On Romani Origins and Identity
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The Indian Origin of Romani People As a Founding Myth in Eastern European Museums Douglas Neander Sambati1
The Indian Origin of Romani people as a Founding Myth 39 Douglas Sambati https://doi.org/10.36572/csm.2019.vol.58.03 The Indian Origin of Romani people as a Founding Myth in Eastern European Museums Douglas Neander Sambati1 Introduction This article analyses three museums – the Muzeum Romské Kultury (MRK) in Brno/Czech Republic, the Muzej Romské Kulture (MRKu) in Belgrade/Serbia, and the Roma Ethnographic Museum (REM) in Tárnow/Poland – and part of its exhibitions which can be considered as elements of the Romani Nationalism. The main objective is to demonstrate how these museum institutions support a broad narrative about a common Indian origin of Gypsy/Romani populations. It will be discussed below how the aforementioned museums – by means of their exhibitions, websites, events or any other kind of official production – support sets of representations which allow a formation of an umbrella rhetoric about the group known, taken and self-ascribed as Gypsies and/or Roma. This discourse, then, is able to shelter all different groups within this population in a holistic manner, based on a narrative formed by essentializations, exoticizations and generalizations. Therefore, the argument will be developed from now onwards by establishing a dialogue of elements which essentialize – in the sense that they imply natural and intrinsic characteristics – some aspects of Roma history and 1 Grupo de Pesquisa Estudos Interdisciplinares de Patrimônio Cultural da UNIVILLE. [email protected] 40 Cadernos de Sociomuseologia, 2019.vol.58.nº14 culture. In plain words, it is possible to find within these museums some specific deliberation which sustains none (or little) doubt that some characteristics are part of a claimed Romani way of life. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Arabic Sociolinguistics: Topics in Diglossia, Gender, Identity, And
Arabic Sociolinguistics Arabic Sociolinguistics Reem Bassiouney Edinburgh University Press © Reem Bassiouney, 2009 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh Typeset in ll/13pt Ehrhardt by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and East bourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 2373 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 2374 7 (paperback) The right ofReem Bassiouney to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Acknowledgements viii List of charts, maps and tables x List of abbreviations xii Conventions used in this book xiv Introduction 1 1. Diglossia and dialect groups in the Arab world 9 1.1 Diglossia 10 1.1.1 Anoverviewofthestudyofdiglossia 10 1.1.2 Theories that explain diglossia in terms oflevels 14 1.1.3 The idea ofEducated Spoken Arabic 16 1.2 Dialects/varieties in the Arab world 18 1.2. 1 The concept ofprestige as different from that ofstandard 18 1.2.2 Groups ofdialects in the Arab world 19 1.3 Conclusion 26 2. Code-switching 28 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Problem of terminology: code-switching and code-mixing 30 2.3 Code-switching and diglossia 31 2.4 The study of constraints on code-switching in relation to the Arab world 31 2.4. 1 Structural constraints on classic code-switching 31 2.4.2 Structural constraints on diglossic switching 42 2.5 Motivations for code-switching 59 2. -
Analogy in Lovari Morphology
Analogy in Lovari Morphology Márton András Baló Ph.D. dissertation Supervisor: László Kálmán C.Sc. Doctoral School of Linguistics Gábor Tolcsvai Nagy MHAS Theoretical Linguistics Doctoral Programme Zoltán Bánréti C.Sc. Department of Theoretical Linguistics Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest Budapest, 2016 Contents 1. General introduction 4 1.1. The aim of the study of language . 4 2. Analogy in grammar 4 2.1. Patterns and exemplars versus rules and categories . 4 2.2. Analogy and similarity . 6 2.3. Neither synchronic, nor diachronic . 9 2.4. Variation and frequency . 10 2.5. Rich memory and exemplars . 12 2.6. Paradigms . 14 2.7. Patterns, prototypes and modelling . 15 3. Introduction to the Romani language 18 3.1. Discovery, early history and research . 18 3.2. Later history . 21 3.3. Para-Romani . 22 3.4. Recent research . 23 3.5. Dialects . 23 3.6. The Romani people in Hungary . 28 3.7. Dialects in Hungary . 29 3.8. Dialect diversity and dialectal pluralism . 31 3.9. Current research activities . 33 3.10. Research of Romani in Hungary . 34 3.11. The current research . 35 4. The Lovari sound system 37 4.1. Consonants . 37 4.2. Vowels . 37 4.3. Stress . 38 5. A critical description of Lovari morphology 38 5.1. Nominal inflection . 38 5.1.1. Gender . 39 5.1.2. Animacy . 40 5.1.3. Case . 42 5.1.4. Additional features. 47 5.2. Verbal inflection . 50 5.2.1. The present tense . 50 5.2.2. Verb derivation. 54 5.2.2.1. Transitive derivational markers . -
Offprint From: Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Fifth Series, 9: 89-116
Offprint from: Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, fifth series, 9: 89-116. 1999. JOHANN RÜDIGER AND THE STUDY OF ROMANI IN 18TH CENTURY GERMANY Yaron Matras University of Manchester Abstract Rüdiger’s contribution is acknowledged as an original piece of empirical research As the first consice grammatical description of a Romani dialect as well as the first serious attempt at a comparative investigation of the language, it provided the foundation for Romani linguistics. At the same time his work is described as largely intuitive and at times analytically naive. A comparison of the linguistic material is drawn with other contemporary sources, highlighting the obscure origin of the term ‘Sinte’ now used as a self-appellation by Romani-speaking populations of Germany and adjoining regions. 1. Introduction Several different scholars have been associated with laying the foundations for Romani linguistics. Among them are August Pott, whose comparative grammar and dictionary (1844/1845) constituted the first comprehensive contribution to the language, Franz Miklosich, whose twelve-part survey of Romani dialects (1872-1889) was the first contrastive empirical investigation, and John Sampson, whose monograph on Welsh Romani (1926) is still looked upon today as the most focused and systematic attempt at an historical discussion of the language. Heinrich Grellmann is usually given credit for disseminating the theory of the Indian origin of the Romani language, if not for discovering this origin himself. It is Grellmann who is cited at most length and most frequently on this matter. Rüdiger’s contribution from 1782 entitled Von der Sprache und Herkunft der Zigeuner aus Indien (‘On the language and Indian origin of the Gypsies’), which preceded Grellmann’s book, is usually mentioned only in passing, perhaps since it has only recently become more widely available in a reprint (Buske Publishers, Hamburg, 1990) and only in the German original, printed in old German characters. -
Map by Steve Huffman; Data from World Language Mapping System
Svalbard Greenland Jan Mayen Norwegian Norwegian Icelandic Iceland Finland Norway Swedish Sweden Swedish Faroese FaroeseFaroese Faroese Faroese Norwegian Russia Swedish Swedish Swedish Estonia Scottish Gaelic Russian Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Latvia Latvian Scots Denmark Scottish Gaelic Danish Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Danish Danish Lithuania Lithuanian Standard German Swedish Irish Gaelic Northern Frisian English Danish Isle of Man Northern FrisianNorthern Frisian Irish Gaelic English United Kingdom Kashubian Irish Gaelic English Belarusan Irish Gaelic Belarus Welsh English Western FrisianGronings Ireland DrentsEastern Frisian Dutch Sallands Irish Gaelic VeluwsTwents Poland Polish Irish Gaelic Welsh Achterhoeks Irish Gaelic Zeeuws Dutch Upper Sorbian Russian Zeeuws Netherlands Vlaams Upper Sorbian Vlaams Dutch Germany Standard German Vlaams Limburgish Limburgish PicardBelgium Standard German Standard German WalloonFrench Standard German Picard Picard Polish FrenchLuxembourgeois Russian French Czech Republic Czech Ukrainian Polish French Luxembourgeois Polish Polish Luxembourgeois Polish Ukrainian French Rusyn Ukraine Swiss German Czech Slovakia Slovak Ukrainian Slovak Rusyn Breton Croatian Romanian Carpathian Romani Kazakhstan Balkan Romani Ukrainian Croatian Moldova Standard German Hungary Switzerland Standard German Romanian Austria Greek Swiss GermanWalser CroatianStandard German Mongolia RomanschWalser Standard German Bulgarian Russian France French Slovene Bulgarian Russian French LombardRomansch Ladin Slovene Standard -
The Forms of Seeking Accepting and Denying Permissions in English and Awadhi Language
THE FORMS OF SEEKING ACCEPTING AND DENYING PERMISSIONS IN ENGLISH AND AWADHI LANGUAGE A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfilment for the Masters of Education in English Submitted by Jyoti Kaushal Faculty of Education Tribhuwan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal 2018 THE FORMS OF SEEKING ACCEPTING AND DENYING PERMISSIONS IN ENGLISH AND AWADHI LANGUAGE A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfilment for the Masters of Education in English Submitted by Jyoti Kaushal Faculty of Education Tribhuwan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal 2018 T.U. Reg. No.:9-2-540-164-2010 Date of Approval Thesis Fourth Semester Examination Proposal: 18/12/2017 Exam Roll No.: 28710094/072 Date of Submission: 30/05/2018 DECLARATION I hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge this thesis is original; no part of it was earlier submitted for the candidate of research degree to any university. Date: ..…………………… Jyoti Kaushal i RECOMMENDATION FOR ACCEPTANCE This is to certify that Miss Jyoti Kaushal has prepared this thesis entitled The Forms of Seeking, Accepting and Denying Permissions in English and Awadhi Language under my guidance and supervision I recommend this thesis for acceptance Date: ………………………… Mr. Raj Narayan Yadav Reader Department of English Education Faculty of Education TU, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal ii APPROVAL FOR THE RESEARCH This thesis has been recommended for evaluation from the following Research Guidance Committee: Signature Dr. Prem Phyak _______________ Lecturer & Head Chairperson Department of English Education University Campus T.U., Kirtipur, Mr. Raj Narayan Yadav (Supervisor) _______________ Reader Member Department of English Education University Campus T.U., Kirtipur, Mr. -
Genealogical Classification of New Indo-Aryan Languages and Lexicostatistics
Anton I. Kogan Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Moscow); [email protected] Genealogical classification of New Indo-Aryan languages and lexicostatistics Genetic relations among Indo-Aryan languages are still unclear. Existing classifications are often intuitive and do not rest upon rigorous criteria. In the present article an attempt is made to create a classification of New Indo-Aryan languages, based on up-to-date lexicosta- tistical data. The comparative analysis of the resulting genealogical tree and traditional clas- sifications allows the author to draw conclusions about the most probable genealogy of the Indo-Aryan languages. Keywords: Indo-Aryan languages, language classification, lexicostatistics, glottochronology. The Indo-Aryan group is one of the few groups of Indo-European languages, if not the only one, for which no classification based on rigorous genetic criteria has been suggested thus far. The cause of such a situation is neither lack of data, nor even the low level of its historical in- terpretation, but rather the existence of certain prejudices which are widespread among In- dologists. One of them is the belief that real genetic relations between the Indo-Aryan lan- guages cannot be clarified because these languages form a dialect continuum. Such an argu- ment can hardly seem convincing to a comparative linguist, since dialect continuum is by no means a unique phenomenon: it is characteristic of many regions, including those where Indo- European languages are spoken, e.g. the Slavic and Romance-speaking areas. Since genealogi- cal classifications of Slavic and Romance languages do exist, there is no reason to believe that the taxonomy of Indo-Aryan languages cannot be established. -
Romani | Language Roma Children Council Conseil of Europe De L´Europe in Europe Romani | Language
PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMANI | LANGUAGE ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE ROMANI | LANGUAGE Factsheets on Romani Language: General Introduction 0.0 Romani-Project Graz / Dieter W. Halwachs The Roma, Sinti, Calè and many other European population groups who are collectively referred to by the mostly pejorative term “gypsies” refer to their language as Romani, Romanes or romani čhib. Linguistic-genetically it is a New Indo-Aryan language and as such belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. As an Indo-Aryan diaspora language which occurs only outside the Indian subcontinent, Romani has been spoken in Europe since the Middle Ages and today forms an integral part of European linguistic diversity. The first factsheet addresses the genetic and historical aspects of Romani as indicated. Four further factsheets cover the individual linguistic structural levels: lexis, phonology, morphology and syntax. This is followed by a detailed discussion of dialectology and a final presentation of the socio-linguistic situation of Romani. 1_ ROMANI: AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE OF EUROPE deals with the genetic affiliation and with the history of science and linguistics of Romani and Romani linguistics. 2_ WORDS discusses the Romani lexicon which is divided into two layers: Recent loanwords from European languages are opposed by the so-called pre-European inherited lexicon. The latter allowed researchers to trace the migration route of the Roma from India to Europe. 3_ SOUNDS describes the phonology of Romani, which includes a discussion of typical Indo-Aryan sounds and of variety- specific European contact phenomena. THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS WORK ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHORS AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE OFFICIAL POLICY OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE. -
Style Guide Updated 9/22/10
Style Guide Updated 9/22/10 1 Introduction As 2-1-1 grows throughout Ohio, access to one another’s databases and the ability to search them effectively will become more important, especially in disaster scenarios. It is crucial that agencies develop consistency in the way we enter data. The Ohio AIRS Style Guide is a collection of recommended best practices based on AIRS style coupled with actual procedures of Ohio I&Rs. It is intended as a living, breathing document, to be updated and changed as our industry evolves. The AIRS Style Guide, published in March 2007, is a comprehensive document, intended for international use by both agencies and manufacturers. While it answers many questions, it is, by its own admission, impractical for everyday use by individual agencies. The Ohio AIRS Style Guide serves as a narrowing of the funnel: from the general recommendations of the AIRS guide, it reduces the choices to fit our needs as a state. Like the AIRS guide, it acknowledges that individual I&Rs must narrow the funnel even further with specific style conventions based on the variety of information in their own databases; thus, attempts have been made to use the terminology of different software packages currently in use throughout the state. As style decisions are made, however, the standard is always to look up: from the small decisions inherent in collecting a wide range of local information to the broader decisions required for regional consistency to the benchmark set for all I&Rs. For the sake of convenience, the Ohio AIRS Style Guide is structured similarly to the AIRS Style Guide. -
Ossetian Guard the Mountain Passages of the Roman Empire
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AD. The Latinophones were spread into small groups of people appointed by the Romans to Ossetian guard the mountain passages of the Roman Empire. They turned into nomadic life out of necessity. Typical among those people were “the BELA HETTICH Hepeirotes”, or the inhabitants of Hepeiros, the University of North Dakota mainland in the northwest corner of Greece, the descendants of the ancient Mollossoi and Haones. Ossetian, a language of the Northeastern group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo- After the fall of the Roman Empire, the European stock of languages, has not received as much linguistic attention as it deserves. A latinophones abandoned the lowland city centers th th and inhabited the mountain and forested areas, few major studies on Ossetian were written in the 19 and 20 centuries, most of them in where they resumed-again-nomadic life. The Russian. While these works are a solid foundation in the study of Ossetian, its description Hepeirotes nomads reached the maximum of their is not complete. economic development in the 17th century A.D. The present work, written in English, offers Ossetian to a wider international audience. Despite their wealth, they maintained a low preference for their personal education and the Relying on new developments in linguistic theory, it reexamines phenomena in the education of their children. They maintained that inflectional morphology of Ossetian. all the nomads needed was only some ability to The preliminary chapter on phonology provides an overview of the phonemic inventory read and write and to carry out some arithmetical of Ossetian. -
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Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 1 A’ou [aou] Iouo China 2 Abai Sungai [abf] Iouo Malaysia 3 Abaza [abq] Iouo Russia, Turkey 4 Abinomn [bsa] Iouo Indonesia 5 Abkhaz [abk] Iouo Georgia, Turkey 6 Abui [abz] Iouo Indonesia 7 Abun [kgr] Iouo Indonesia 8 Aceh [ace] Iouo Indonesia 9 Achang [acn] Iouo China, Myanmar 10 Ache [yif] Iouo China 11 Adabe [adb] Iouo East Timor 12 Adang [adn] Iouo Indonesia 13 Adasen [tiu] Iouo Philippines 14 Adi [adi] Iouo India 15 Adi, Galo [adl] Iouo India 16 Adonara [adr] Iouo Indonesia Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Russia, Syria, 17 Adyghe [ady] Iouo Turkey 18 Aer [aeq] Iouo Pakistan 19 Agariya [agi] Iouo India 20 Aghu [ahh] Iouo Indonesia 21 Aghul [agx] Iouo Russia 22 Agta, Alabat Island [dul] Iouo Philippines 23 Agta, Casiguran Dumagat [dgc] Iouo Philippines 24 Agta, Central Cagayan [agt] Iouo Philippines 25 Agta, Dupaninan [duo] Iouo Philippines 26 Agta, Isarog [agk] Iouo Philippines 27 Agta, Mt. Iraya [atl] Iouo Philippines 28 Agta, Mt. Iriga [agz] Iouo Philippines 29 Agta, Pahanan [apf] Iouo Philippines 30 Agta, Umiray Dumaget [due] Iouo Philippines 31 Agutaynen [agn] Iouo Philippines 32 Aheu [thm] Iouo Laos, Thailand 33 Ahirani [ahr] Iouo India 34 Ahom [aho] Iouo India 35 Ai-Cham [aih] Iouo China 36 Aimaq [aiq] Iouo Afghanistan, Iran 37 Aimol [aim] Iouo India 38 Ainu [aib] Iouo China 39 Ainu [ain] Iouo Japan 40 Airoran [air] Iouo Indonesia 1 Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 41 Aiton [aio] Iouo India 42 Akeu [aeu] Iouo China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,