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MODERN INDONESIAN LITERATURE to MARIJKE, ANANDI, JOSINE, ARIE and KRISTINE, Who Have So Generously Shared Their Father with All His Funny Books

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MODERN INDONESIAN LITERATURE to MARIJKE, ANANDI, JOSINE, ARIE and KRISTINE, Who Have So Generously Shared Their Father with All His Funny Books MODERN INDONESIAN LITERATURE To MARIJKE, ANANDI, JOSINE, ARIE and KRISTINE, who have so generously shared their father with all his funny books. KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND· EN VOLKENKUNDE 'TRANSLATION SERIES 10 MODERN INDONESIAN LITERATURE BY A. TEEUW UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED UNDER A GRANT FROM THE NETHERLANDS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCES ISBN 978-94-015-0250-4 ISBN 978-94-015-0768-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-0768-4 SOFTCOVER REPRINT OF THE HARDCOVER 1ST EDITION 1967 FOREWORD The histQry of this book dates back exactly 20 years. When I first set foot on the shores O'f Indonesia in September 1947, I was, amongst other things, assigned the task 0'£ teaching Malay literature in an advanced teacher-training course, with the instructiOon to' lay stress on modern literature. This was easier said than done, as very little had been written Oon the subject, and few materials were available to me. From this period I recall with great gratitude the regular and friendly contacts I had with Mr. Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, whO' in many ways helped me with information and documentatiO'n. The editQrs of the magazine "Kritiek en Opbouw" found my lecture­ nffies Qn some pre-war authors worth publishing. These articles, with an introduction on Bahasa Indonesia and some other additiQns, were subsequently coUected and published by Pembangunan under the title Voltooid Voorspel (Completed Prelude) (Djakarta 1950). The little book sold fairly quickly, but rather than publishing a new edition in Dutch the publisher was interested in bringing out an Indo~ nesian adaptation. Much material was added, the larger part of which had been CQllected by writing occasional reviews Qf Indonesian literary works for the Dutch newspaper Nieuwsgier in Djakarta. The text of the book was very conscientiously turned intO' Bahasa Indonesia by Anku Raihul Amar gl. DaItuk Besar, according to the requirements demanded of a pre-waJr 'translateur' hut perhaps with mOore deference to' the Dutch author's vQice than awareness of the exigencies of a new language in a new era. The Indonesian hOQk was called Pokok dan Tokoh dalam Kesusasteraan Indonesia Baru (Topics and Figures in Modern Indonesian Lirerature) (Djakarta 1952). A new, expanded version in two volumes appeared in 1955. In 1961 the Board Qf the Koninklijk Insiliuut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology) decided to include Pokok dan Tokoh in its translation prQject, which is meant to make the results of Dutch scholarship available to the world at large. TranslatiQn, however, has turned out to be a gross euphemism for the process which the original Indonesian texrt: had to undergo. As for VI MODERN INDONESIAN LITERATURE the text, I found it impossible to restrict myself to minor additions and corrections. When I started to occupy myself again with this literatul"e systematically, it turned out to be a new literaJt:ure in many respects - or should I say that I was a new reader? In any case the 1"esulrt of this new confrontation with the subject is not the translation of an old book, but a book which is new in design, contents and expression. An effort has been made especially to remove the haphazard and a1"bitrary element inherent in Pokok dan Tokok, due in part to the way this earlier book had developed piecemeal. BtlIt even though I flatter myself with the hope that the present book is more objective, more systematic and more complete than its predecessor, I am not at all certain that this means progress in all respects. Aiming at a certain completeness inevitably led to sometimes rather dry enumerations of what are hardly more than marginal phenomena of modern literature (e.g. the section on the sja'ir, the 'Odds and Ends' etc.). On Ithe other hand, the subject itself did not always allow me to maintain the objec­ tivity of a scholarly discussion. Confrontation with authors like Chairi1 Anwar, Amir Harnzah or Pramudya Ananta Tur does not take place in an atmosphere of detachmenJt, and consequently the book tends in places to be literary criticism rather than literary history. This double viewpoint of history and criticism also finds expression in the strudture of the book as a whole. There are sections in which a historiOaJl survey is given alongside separate essays devoted to specific authors. It is not accidental, of course, that in the treatmenJt of pre-war literature historical description dominaJtes, whereas post-war authors receive more individual attention. The pre-war period, the 'completed prelude' is a period which is now well rounded-off, so that an assess­ ment can be made of ius historical significance. The poet Amir Harnzah seems to be the only one who survived that period as a creative writer, so a separate essay has been devoted to him alone. On the other hand the literatuI"e of the Angkatan 45 is still so contemporary and alive that an individual accounJt of the work of the main authors seemed called for. For obvious reasons the newest generation could only be dea1Jt with summarily in this study. The homogeneity of the book, already suffedng from the effects of the double viewpoint sketched above, has been still further effected by another approach which crept in in the final stage of writing the book. A series of lectures on Indonesian literature as a possible source for anthropologists and sociologists, which was given during the academic year 1965-66 at the request of Professor G. W. Locher for students FOREWORD VII in the social sciences, fOirced me to re-read many novels and stories from a rather different angle, and this reOirientart:ion has had its con­ sequences fOir the final shaping of the book. The process of translating this book intOi English pr-oved tOi be a rather laborious one. Initially I started tOi turn Part I into English myself. However my experiences with translating and wr-iting in English were so frustrating that the book stagnated for some time. Only when I found Mr. and Mrs. Russell Jones willing to undertake the re-writing of the part which had then been finished, as well as the translation of the rest OIf the book, did I find the courage to continue this work. I am extemely grateful to both Mr. and Mrs. Jones for the energy, patience and devotion which they bestowed Q1n my book - the loss of the illusiQln of myself ever being able to write an essay in reasonable English I gladly take into the bargain! I als,o assume full responsibility for any offence against English idiQlm which may be left in the text as a result of my ineradicable vice Q1f last-minute muddling with a manuscript. I am happy to express my gratitude to Mrs. W. E. Haver Droeze­ Hulswit who typed the final draft of the manuscript, at the same time smoathing out a gre3Jt number of incOinsistencies and unevennesses in the text. I am also grateful to Professolr G. J. Resink and to Mr. S. O. RobsQln, M.A., both af whom have carefully read the proofs of the book and have given many valuable suggestions far its improvement. I wish ta acknowledge my debt of gratitude ta the publishing house of Pembangunan in Djakarta, and its director Drs. Hazil Tanzil, who so readily gave his permission to use the Indanesian book Pokok dan Tokoh as the basis for this new English book. To the Board of the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en V olkenkunde in Leiden I express my apprecicution fOir its willingness tOi oOinsider this book worthy of publicatian in the scholarly Translation Series, even though it is neither completely scholarly nor really a translation. This appreciation is also extended to the Ministry of Education and Sciences which provides the funds fQlr this Translation Series. Pembangunan and various private persons have most liberally made photQlgraphs available forr the illustration of this book - persons in­ cluding Messrs. F. A. E. Batten, H. B. Jassin, J. M. Arsath Ro'is, Ajip RQlsidi and W. S. Rendra. To all of them I am deeply thankful. For the translation of some IndQlnesian poems quoted in the text, the author and translatQlrs have made use of published translations by VIII MODERN INDONESIAN LITERATURE Professors A. H. Johns and B. Raffel, the latter in collaboration with St. Takdir Alisjahbana, Sabina Thornton, Nurdin Sailam and Jean Kennedy. I gratefully acknowledge their permission, as well as that of the Asia Society which holds the copyright of Mr. Raffel's Anthology of Modern Indonesian Poetry (University of California Press) to use their work. I assume of course full responsibility for any deviations which I permitted myself from their tra:nslaJtions. In the appendix more detailed acknowledgements have been made. ALthough formal permission for quotations from Indonesian publi­ cations is not needed, as Indonesia is not yet a member of the Berne Copyright Convention, I wish to acknowledge that this book has greatly profited from the work of many authors and publishers of magazines and books, including direct quotations. Those deserving special mention in this respect are the magazines Siasat, Mimbar Indonesia, Indonesia and Pudjangga Baru, and the publishers Balai Pustaka, Pustaka Ra'jat, Pembangunan, Gunung Agung, Djambatan 'and Nusantara. Explicit mention should be made of the great debt which I owe tOi Drs. H. B. Jassin, whose numerous wmks I have shamelessly plundered for the documentation included in this book. Finally I offer a few practical remarks intended to faciliJt:ate the use of this book by the reader. Indonesian and Dutch pro~e quotations have usually been translated in the text.
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