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Aphrodisiac Property of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Raphia

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Aphrodisiac Property of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Raphia International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine Volume 17, Issue no. 6, https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v17i6.4813 Production and Hosting by Knowledge E Research Article Aphrodisiac property of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Raphia vinifera (Arecaceae) in sexually experienced male rats Pierre Watcho1 Ph.D., Fred Lih1 M.Sc., Patrick Brice Defo Deeh1 Ph.D., Modeste Wankeu-Nya2 Ph.D., Esther Ngadjui1 Ph.D., Georges Romeo Fozing Bonsou1 M.Sc., Albert Kamanyi1 Ph.D., Pierre Kamtchouing3 Ph.D. 1Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. 2Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Department of Animal Organisms Biology, University of Douala Douala, Cameroon. 3Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Corresponding Author: Abstract Pierre Watcho; Department of Animal Background: Raphia vinifera (Arecaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used as a Biology, Faculty of Science, sexual enhancer. Animal Physiology and Objective: To investigate the aphrodisiac potential of aqueous extract (AE) and Phytopharmacology methanolic extract (ME) of R. vinifera in sexually experienced male rats. Laboratory, University of Dschang, Dschang, Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into six Cameroon. groups (5 rats per group) and administered for 14 days with distilled water (10 ml/kg), Email: pierre.watcho@univ- sildenafil citrate (1.44 mg/kg), and AE or ME of R. vinifera (100 or 500 mg/kg). The dschang.org copulatory activity was tested on days 0, 7, and 14 using receptive females. Further, on Tel: (+23)7677516130 Postal Code: P.O. BOX 67 day 14, rats were sacrificed and biochemical analyses (testosterone, total protein, and acid phosphatase) were performed. Received 20 August 2018 Results: Sildenafil citrate significantly decreased the intromission latency (day 14, Revised 15 January 2019 Accepted 4 February 2019 p = 0.04) and frequency (days 7 and 14, p = 0.03) but increased the mount frequency (day 14, p = 0.04), compared with control. Remarkably, R. vinifera enhanced the sexual activity by significantly decreasing the intromission latency (AE and ME, 500 mg/kg, Production and Hosting by Knowledge E day 14, p = 0.04) and increasing the mount frequency (AE and ME, 100 mg/kg, day 7, p = 0.02) compared with control. Moreover, R. vinifera improved plasmatic (AE, 100 Pierre Watcho et al. This mg/kg, p = 0.03; AE, 500 mg/kg, p = 0.001; ME, 100 mg/kg, p = 0.01) and testicular (AE, article is distributed under the terms of the Creative 100 mg/kg, p = 0.001; AE, 500 mg/kg, p = 0.01; ME, 100 mg/kg, p = 0.001; ME, 500 Commons Attribution License, mg/kg, p = 0.01) testosterone levels as well as plasmatic total proteins concentration which permits unrestricted (ME, 500 mg/kg, p = 0.04). use and redistribution Conclusion: These findings showed that R. vinifera possesses an aphrodisiac property provided that the original author and source are which could further justify its folkloric use in traditional medicine as a sexual enhancer. credited. Editor-in-Chief: Key words: Raphia vinifera, Aphrodisiac, Testosterone, Rat. Aflatoonian Abbas M.D. How to cite this article: Watcho P, Lih F, Deeh PBD, Wankeu-Nya M, Ngadjui E, Bonsou GRF, Kamanyi A, Kamtchouing P. “Aphrodisiac property of aqueous and Page 413 methanolic extracts of Raphia vinifera (Arecaceae) in sexually experienced male rats,” Int J Reprod BioMed 2019; 17: 413–424. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v17i6.4813 International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine Watcho et al. 1. Introduction as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins (10). However, no scientific work has been con- An aphrodisiac is defined as any agent capa- ducted to confirm its aphrodisiac claim in folkloric ble of arousing the sexual instinct, inducing ven- medicine. eral desire and increasing pleasure and perfor- Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate mance (1, 2). Aphrodisiacs are commonly classified the aphrodisiac potential of R. vinifera fruits in into two categories: psycho-physiological stimuli sexually experienced male rats. To achieve our preparations (olfactory, visual, tactile, and aural) goal, mount, intromission, and ejaculatory laten- and internal agents, mainly obtained from plants cies and frequencies, as well as body and sex- (food, alcoholic drinks, and love potion) (1). Male ual organ weights were evaluated. Testosterone sexual behavior is a complex process coordi- level (plasmatic and testicular), total protein con- nated and maintained by internal and external centration (plasmatic and epidydimal), and pro- signals (3). It includes precopulatory and copulatory static acid phosphatase concentration were also behaviors that permit males to detect and locate determined. Since the phytochemical compounds females, assess their potential mating appropri- revealed in R. vinifera extracts act on steroido- ateness, thereby stimulating a receptive response. genesis (10) by increasing the production of sex Various synthetic substances such as dopamine, hormones, especially testosterone, this plant could amyl nitrite, and sildenafil citrate, commonly used be an alternative treatment of erectile dysfunc- to improve sexual desire and performance are tion. associated with side effects (4). In developing countries, the search for new compounds from medicinal plants is being intensified, probably due 2. Materials and Methods to low side effects, easy availability, low cost, and high efficacy. For instance, Dracaena arborea (5), 17훽-œstradiol benzoate and progesterone Guibourtia tessmannii (6), and Ficus asperifolia (7) (Sigma Chemicals, St Louis, USA), Penicillin G are reported to have prosexual properties in male (Clarion Medicals, Nigeria), Diazepam (Renaudin, rats. France), and Ketamine (Rotex Medica, Germany) Raphia vinifera, commonly known as king bam- were used. Estradiol and progesterone were boo palm is an evergreen, single-stemmed palm prepared and administered as described tree with an unbranched, rather a stout stem that previously (7) while other chemicals were directly can be 5-m tall. This plant is found in swamps used. Doses were selected from our previous and other moist locations, especially on the edges study (7). of creeks, and distributed from Benin eastward to the Democratic Republic of Congo (8). In West Cameroon, a decoction of the apical bud of R. 2.1. Plant collection vinifera is used for the treatment of gonorrhea and other genito-urinary infections, while the leaf is Fresh fruits of R. vinifera were harvested in used against witchcraft, poison, and various sexu- March 2014 in Bafou, Menoua Division, west region ally transmitted diseases (9). The oily mesocarp of of Cameroon. It was identified by a botanist fruits is eaten and can be fermented into a strong (Mr. Victor Nana) at the National Herbarium of drink for ritual use (9) or to increase sexual ability as Cameroon. After removing the scales of the fruits, per the traditional medicine. The impressive range they were dried for five days (at room temperature) of medicinal uses of R. vinifera fruits may be due and reduced to powder. The powder obtained was to the presence of various phyto-constituents such used for the preparation of the extracts. Page 414 https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v17i6.4813 International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine Aphrodisiac property of Raphia vinifera 2.2. Preparation of the aqueous and and no rejection behavior were selected for the methanolic extracts heterosexual copulatory tests. The powder of R. vinifera (100 gr) was macerated 2.4.2. Sexual training and selection of in 100 mL of distilled water for 72 hr. The macerate sexually experienced rats was filtered and the filtrate was oven dried (56°C) to obtain 20.06 g of aqueous extract (AE) of R. Each male was mated with an estrus female vinifera (extraction yield: 20.06%). The methanolic and the sexual behavior-related parameters were extract (ME) was obtained by maceration of 100 gr recorded as previously described (7). Briefly, single of powder of R. vinifera in 1000 mL of methanol male rat was placed in test cage and an adaptation for 72 hr at room temperature. After filtration, the period (5-10 min) was allowed. An estrus female filtrate was evaporated, using a rotary evaporator was introduced in the cage and the copulatory (75°C) under reduced pressure and 14.50 gr of ME behavior was permitted for 25 min. Male rats was obtained (extraction yield: 14.5%). exhibiting active sexual behavior (presence of mount and intromission, and ejaculation latencies 2.3. Animals of less than 15 min) were considered as sexually experienced (7) and used in the present study. Adult male and female Wistar rats (> 90 days, 200–230 gr body weight) were obtained from 2.4.3. Animal repartition and sexual the animal house of the Department of Animal behavior test Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon. Males and females were housed sep- Thirty sexually experienced male rats were ran- arately and maintained under standard laboratory domly distributed into six groups (five animals per conditions (12 hr light/dark cycle, 22 ± 1°C), with free group) and treated (per os) as follows: group 1, access to food and water. distilled water (10 ml/kg/day); group 2, sildenafil citrate (1.44 mg/kg/day, positive control); groups 3 2.4. Experiments and 4, AE of R. vinifera (100 or 500 mg/kg/day), and groups 5 and 6, ME of R. vinifera (100 or 2.4.1. Estrus females 500 mg/kg). All administrations were done orally once a day (between 7:00 am and 8:00 am) for The female rats were ovariectomized under 14 days using a gavage tube. The doses of plant anesthesia (diazepam/ketamine). After post- extracts and duration of treatment were chosen surgical recovery, estrus was induced by the from our pilot study (unpublished). On days 0 sequential subcutaneous administration of 17훽- (before treatment), 7, and 14, the copulatory activity estradiol benzoate (30 µg) and progesterone (600 (mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculation µg) after 48 hr and 6 hr, respectively (7).
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