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,. / UXVT/O.J _/ t //^ <P*)- ouj Plant Resources ofSouth-Eas t Asia No 14 Vegetable oils and fats H.A.M. van der Vossen and B.E. Umali (Editors) H Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2001 \h^ i ^35^50 DR H.A.M, VAN DER VOSSEN graduated from Wageningen University in 1964 with an Ir (MSc) degree in tropical agronomy and plant breeding. He was re­ search officer-in-charge of the Oil Palm Research Centre at Kade, Ghana from 1964 to 1971 and head of the Coffee Breeding Unit at the Coffee Research Sta­ tion near Ruiru, Kenya, from 1971 to 1981. He obtained his PhD degree from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1974 with a thesis on breeding and quantitative genetics in the oil palm. In 1981 he joined Sluis & Groot Seed Company at Enkhuizen (Netherlands) as research manager and subsequently became director of the breeding programmes for vegetable and flower seed crops. After early retirement in 1993 he went overseas once more as seed in­ dustry adviser to the Ministry ofAgricultur e in Dhaka, Bangladesh until 1996. Since that time he has been active as a freelance consultant in plant breeding, and has undertaken assignments concerning vegetable seeds, cereal crops, co­ coa, oil palm and coffee. He has published over 40 scientific papers and written a chapter on breeding in two handbooks on coffee, contributed as co-author and associate editor of PROSEA No 8 Vegetables and as co-author and co-editor of PROSEA No 16 Stimulants. DR B.E. UMALI graduated from the University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) in 1975 with a BSc degree in agriculture (major in horticulture). She started working in the Department of Horticulture, UPLB in a research project on post-harvest physiology and handling of fruits and vegetables. Subsequently she became involved as a graduate assistant in a comprehensive technology transfer and extension programme of UPLB while pursuing graduate studies that led to a MSc degree in horticulture in 1981. After graduation, she trans­ ferred to the Crops Research Division of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) where she is still based. At PCARRD, she has been responsible for various activities such as the formulation, monitoring and evaluation of R & D projects and pro­ grammes on different crop commodities. As subject matter specialist, she has prepared write-ups, coordinated the preparation of and co-edited several publi­ cations for extension specialists and farmers. In summer of 1999, she obtained a PhD degree in development communication from UPLB. ISBN 90-5782-095-1 NUGI 835 Design: Frits Stoepman bNO. © Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 2001. No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electric or electromagnetic record without written permission from the copyright holder, Prosea Founda­ tion, P.O. Box 332, Bogor 16122, Indonesia. Printed in the Netherlands by Veenman drukkers, Ede. Published and distributed for the Prosea Foundation by Backhuys Publishers, P.O. Box 321,230 0 AH Leiden, the Netherlands. Contents Editors and contributors 7 Prosea Board ofTrustee s and Personnel 9 Foreword 12 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Definition and species diversity 13 1.1.1 Choice of species 13 1.1.2 Origin and geographic distribution 14 1.2 Role of oil crops 16 1.2.1 Edible uses of vegetable oils 16 1.2.2 Technical uses of vegetable oils 17 1.2.3 Seeds, fruits and meals for food and feed 18 1.2.4 Production and international trade 19 1.3 Properties ofvegetabl e oils and meals 22 1.3.1 Oil content 22 1.3.2 Chemical aspects of vegetable oils 23 1.3.3 Physical aspects of vegetable oils 27 1.3.4 Nutritional and health aspects of vegetable oils 28 1.3.5 Nutritional aspects of oilseed meals 31 1.3.6 Toxic and anti-nutritional substances 33 1.4 Botany 34 1.5 Ecology 34 1.5.1 Climatic factors 34 1.5.2 Soils 36 1.6 Agronomy 38 1.6.1 Production systems 38 1.6.2 Propagation 39 1.6.3 Field preparation and planting 39 1.6.4 Intercropping 41 1.6.5 Plant nutrition 41 1.6.6 Cropprotection 43 1.7 Harvesting and post-harvest handling 44 1.7.1 Annual oil crops 44 1.7.2 Perennial oil crops 45 1.8 Processing 46 1.8.1 Oil extraction 46 1.8.2 Refining 49 1.8.3 Modification 51 1.9 Genetic resources and breeding 51 1.9.1 Genetic resources 51 1.9.2 Breeding 53 1.10 Seed supply systems 57 1.11 Prospects 59 1.11.1 Demand and supply 59 1.11.2 Research 61 2 Alphabetical treatment of genera and species 63 Brassica rapeseed 65 Carthamus tinctorius safflower 70 Cocos nucifera coconut 76 Elaeis guineensis oil palm 85 Garcinia kokam butter tree, tamal 94 Guizotia abyssinica niger seed 97 Helianthus annuus sunflower 101 Olea europaea olive 107 Reutealis trisperma Philippine tung 112 Ricinus communis castor 115 Salvia hispanica chia 120 Sesamum orientale sesame 123 Shorea tengkawang 128 Simmondsia chinensis jojoba 134 Triadica sebiferum Chinese tallow tree 138 Vernicia tung-oil tree, wood-oil tree 142 3 Minor vegetable oils and fats 147 4 Plants yielding vegetable oils and fats but with other primary use 171 Literature 179 Acknowledgments 190 Acronyms of organizations 191 Glossary 193 Sources of illustrations 210 Index of scientific plant names 212 Index ofvernacula r plant names 221 The Prosea Foundation 224 Editors and contributors General editors of the Prosea Handbook P.C.M. Jansen, E. Westphal and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto Editorial staff of this volume - Editors: H.A.M. van der Vossen and B.E. Umali - Associate editors: L.P.A. Oyen and P.C.M. Jansen (botanical aspects) - Illustrator: P. Verheij-Hayes - Language corrector: S. van Otterloo-Butler Contributors - N.O.Aguilar , Plant Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Univer­ sity of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), College, Laguna 4031, the Philip­ pines (Reutealis trisperma, Vernicia) - Q.D. de la Cruz, Seed Research and Development Centre, Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, the Philippines (Sesamum ori­ entale) - Soonthorn Duriyaprapan, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), 196 Phahonyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (Helianthus annuus) - S. Gopakumar, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University Post, Thrissur, Pin - 680656, Kerala, India (Garcinia) - J.J. Hardon, Hartenseweg 18, 6705 BJ Wageningen, the Netherlands (Elaeis guineensis) - P.C.M. Jansen, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wa­ geningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Triadica sebiferum, minor species, associate editor) - S.S. Magat, Agricultural Research Management Department, Philippine Co­ conut Authority (PCA), Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City, the Philippi­ nes (Cocos nucifera) - N. Moutier, UMR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Cul­ tivées, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Insti­ tut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 2 Place Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France (Olea europaea) - J.G. Ohler (f), Naarden, the Netherlands (Cocos nucifera) - H.C. Ong, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Vernicia) - L.P.A. Oyen, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wa- 8 VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS geningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Carthamus tinctorius, Reutealis trisperma, Ricinus communis, Salvia his- panica, Simmondsia chinensis, associate editor) N. Rajanaidu, PORIM, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Ka- jang, Selangor, Malaysia (Elaeis guineensis) A.T. Salang, Forest Department, Timber Research and Technical Training Centre (TRTTC), KM 10, Old Airport Road, 93990 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Shorea) C.J.P. Seegeler, De Veldse Hofstede 72, 6771 HH Zetten, the Netherlands (Ricinus communis) B. Seibert, GOPA Consultants, Hindenburgring 18, 61348 Bad Homburg, Germany (Shorea) H. Toxopeus, Nassauweg 14, 6703 CH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Brassi­ ca) B. E. Umali, Crops Research Division, Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Los Banos, Laguna 4030, the Philippines (Carthamus tinctorius, Guizotia abyssi- nica, Salvia hispanica, Triadica sebiferum, editor) H.A.M. van der Vossen, Steenuil 18, 1606 CA Venhuizen, the Netherlands (Introduction, Elaeis guineensis, Helianthus annuus, Olea europaea, editor) E.A. Weiss, 12 Waldemar Road, Eaglemont 3084, Victoria, Australia (Sesa- mum orientale) N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto, Prosea Network Office, Herbarium Bogoriense, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22, P.O.Box 234, Bogor 16122, Indonesia (minor species) K. Yantasath, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 196 Phahonyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (Guizotia abyssini- ca) Prosea Board ofTrustee s and Personnel (August 2001) Board of Trustees Aprilani Soegiarto (LIPI, Indonesia), chairman C.M. Karssen (WU, the Netherlands), vice-chairman Abdul Razak Mohd. Ali (FRIM, Malaysia) P. Siaguru (UNITECH, Papua New Guinea) P.S. Faylon (PCARRD, the Philippines) Birasak Varasundharosoth (TISTR, Thailand) Vu Quang Con (IEBR, Vietnam) J.M. Schippers (PUDOC-DLO) Soekiman Atmosoedaryo (à titre personnel) Sampurno Kadarsan (à titre personnel) Personnel Indonesia A. Budiman, Programme Leader Hadi Sutarno, Country Officer Hernowo, Assistant Country Officer S. Rochani, Assistant Country Officer Z. Chairani, Assistant Country Officer Malaysia Abdul Razak Mohd. Ali, Programme Leader Elizabeth Philip, Country Officer Mohd. Rizal bin Mohd. Kassim, Assistant Country Officer Papua New Guinea P. Siaguru, Programme Leader T. Brookings, Acting Country Officer 10 VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS The Philippines P.S. Faylon, Programme Leader J.T. Batalon, Country Officer J.L. Solivas, Assistant Country Officer L.M. Melegrito, Assistant Country Officer M. Viado, Assistant Country Officer E. Naval, Assistant Country Officer Thailand Soonthorn Duriyaprapan, Programme Leader Taksin Artchawakom, Country Officer Sayan Tanpanich, Assistant Country Officer C.
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  • Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia

    Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia

    RAP PUBLICATION 2006/07 MANGROVE GUIDEBOOK FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA The designations and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO. Authored by: Wim Giesen, Stephan Wulffraat, Max Zieren and Liesbeth Scholten ISBN: 974-7946-85-8 FAO and Wetlands International, 2006 Printed by: Dharmasarn Co., Ltd. First print: July 2007 For copies write to: Forest Resources Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] ii FOREWORDS Large extents of the coastlines of Southeast Asian countries were once covered by thick mangrove forests. In the past few decades, however, these mangrove forests have been largely degraded and destroyed during the process of development. The negative environmental and socio-economic impacts on mangrove ecosystems have led many government and non- government agencies, together with civil societies, to launch mangrove conservation and rehabilitation programmes, especially during the 1990s. In the course of such activities, programme staff have faced continual difficulties in identifying plant species growing in the field. Despite a wide availability of mangrove guidebooks in Southeast Asia, none of these sufficiently cover species that, though often associated with mangroves, are not confined to this habitat.