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Orientalisme, Perbudakan, Dan Resistensi Pribumi Terhadap Kolonial Dalam Novel-Novel Terbitan Balai Pustaka

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Orientalisme, Perbudakan, Dan Resistensi Pribumi Terhadap Kolonial Dalam Novel-Novel Terbitan Balai Pustaka ISSN: 2303-2898 Vol. 2, No. 2, Oktober 2013 ORIENTALISME, PERBUDAKAN, DAN RESISTENSI PRIBUMI TERHADAP KOLONIAL DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL TERBITAN BALAI PUSTAKA I Nyoman Yasa Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Abstrak Penelitian yang dilakukan berdasar pada masalah budak dan perbudakan di Indonesia dalam karya sastra dan dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik dekonstruksi ini memiliki tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) orientalisme dalam novel-novel Balai Pustaka dan (2) resistensi pribumi terhadap kolonial Belanda novel-novel Balai Pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa relasi antara penjajah dengan terjajah, yakni antara Belanda dengan pribumi di Indonesia (Hindia Belanda) adalah relasi yang tidak setara. Belanda mendominasi pribumi. Pendominasian Belanda terhadap pribumi diperlihatkan stereotip-stereotip kebinatangan oleh pihak Belanda kepada pribumi, dan pendiskriminasian warna kulit oleh kolonial. Belanda memandang dirinya lebih beradab daripada pribumi karena Belanda memiliki warna kulit putih, sedangkan pribumi memiliki kulit hitam, atau bukan kulit putih. Pandangan Belanda itu terkonstruksi dalam pikiran dan perilaku mereka sehingga stereotip-stereotip bahwa pribumi itu terbelakang, lamban atau malas, dan seperti binatang (kera atau beruk), muncul atau berkembang. Hal itu merupakan pandangan orientalisme colonial Belanda terhadap pribumi. Akibat pendominasian (pendiskriminasian, rasisme, dan marjinalisasi) ini membuat masyarakat pribumi melakukan resistensi. Resistensi yang dilakukan oleh budak/pribumi dalam bentuk mimikri dan mockery yang memperolok-olok kolonial Belanda dalam upaya meruntuhkan kekuasaannya. Kata-kata Kunci: Orientalisme, Resistensi, Balai Pustaka, Poskolonial Abstract This research is conducted based on the problem of slavery found in Indonesian literary texts. Using a deconsructive technique, this research intends to show (1) the relations between the colonizer and colonized people found in the Balai Pustaka’s novels (2) the resistance of slaves to his masters. The result of this research shows unequal relations between the colonizer, Dutch, and colonized people, native Indonesian. These unequal relations can be found through Dutch’s expression by stereotyping Indonesian as animals, and by referring to their skin color. The Dutch characters in the novel viewed themselves more civilized than those indigenous characters, and this categorization was formulated based on skin colors. This point of view constructed the colonizer’s mind and behaviors that impacted to the emergence of negative depictions of native Indonesians as left behind, slow, lazy people, and other animal likes such as monkey. Such negative depictions and domination (discrimination, racism, and marginalization) led Indonesian slaves into resistance in the form of mimicry and mockery by mocking Dutch colonizers. Key words: Orientalism, Resistance, Balai Pustaka, Postcolonial Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora | 249 ISSN: 2303-2898 Vol. 2, No. 2, Oktober 2013 PENDAHULUAN penindas dan tertindas tidak selamanya Balai Pustaka (1908-1942) didirikan oleh eksplisit. Novel Azab dan Sengsara kolonial Belanda dalam upaya melakukan misalnya. Mahayana (1994: 18-19) kontrol sosial dan politik terhadap bacaan- menyatakan Azab dann Sengsara bacaan liar (teks bacaan yang diterbitkan menunjukkan perlawanan dari pribumi. oleh komunitas Tionghoa, Arab, dan Orientalisme, perbudakan, dan Pribumi) di Indonesia. Kontrol sosial dan perlawanan masyarakat pribumi dalam politik tersebut dilakukan dalam upaya karya sastra terbitan Balai Pustaka tidak mengeksistensikan dirinya sebagai satu- lepas dari akumulasi kegelisahan, satunya penjajah yang menaklukkan pribumi penderitaan yang dialami masyarakat seuntuhnya. Oleh karena itu, semua bacaan pribumi semenjak kedatangan Belanda ke yang diterbitkan ada dalam pengawasan Indonesia. Peristiwa-peristiwa sosial budaya dan sensor kekuasaannya. Herawati (2010: ataupun peristiwa sejarah yang terjadi dan 200) menyatakan bahwa Belanda berkembang dalam masyrakat direkam memanfaatkan karya sastra sebagai media berdasarkan sensitivitas sastrawan (Yasa, hegemoni dan dominasi terhadap rakyat 2010: 51) dan kemudian ditransformasi ke pribumi. Kolonial Belanda merekrut dalam karya sastra, termasuk semenjak pegawai-pegawai kontrak untuk mengurus kedatangan Belanda ke Indonesia termasuk Balai Pustaka. Abdoel Moeis adalah salah politik kolonialnya (Ronidin, 2010: 152). satu contohnya. Ia diupah tinggi sebagai Sejak awal abad ke-16, kekayaan yang tenaga kerja di Balai Pustaka. Begitu pun, terdapat di kepulauan nusantara menarik Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana (Faruk, 2007: 50). bangsa asing untuk datang ke Indonesia Kontrol sosial dan politik yang dilakukan, (Hindia Belanda) dalam upaya memperbaiki bukan saja kepada pribumi sebagai tenaga perekonomian mereka1.Perdagangan hasil kerja, tetapi juga pengarang (sastrawan) bumi, terutama rempah-rempah, sekaligus karya sastra yang diterbitkan memberikan keuntungan besar bagi Eropa. ketika itu. Keuntungan yang besar itu secara Novel Salah Asuhan, Siti Nurbaya, dan berkelanjutan mengundang bangsa-bangsa Belenggu adalah karya sastra-karya sastra Eropa datang ke Indonesia dan berlomba- yang sudah mengalami sensor dari tangan lomba menjalankan monopoli perdagangan. kolonial sebelum akhirnya teks-teks (novel- Dalam persaingan dagang itu, Belanda se- novel) itu dibaca masyarakat pribumi. Novel- bagai pihak pemenang melalui suatu novel itu harus sesuai dengan standar persekutuan usaha dagang yang disebut bacaan yang sudah ditetapkan oleh Balai VOC (Verenigde Oost Indische Pustaka berdasarkan keputusan D.A. Compagnie/Perserikatan Maskapai Hindia Ringkes; salah satunya Timur) pada awal abad ke-17 atau tepatnya adalah karya sastra yang diterbitkan tidak pada tahun 1602 (Ricklefs, 1988: 25; bertentangan dengan garis politik Lasang, 1984: 6). Selanjutnya, Belanda pemerintah Belanda (Sarwadi, 2004: 28). mulai memikirkan mengenai upaya-upaya Dalam sensor yang dilakukan, kolonial untuk menguasai perdagangan di tanah air menciptakan sebuah pencitraan diri, dalam upaya memperkaya negaranya. orientalisme, dan tetap menempatkan Dalam upaya memperkaya negaranya, pribumi sebagai budak. Budak pekerja dan selain mengeksploitasi kekayaan alam dan budak peniru budaya-budaya Barat. Walaupun demikian, novel-novel Balai 1 Upaya meningkatkan perekonomian Pustaka juga menunjukkan perlawanann sebagai salah satu alasan utama secara tersembunyi dari para pengarang. imperialisme negara negara Barat, Darma (2010, 172) menyatakan bahwa selain alasan kompetisi antarnegara dalam karya sastra, dikotomi antara (Scholten, 1993: 93) Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora | 250 ISSN: 2303-2898 Vol. 2, No. 2, Oktober 2013 melakukan monopoli2 perdagangan, sisme sengaja diciptakan dalam upaya Belanda juga melakukan eksploitasi tenaga memecah belah masyarakat pribumi rakyat melalui perekrutan tenaga kerja (Casaire dalam Prasaja (1998:1). budak. Sebagai kaum budak, pribumi Penggambaran mengenai penindasan dikuasai sepenuh tubuh dan pelayanannya, budak dan perlawanan budak (pribumi) di- didudukkan sebagai kelas sosial yang paling gambarkan dalam karya sastra Siti Nurbaya rendah, diwajibkan melaksanakan segala karya Marah Rusli, Salah Asuhan, perintah penguasa (Nieboer, 1910: 4-5). Pertemuan Jodoh karya Abdoel Moeis, Berkenaan dengan perekrutan budak itu, Hulubalang Raja, dan Katak Hendak Jadi akhirnya Indonesia menjadi negeri Lembu karya Nur Sutan Iskandar, yang perdagangan budak (Wertheim, 1999: 186) merupakan subjek penelitian ini. di berbagai kawasannya. Beberapa Ada beberapa alasan pentingnya kawasan penting di Indonesia yang pernah resistensi budak dalam novel-novel terbitan terlibat praktik perbudakan, antara lain Balai Pustaka tersebut melalui kajian Sulawesi, Jawa, Buton, Irian, Bali, dan poskolonialisme dilakukan. Alasan Sumatera (Marsden, 1999: 165). Pada masa berkenaan dengan posisi dan pentingnya itu, perbudakan menjadi suatu yang lumrah karya sastra dan pengarang. Yang bagi penduduk di nusantara, khususnya pertama adalah novel Siti Nurbaya. Novel ini Sumatera. Sementara itu, Pulau Nias dikatakan sebagai puncak-puncak kejayaan dijadikan sebagai daerah penyuplai budak. Balai Pustaka (Sarwadi, 2004: 33). Novel ini Pribumi semakin menderita karena dikarang oleh Marah Rusli. Marah Rusli Belanda secara terus-menerus melakukan adalah pengarang penting dalam Balai penindasan dalam beragam macam bentuk. Pustaka. Pentingnya Marah Rusli karena ia Stratifikasi sosial3 yang mengarah pada ra- dapat mencipatakan karya sastra yang paling banyak dibaca oleh masyarakat (ibid). 2 Perkembangan yang mendorong kapitalisme modern Novel yang keduda adalah novel Salah (monopoli) di Indonesia menurut Boejoeng Saleh Asuhan karangan Abdoel Moeis. Novel ini juga dapat dikatakan sebagai puncak- (dalam Razif, 2005: 13-14) adalah ketika negara puncak kejayaan Balai Pustaka karena kolonial memberlakukan Undang-undang De Waal novel ini menyampaikan isi dan pada 9 April 1870 yang diperkuat dengan UU menggunakan bahasa yang sangat baik Pertambangan 28 Mei 1899 (Minyak, Timah, Batu bagi Balai Pustaka. Akibat nilai sastra dan Bara, Emas, dll). Undang-undang pertama, mencoba bahasa yang tinggi itulah, Abdoel Moeis menghapuskan Domienverklaring (kekuasaan kolonial juga tercatat sebagai pengarang penting yang memanfaatkan penguasa-penguasa pribumi untuk bagi Balai Pustaka ketika itu (Sarwadi, 2004: melakukan represi politik ke bawah sehingga Gubernur 33). Yang ketiga adalah novel Pertemuan Jenderal dapat menaklukkan
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