization under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. VVM is a National program for educating and popularizing science among school students of VI to XI standards. VVM aims to identify and nurture the bright minds among the student community, who are keen on subjects related to science. OBJECTIVES OF VIDYARTHI VIGYAN MANTHAN (VVM): To create interest among students in pure science. To educate school children about India’s contributions from traditional to modern to the world of science and technology. To provide hands-on-training to students through workshops and other events. To conduct an annual talent search exam at the national level to identity students who have a scientific bent of mind. To provide the winning students with mentors to enrich science learning experience to carry forward their science education at higher levels. To organize exposure visits for the winners to various R & D institutions in the country. To identify successful students at the state and national levels and felicitate them with prizes and certificates. The successful students will also be mentored appropriately, which will help them to progress further with higher education in science. The present study material is only indicative of the range of topics that will be covered in the test. However one should understand that the material along with the books named Life of Dr Jagadish Chandra Bose & Dr. E.K. Janaki Ammal given by Vijnana Bharti, covers only 40% of the VVM syllabus in exam. Therefore, the organizers appeal to all students to explore further reading materials in order to prepare well for the test. Evaluation of student will be based on their individual performance at entry level. The examination will be conducted in English, Hindi alongwith 9 major regional languages. The organizers wish you all the very best…….!!! x Acknowledgements Vijnana Bharati gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the individuals and organizations involved in the development of this Book- “INDIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE”. This is infact solely is the initiative of Vijnana Bharati to introduce literature prepared with material from ancient to modern period specially highlighting the contribution of India in the field of Science & Technology as a reading material for Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan talent search examination. Vijnana Bharati is grateful to CBSE- Ex Advisors- Shri Vineet Joshi (Ex Chairman), Dr Sadhana Parashar, Ex Director (Academics & Training), Convener Prof Jagbir Singh- All the members of Material Production Team of K.T.P.I, co-ordinator, supporting members (CBSE)and Editors Prof. Kapil Kapoor and Prof. Michel Danino. Vijnana Bharati sincerely acknowledges the contributions of the Academic Committee members VVM who participated in the review of the manuscript. The team of VVM is highly thankful to its National Convener for his support throughout the re-making of the book. The contribution of office and administrative staff, computer staff of VVM is also gratefully acknowledged. The efforts of the publication Department- VIBHA in bringing out this publication are also appreciated. 1 India’s Contribution to Science and Technology (From Ancient to Modern) dvancements in science and technology have been the major Areason for the development of human civilization. India has been contributing to the fields of science and technology since ancient times. Even today, what we term as ‘traditional knowledge’ is actually based on scientific reasoning. Pre-Independence The history of scientific discoveries and development in India dates back to the Vedic era. Aryabhatta, the famous mathematician of the Vedic era, invented ‘zero’. It is believed that ancient Indian scholars had developed geometric theorems before Pythagoras had made them popular. The concept of squares, rectangles, circles, triangles, fractions, and the ability to
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