INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

AD. The Latinophones were spread into small groups of people appointed by the Romans to Ossetian guard the mountain passages of the Roman Empire. They turned into nomadic life out of necessity. Typical among those people were “the BELA HETTICH Hepeirotes”, or the inhabitants of Hepeiros, the University of North Dakota mainland in the northwest corner of Greece, the descendants of the ancient Mollossoi and Haones. Ossetian, a language of the Northeastern group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo- After the fall of the Roman Empire, the European stock of languages, has not received as much linguistic attention as it deserves. A latinophones abandoned the lowland city centers th th and inhabited the mountain and forested areas, few major studies on Ossetian were written in the 19 and 20 centuries, most of them in where they resumed-again-nomadic life. The Russian. While these works are a solid foundation in the study of Ossetian, its description Hepeirotes nomads reached the maximum of their is not complete. economic development in the 17th century A.D. The present work, written in English, offers Ossetian to a wider international audience. Despite their wealth, they maintained a low preference for their personal education and the Relying on new developments in linguistic theory, it reexamines phenomena in the education of their children. They maintained that inflectional morphology of Ossetian. all the nomads needed was only some ability to The preliminary chapter on phonology provides an overview of the phonemic inventory read and write and to carry out some arithmetical of Ossetian. In the chapter on nominal morphology, the variety and nature of case and operations. However, what they refused to themselves, they gave abundantly to their fellow number suffixes are reanalyzed, and they are described as phrasal affixes. In the chapter on countrymen. It is well known that the verbal morphology, the forms previously described as infinitives are discussed and one of “Hepeirotes”, the Vlachs, as they called them is reanalyzed as a derived noun or adjective; the majority of verbs is regarded as themselves, carried out extensive profitable trade having one stem form; tense is analyzed as a suffix that attaches to the stem; mood, person, abroad, in Eastern Europe, in the Balkans, in the Ottoman Empire, in Egypt, and elsewhere. They number and transitivity marking is analyzed as one fused suffix. donated huge amounts of their profits to trusted A native speaker of Ossetian, Bela Hettich is currently Academic Director at ELS funds in their mother country which they invested Language Centers on the campus of University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, ND, USA. in Public Health by building Hospitals, in Education, (Primary, Secondary and even Post- ISBN 978 3 929075 22 9. Languages of the World/Materials 475. 115pp. USD 60.50 / EUR 49.20 / Secondary) by building Teachers Colleges, GBP 41.80. 2010. Supreme quality Lyceums or High Schools) and Technical Schools. Widely known are their names, because they exist even to-day: Zosimaia 1950 and 1975 by Mustafa Aliev (Manush Comparative Graeco- Academia, Metsovion Polytechneion, Arsakeion, Romanov). The collection presents a nice Zappeion, Bageion and others, were the names of Latin Sentence Syntax overview of texts from different Romani dialects national foundations established by Epeirotes- in Bulgaria. The texts can be used for linguistic benefactors for the national (Greek)-benefit. in view of the European analyses by university students who study However, the development of the Vlach Context Romani linguistics or Romani studies at different language was neglected. The Epeirotes lived in European universities. The textbook is useful for the midst of other Greek, who used their superior ANTONÍN BARTONĚK the subject “Romani Dialectology”. language as their means of communication, a tool Masaryk University for skilful writing, and a beautiful medium for ISBN 978 3 89586 166 3. LINCOM Text expression, the Greek language. In spite of many studies dealing with the Collection 03. 199pp. USD 68.60 / EUR 55.80 Vlach Grammar has the fundamental structure individual Greek and Latin syntactical topics, a / GBP 47.40. 2010. and the basic rules of Latin and it shows that it has had some contact with Romanian, as well as it systematic comparative Graeco-Latin sentence syntax has remained without any global analysis bears extensive signs of contact with Greek to a so far. That is why the author started research into Textbook of Romani sizeable fraction of its vocabulary. So, Vlach in a this area several years ago, aiming at a first approach, was compared with Latin and comparative analysis of the Greek and Latin Fairytales Romanian and similarities and differences observed were pointed out. Grammar rules dependent clauses, i.e. i) the subject/object HRISTO KYUCHUKOV clauses, ii) the adverbial clauses, and iii) the observed were collected laboriously and were relative clauses, including their nominal Constantine the Philosopher University, listed in the paragraphs in a logical manner. The equivalents such as infinitives, participles (L/G), Nitra, Slovakia result that came out is an “amateur’s Grammar” as well as gerundia, gerundiva and supina I/II (L). of an “amateur’s Language”. At the same time, he was dealing with a number The textbook presents a collection of Romani of modern European languages, both Romance fairytales from East Europe. The fairytales were ISBN 978 389586 897 9. Languages of the and Germanic, in comparison with Latin and its collected during the last 20 years by the author World 39. 158 pp. USD 85.60 / EUR 69.60 / tradition, and the Slavonic languages from different East European countries and they GBP 59.20. 2010. predominantly in comparison with Ancient Greek present different Romani dialects. The texts can (and Old Church Slavonic). The „didactic“ be used for linguistic analyses by students who background of this activity was reflected in more study Romani language in different European Burushaski as an Indo- than 550 selected sentences (ca. 300 Greek, some Universities. The textbook is useful for the 260 in Latin) for practical language drill. – In subjects “Romani morphology”, “Romani syntax” European Kentum 2008, A. Bartoněk published his Czech version of and “Romani Dialectology”. the present Comparative Syntax, dealing with all Language the above-said constructions, while analysing also ISBN 978 3 86288 004 1. LINCOM Text (Reflexes of the Indo-European the problems of both the deontic and epistemic Collections 05. 150pp. USD 65.00 / EUR 52.80 sentence modality. / GBP 44.90. 2010/IV. Gutturals in Burushaski)

ISBN 978 3 86288 003 4. LINCOM Studies in ILIJA ČAŠULE Indo-European Linguistics 37. 160pp. USD An Introduction to Macquarie University 66.30 / EUR 54.80 / GBP 45.40. 2010/III. Vlach Grammar This monograph focuses specifically on the Textbook of Romani original Burushaski Indo-European (non-Indo- JOHN MARANGOZIS Iranian) vocabulary that contains the reflexes of Songs the Indo-European gutturals (the plain velars, National Technical University of Athens labiovelars and palatovelars). It provides a full etymological analysis of some 150 autochthonous HRISTO KYUCHUKOV This work presents a summary of the Vlach Burushaski stems (with many derivatives), mostly Constantine the Philosopher University, Grammar in English and Greek. The Vlach belonging to its core vocabulary, and establishes Nitra, Slovakia language is defined as the language of the the correlations with the various Indo-European Latinophone nomads inhabiting the Pindos branches. Mountains in HEPEIROS. This language has The evidence shows that in the Burushaski The text book presents a collection of texts of been spoken since the 2nd century B.C. and it has language, the Indo-European labiovelars and Romani songs, collected in Bulgaria between been sporadically written since the 16th century palatovelars have coalesced with the velars, i.e.

64 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES the plain velars are the only reflexes of the whole features for consonants. Rajbanshi favors simple using as a framework the RMS database guttural series, thus revealing Burushaski to be an syllabification, hence, consonant clusters are developed at the University of Manchester, Indo-European kentum language. quite rare. supported by transcribed recordings of a This work follows a series of studies where Nouns inflect for number, gender, case and questionnaire conceived within the RMS project. the author has shown full systematic classifiers. Both adjectives and adverbs are The main body of the book is descriptive, correspondences of the Burushaski phonological formed from nouns and verbs. Verbs inflect for presenting Phonology, derivation and inflection system with Indo-European in over 500 lexical tense, aspect, modality and negation. The of Nominal and Verbal categories. The fourth stems, and more importantly, grammatical negation puzzle of Assamese Bengali group is chapter deals with grammatical relations within correspondences in the nominal, pronominal also found in Rajbanshi. Compounding and noun (personal and demonstrative), adjectival, numeral incorporation are quite common verbal the phrases, including cases, subordination, and the entire verbal system. phenomena in this language. Like other NIA coordination and word order. It advances further the position of the author languages, Rajbanshi makes use of compound Within the main body of the book, there are that Burushaski is no longer an isolate but rather a verbs. They have the aspectual, attitudinal and details concerning borrowing into the dialect, and North-Western Indo-European language that modal functions in Rajbanshi discourse. The also comparisons, on specific issues, of shows greatest affinity with Balto-Slavic, compound verbs are marked categories in the Lithuanian Romani to other dialects in the Germanic and Albanian on the one hand, and language. The author suggests four ways of Northeastern group. These two topics form the with the Paleobalkanic languages (Phrygian, identifying compound verbs in this language. last two chapters of the book, entitled Borrowing Thracian and Ancient Macedonian) on the other. They are semantic bleaching of the vector verbs, and Dialect Classification. The Dialect test of negation, reduplication test and non- Classification chapter also serves as a conclusion ISBN 978 3 89586 594 7. Languages of the finiteness of the first verb. There are restrictions and argues the validity of classifying Lithuanian World 38. 115p.USD 84.40 / EUR 68.60 / GBP Romani as belonging to the Northeastern group. of transitivity, volitionality and the forms of main 58.30. 2009. verbs on the selections of vectors. The process of ISBN 3 89586 959 7. Languages of the noun incorporation is a device of changing a World/Materials 452. 70pp. USD 54.30 / EUR nominal category to a verbal one using highly 44.10 / GBP 37.50. 2006. Sociolinguistic grammaticalized verbs called light verbs. Rajbanshi is a nominative-accusative SOV

Dimensions of Marathi: language. It forms causativization lexically, Multilingualism in Central India morphologically and periphrastically. Artificial Descendants The study concludes with a sample text with of Latin RAJESHWARI V. PANDHARIPANDE interlinearized and free translation.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ALAN LIBERT ISBN 3 89586 323 8. LINCOM Studies in Indo-European Linguistics 34. 132pp. USD University of Newcastle This study analyzes hitherto unexplored issues related to the dynamic interaction between 77.40 / EUR 62.90 / GBP 53.50. 2006. Among the hundreds of artificial languages language and society in the multilingual context created in recent centuries are a fair number of of Maharashtra in central India, and its impact on modified versions of Latin and languages which the structure and function of Marathi and other Bukharan Tajik have taken many elements from Latin. These languages. The book is divided into three parts diverge in varying degrees and ways from according to their thematic focus. Part I, SHINJI IDO Classical Latin. This book is a survey of such “language pluralism and language change”(a) University of Sydney projects. The languages examined include examines the structure of the convergence of Communia, Latino sine Flexione, Linguum Marathi and Hindi, and its impact, i.e., emergence Some Iranian languages have been in intensive Islianum, SPL and Universal-Latein. An of four functionally determined codes, and (b) contact with Turkic languages for many centuries. introduction presenting the languages is followed shows that the motivation the “shared bicultural Tajik and Uzbek are representative of the by chapters on phonetics, lexicon, morphology, identity” and “non-shared separate linguistic languages that have co-existed in the Iranian- syntax, and semantics. identities” operate as counteracting forces in Turkic language contact in Central Asia. Uzbek is CONTENTS: Preface Abbrevations 1 determining the structure of language change. a Turkic language that has Chaghatay as its Introduction 1.1 Carpophorophilus’s Language Part II, “Nativization: Processes and impact”, literary predecessor and is the 'state language' of 1.2 Kosmos 1.3 Latino Moderne 1.4 Latino sine addresses the question of the relative status of the republic of Uzbekistan. Tajik, on the other Flexione 1.5 Latinulus 1.6 Linguum Islianum 1.7 multilingual (Sanskrit, Persian, and English) hand, is a South-West Iranian language which is Mundelingva 1.8 Myrana and Communia 1.9 Nov borrowings in Marathi and shows that (a) there is genetically closely related to such Iranian Latin 1.10 Reform-Latein 1.11 SIMP-LATINA a hierarchy of the degree of nativization of the languages as Persian and Dari. Most Tajik (SPL) 1.12 Universal-Latein 1.13 Uropa 1.14 borrowings, and (b) Attitudes of Marathi speakers speakers are in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; within Weltsprache (Eichhorn) 1.15 Weltsprache (Volk toward these languages influence this hierarchy. the latter Samarkand and Bukhara are particularly and Fuchs) 2 Phonetics 2.1 Sound Inventories and The discussion of the newspaper register of densely populated by Tajik speakers. The Orthography 2.2 Suprasegmentals 3 Lexicon 3.0 Marathi demonstrates the role of cohabitation of Tajik speakers with Uzbek General Issues 3.1 Forms of Nouns Used 3.2 “modernization”, “maintenance of cultural pan- speakers has made Tajik-Uzbek bilingualism the Words for Modern Concepts 4 Morphology 4.0 Indian identity”, and “regionalization” in code- norm in much of this area. Bukhara is one of the General Issues 4.1 Nouns 4.2 Pronouns 4.3 mixing of Marathi with English, and Sanskrit. cities where Tajik-Uzbek bilingualism is most Numerals 4.4 Adjectives 4.5 Adverbs 4.6 Verbs Part III,”Bi/multilingual's creativity”, illustrates pronounced; virtually all Tajik speakers in 4.7 Prepositions 4.8 Conjunctions 4.9 Particles the impact of multilingualism on the expansion of Bukhara are bilingual in Tajik and Uzbek. and Interjections 5 Syntax 5.1 Word Order 5.2 repertoire of registers and literary styles in This book contains transcriptions of recordings Binding and the Use of Reflexive Pronouns 5.3 Marathi. of the Tajik language used by Bukharans who Pro-drop 5.4 Absolute Constructions 6 Semantics have had no formal education in/of Tajik. A large 6.1 Ambiguity and Homonymy 6.2 Synonymy 6.3 number of linguistic features of Bukharan Tajik Idioms 6.4 Generics References. ISBN 3 89586 713 6. LINCOM Studies in are considered to have emerged or have been Sociolinguistics 03. 300pp. USD 98.00 / EUR retained under the influence of Uzbek. ISBN 3 89586 818 3. Languages of the World

79.70 / GBP 67.80. 2003. 31. 140pp. USD 71.20 / EUR 57.90 / GBP ISBN 978 3 89586 506 0. Languages of the 49.20. 2004. World/Text Collection 26. 66pp. USD 76.10 / Rajbanshi Grammar EUR 61.90 / GBP 52.60. 2007. and Interlinearized Text The Sabellic Languages Lithuanian Romani of Ancient Italy TIKARAM POUDEL Tribhuvan University ANTON TENSER REX E. WALLACE University of Manchester University of Massachusetts Amherst This is a study of Rajbanshi, an Indo-Aryan Lithuanian Romani is a dialect spoken by a small language of Assamese-Bengali subgroup. The This book provides a grammatical description of present study is based on the dialect of Rajbanshi population of Roma (Gypsies) living on the territory of present-day Lithuania, as well as the Sabellic languages of ancient Italy, focusing spoken in the Eastern districts of Jhapa, Morang on Oscan, Umbrian, and South Picene. These and Sunsari of Nepal. The focus is functional recent migrants from this area to the Western Europe. The dialect was tentatively assigned to languages are attested through written documents rather than theoretical. (inscriptions incised on stone, metal, and ceramic) Rajbanshi has six vowels and 29 consonants. the Northeastern group of Romani dialects. It is the only dialect in this group the grammar of that date from the 7th century BCE to the 1st Height and back-front of the tongue are century AD. As a whole they form the most responsible for making the vowel phonemes which has not been previously described in literature. The primary goal of this work is to important group of languages spoken on the contrastive in this language. Stop, aspiration, Italian peninsula in the period before Roman affrication, friction, etc. are the major contrastive provide a grammatical description of the dialect,

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010♦ 65 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES expansion. ISBN 3 89586 741 1 (Hardbound). LINCOM correct, but, in the exact terms in which he A general overview places these languages Studies in Indo-European Linguistics H29. formulated this theory (more than a hundred years within their historical context and describes their 200pp. USD 176.30 / EUR 143.30 / GBP ago), it cannot give a satisfactory explanation to relationship to each other, to Latin, and to other 121.80. 2005. three important questions: (1) How did the members of the Indo-European language family. diversity of uses of the suffix *-(e)H2- originate? The principal chapters of the book treat (2) How did some adjectives develop specific phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexis. Also Grammatical forms for feminine agreement? (3) Why are the â- included is a detailed description of the features stems and the thematic declension in of the alphabets in which the Sabellic languages Agreement in Hindi- complementary distribution? were written. A chapter on nomenclature The different theories that have been proposed describes the structure of the onomastic system. Urdu and its major since Brugmann can sometimes answer one or (at The concluding chapter provides a detailed word- best) two of these questions, but there is not a by-word analysis of important inscriptions in each varieties theory which can resolve the three questions language. simultaneously. Such a theory is, precisely, the PRADEEP KUMAR DAS object of the present study. ISBN 978 3 89586 990 7. Languages of the University of Delhi World/Materials 371. 90pp. USD 66.30 / EUR ISBN 3 89586 423 4. LINCOM Studies in Foreword by Bernard Comrie 53.90 / GBP 45.80. 2007. Indo-European Linguistics 27. 240 pp. USD 112.30 / EUR 91.30 / GBP 77.60. 2000. The work ‘Grammatical Agreement in Hindi- General and applied Urdu and its major varieties’ is an attempt to attain a unified theory of ‘agreement system’ in A Grammar of Hindi typologically similar and genetically related Romani linguistics th varieties of Hindi-Urdu. The languages from Proceedings from the 6 ANNIE MONTAUT International Conference different part of the globe can be typified into three major groups on the basis of the agreement INALCO/CNRS on Romani Linguistics system that they display: a. Languages that have only Subject-verb Hindi, the official language of India, is an Indo- BARBARA SCHRAMMEL, DIETER W. agreement. b. Languages that have both Subject- Aryan language widely spoken in North India HALWACHS & GERD AMBROSCH verb & Object-verb agreement on an alternative between Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra, with basis (i.e. the verb agrees with either the subject more than 400 millions speakers in the world. The volume ‘General and applied Romani or the object in different syntactic environment). The grammar is aimed at giving a functional linguistics’ presents papers form the 6th c. Languages that have primarily Subject-verb description of the language in a typological International Conference on Romani Linguistics agreement, however, other actants (NPs) also find perspective, using diachronical explanation as 2002 in Graz, Austria. The collection reflects their marking on the verb due to certain pragmatic well as areal contact, whenever it provides a recent trends in Romani linguistics. The last requirements of the language e.g. specificity better understanding of synchronic facts. decades of saw both an intensification of the marking, animacy factor, scale of honorificity and Modern Standard Hindi is a verb final language traditional subdisciplines, such as descriptive some patter gap in the system of pronouns or very weakly flexional inherited from Sanskrit, a linguistics and dialectology, as well as the other such notional categories. typically flexional language with relatively free emergence of new subdisciplines, e.g. The present work has tried to unify the word order. The first section consists in a brief computational linguistics and sociolinguistics. agreement types (a) & (c) into one system and has phonological outline, including a description of Parallel to this Romani linguists, using Romani as termed it as a SINGLE SYSTEM OF the writing system and stress. The second an unique and valuable language sample, more AGREEMENT and labels the agreement type (b) section deals with morphology, typical of head and more participated in theoretical linguistic as a DUAL SYSTEM OF AGREEMENT. The final languages (postpositions, postponed discussion. motivation for the combining (a) & (c) into one auxiliaries) with strong agglutinative tendancy comes from two main factors; (i) there is no (specially in the verb phrase) although a few Contents: change of the syntactic environment of marking remnants of casual flexions and a two gender the inflection of other actants (NPs) on the verb opposition are still preserved. Parts of speech Yaron Matras The classification of Romani besides the subject (ii) the languages do not show are clearly distinct although verbo-nominal dialects: A geographic-historical perspective overt object agreement. compounds raise a number of problems in this respect. The development and gramm- Birgit Igla Sinti-Manuš: Aspects of classification With this broad classification of the agreement system into two major types, the thesis aticalization of postposition or postpositive Lev. N. Cherenkov The Plaščuny and their examines the ‘agreement phenomenon’ in the locutions, verb series, causative and factitive dialect varieties of Hindi-Urdu e.g. Avadhi, Bundeli, alternations, aspectual, aktionsart and modal auxiliaries are analysed, as well as derivational Irene Sechidou The dialect of Ajios Athanasios Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, Marwari, Bhojpuri, Maithili and Angika (Khortha). Unlike other morphology, both prefixing and suffixing Ignasi-Xavier Adiego The Vestiges of Caló Today work in the field, this work pays proper attention (although mainly productive in technical neology). Reduplication and synonymous pairs Zoran Lapov The Romani groups and dialects in on the types and nature of different clauses to justify the above mentioned classification. also form an important device in developing the Croatia. With a special emphasis on the Romani lexicon. borrowings in the Croatian language The analysis of the simple clause (third Desislava Draganova Turkish verbs in Bulgarian ISBN 3 89586 773 X. LINCOM Studies in section) shows the high sensitivity of morpho- Romani Indo-European Linguistics 33. 270pp. USD syntactic structures to semantic roles (specific 98.00 / EUR 79.70 / GBP 67.80. 2006. case marking for the main argument of Barbara Schrammel Borrowed verbal particles subjective predicates, of possessive predicates) and prefixes: A comparative approach and to aspect (ergative marking for agents of Helena Pirttisaari A functional approach to the Femininum Genus accomplished processes). The latter appears to distribution of participle suffixes in Finnish A Study on the Origins of the form a paradigm with the other types of Romani Indo-European Feminine predications of localization, exhibiting clear analogies with the formation of Indo-European Norbert Boretzky Metathesis and other, Grammatical Gender perfect in its early stages. Given the fact that functionally related, sound changes in Romani such notions as subject and object fail to FRANCISCO JOSÉ LEDO-LEMOS Gitte Grønning Simonsen Semantic changes in adequately account for a large number of body parts from Sanskrit to Romani Universidad de Salamanca elementary statements, the various types of clauses are better described within a frame of Kimmo Granqvist ROMTWOL - An The grammatical feminine gender was developed case-marking (taking into account semantic and implementation of a two-level morphological by Indo-European in relatively recent times, and discursive parameters) than of purely processor for Finnish Romani was superimposed on an older system of two syntactical relations.

Victor A. Friedman The Romani language in genders (animate / inanimate). The virtual totality The complex sentence (section four) shows Macedonia in the third millennium: progress and of Indo-Europeanists would agree with this the prevalence of the typically Indo-Aryan problems affirmation; but there is no agreement between system of correlation on subordination in the researchers over the factors which led to the restricted meaning, as well as of non finite Jelena Petrović & Lada Stefanović Socio- emergence of this new gender. verbal forms, a typically Dravidian device. The linguistic aspects of language of Roma refugees By analyzing the diverse uses of the suffix *- last section is devoted to a presentation, within from Kosovo - A comparative study eH2-, Karl Brugmann managed to explain why the a historical and typological frame, of the most

Elena Marushiakova & Vesselin Popov feminine grammatical gender includes many representative features of the various dialects of Communications between nomadic Gypsy groups words which are not semantically feminine. Hindi, showing the continuity between Standard Brugmann's perspective is still substantially Hindi with its Western dialects and the Eastern

66 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

dialects closer to Magadhean languages such as times striking phonological characteristics. The polémicas entre los estudiosos. Se discute así si Bengali. vowel system is marked by a rich inventory of en reali-dad hay que reconstruir para la última diphthongs, several of which exhibit historical /h/ época de la lengua común una única protoforma, ISBN 3 89586 904 X. LINCOM Studies in as a lengthening element. Among the numerous o dos, o incluso tres, correspondientes todas a una Indo-European Linguistics 02. 240 pp. USD phonological processes, pervasive short vowel misma raíz, pero con diferencia en la sufijación 109.80 / EUR 89.30 / GBP 42.90. 2005. reduction and a series of consonant softenings are (la protoforma sin sufijación, * gwen-, habría most prominent. Rigorous restrictions in the convivido con dos formas derivadas de ella: la w composition of syllables drive most of the forma ya citada con sufijo laringal, *g (e)n(e)H2-, w Word Formation in morphophonemic processes. The study addresses y una tercera forma con sufijo *-i: * g en#-i-). Los the impact of borrowing on the language and estudiosos discuten también los detalles del Bengali : a Whole Word concludes with a précis on speech style, stress sistema apofónico que podría tener esta forma (o and intonation processes. formas), y no hay acuerdo tampoco en si el sufijo w Morphological que presenta *g (e)n(e)H2- es o no el mismo que ISBN 3 89586 723 3. LINCOM Studies in el presentado por los tradicionalmente llamados Description “temas en *- a”. Indo-European Linguistics 25. 150pp. USD # 77.40 / EUR 62.90 / GBP 53.50. 2003. Para la segunda de estas protoformas, que SHISHIR BHATTACHARJA Brugmann formuló como *s(o)r- los testimonios University of Dhaka son mucho menos rotundos, y su reconstrucción Modality in Hindi se hace a partir de una serie de inferencias más o This book has two agendas:(i) it presents a menos indirectas. Muchos estudiosos niegan sin morphological description of Bengali, an Indo- más la validez de los testimonios a favor de dicha European language spoken in South Asia and SHLOMPER GENADY protoforma. Y, entre quienes aceptan su eventually (ii) examines whether the Whole Word Hebrew University, Jerusalem existencia, hay numerosas discrepancias en la Morphological theory (WWM) developed by reconstrucción del detalle. Alan Ford & Rajendra Singh of the University of The questions of semantics in general and En el presente trabajo se intenta exponer el Montreal is an adequate model for such modality in particular are matters of special estado de la cuestión respecto a estas dos descriptions. interest in linguistics during last few decades. protoformas. Aparte de su importancia intrínseca, WWM claims that words do not have any This subject was undeservedly neglected in the su estudio resulta ser de primerísima importancia internal hierarchical structure. Implicitly, units Indological literature. Lavish amount of works on en relación con el problema del origen del género smaller than word (such as stem or affix) cannot the subject was devoted almost exclusively to the gramatical femenino: desde Brugmann se viene exist and there is no need for multiple w European languages. The purpose of the study considerando a la protoforma *g (e)n(e)H2- como morphology like compounding, derivation, was to fill, even though partly, the empty niche. la responsable directa de que el sufijo *-(e)H2- se inflection or reduplication. A typical WWM view ‘Modality’ is a term which is used in transformara en la marca de femenino. is that a good number of words of some lexicon linguistics for marking a wide range of notions El autor de este trabajo, Francisco José Ledo- are formally and/or categorically different and expressing attitudes of the speaker to the content Lemos, fue becario de investigación de la semantically related to each other. Whenever of sentence. Among the aims of the study was to Universidad de Salamanca, bajo la dirección del there exist at least two pairs of words based on find out the main modal devices of Hindi and profesor Francisco Villar, y en dicha universidad the same formal difference, categorical affiliation classify them. The semantic approach for defining obtuvo el grado de doctor en Filología Clásica. and semantic relatedness, a particular modal mechanisms in language proves to be the En la actualidad es profesor titular de enseñanza (morphological) strategy becomes part of the most reliable. That was the reason why the system secundaria y profesor conferenciante de la morphological module of the speaker-hearer. This elaborated by F.R. Palmer in his research “Mood Universidad de Vigo. book, for instance, presents a morphological and modality” (1986) was chosen as a framework profile of Bengali constituted of the different for the study. His principles with some additions ISBN 3 89586 466 8. LINCOM Studies in aspects of its word-formation on the basis of a list were successfully applied to the analysis of Hindi Indo-European Linguistics 20. 160pp. USD of around 1200 strategies and in consequence language. 103.00 / EUR 83.70 / GBP 71.20. 2002. shows that WWM is an adequate model for All the totality of the modal devices was morphological description in general. divided into three subclasses – inherent epistemic Shishir Bhattacharja, Ph.D. (Montreal) was and deontic. Each subclass has primary and trained in Linguistics and Indology at the secondary devices, grammatical and lexical Morphological and University of Sorbonne, Paris. His main area of means, which were scrutinized and classified. The Syntactic Change in research is Syntax and Morphology. He has “Modality in Hindi” abounds in examples taken published several articles on Bengali grammar. from a vast literary corpus which may be useful Medieval Greek and South His most recent book is Sanjanani Byakaraon for every student of Hindi. Slavic Languages (1998), a collection of articles, written in Bengali, The author is a lecturer in Hindi at the Hebrew on generative syntax. He has been working at the University in Jerusalem. He has been teaching VIT BUBENIK University of Dhaka as an Assistant Professor of Hindi and Urdu languages for twenty years, eight French since 1995. of them in Israel. The range of his professional University of New Foundland interests covers the applied linguistics and ISBN 978 3 89586 356 1. LINCOM Studies in language teaching. He has translated and This monograph explores the converging and Indo-European Linguistics 36. 480pp. USD published a number of literary works from Hindi, diverging development of nominal, pronominal 102.70 / EUR 83.50 / GBP 71.00. 2007. Urdu and Punjabi languages, and has published a and verbal morphology and syntax of Byzantine course of Hindi language for the Hebrew Greek and South Slavic languages (Church speakers, and a Hindi-Hebrew phrase book. Slavonic, Medieval Bulgarian and Macedonian). A Phonology of Its argumentation is based on primary data culled ISBN 3 89586 769 1. LINCOM Studies in from medieval literary documents (11-15th c.). In Southern Luri nominal morphology several intermediate Indo-European Linguistics 32. 183pp. USD 90.70 / EUR 73.70 / GBP 62.70. 2005. paradigmatic sets between Hellenistic and ERIC JOHN ANONBY Modern Greek are reconstructed; the realignment Leiden University / Canada Institute of of morphology and semantics in di- and triptotic Linguistics La palabra “mujer” en nouns in archaic dialects is brought into discussion. The putative causal nexus between the Southern Luri, an Indo-European language in the indoeuropeo reduction of the synthetic morphology of case and Southwestern Group of Iranian languages, counts the emergence of the postpositive article in Bulgaro-Macedonian is re-evaluated. In almost one million speakers. Still, while brief FRANCISCO JOSÉ LEDO-LEMOS linguistic sketches have been written in Farsi, the pronominal morphology Medieval Greek and existence of Southern Luri as a distinct language Universidad de Salamanca Macedonian converged in favoring the strategy of group has until recently been unknown to proclisis with finite verb forms (but only Western scholarship. In a recent comparative Las investigaciones de los neogramáticos, y muy Macedonian went as far as reducing the work, 'Update on Luri: How Many Languages?' especialmente de Karl Brugmann, reconstruyeron pronominal clitics to quasi-affixes). (2003), Anonby established the existence of three para el indoeuropeo dos protoformas cuyo A special attention is paid to the nature of separate languages in the Luri continuum: significado debía haber sido “mujer”. Una de innovations in their aspectual systems (the estas protoformas, a la que Brugmann formulaba Luristâni, Bakhtiâri and Southern Luri. w emancipation of the future tense from an aspect- In the present study, the author provides a como *g ena#- y que hoy suele formularse como dominated system; the reanalysis of the old 'be'- w window into the phonological system of Southern *g (e)n(e)H2-está amplísimamente atestiguada en perfect as the inferential mode in Bulgaro Luri. Although closely related to both Bakhtiâri la práctica totalidad de las ramas indo-europeas. Macedonian; and the rise of the 'have'-perfect in and Farsi, the language is nonetheless Pero, pese a tan amplio testimonio, la Macedonian). New alignments in the Greek distinguished by a number of particularand at reconstrucción sigue siendo objeto de continuas diathetic system and the issues in the placement

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010♦ 67 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES of the reflexive clitics in Slavic (Wackernagel's structure, and the interrelationship among words. Bibliografia, Indice vs. Behagel's Law) are examined. In syntax the Like the book on phonology, this book on non-finite and finite expressions of deontic ISBN 3 89586 949 X. LINCOM Studies in morphology is also comprehensive and detailed. modality, and hypotactic and paratactic Indo-European Linguistics 09. 260 pp. USD The author has sought simplicity in the realizations of the causative are studied in the 105.40 / EUR 85.70 / GBP 72.90. 2000. presentation, and, for the sake of clarity, facts and framework of the gradual finitization of the their analyses are often repeated with abundant infinitival clause. examples. Concepts and technical terms, Introduzione alla traditional and current alike are explained for the CONTENTS reader. For the convenience of those familiar linguistica latina with the Devanagari script, the examples are Medieval Greek and Slavic literary corpus. transcribed both in a modified IPA (International 1.Nominal inflection in Greek. Phonetic Alphabet) and in the Devanagari. 2.Nominal inflection in South Slavic languages. MORENO MORANI Università degli Studi di Genova Starting with the introductory chapter, which 3.Pronominal system. briefly introduces the language and the principles

4.Object doubling constructions. of morphology, the book continues with chapters Il volume Introduzione alla linguistica latina si 5.Tense/aspect system. focusing on Hindi inflection, derivation, propone di collocare la lingua latina nel panorama 6.Diathetic system. compounding, reduplication, nouns, pronouns, delle lingue indeuropee e di seguirne lo sviluppo 7.Consequences of the loss of the infinitive. adjectives, verbs, adverbs, particles, storico, dall'indeuropeo ricostruito fino al postpositions, and idioms. ISBN 3 89586 661 X. LINCOM Studies in passaggio dal latino alle lingue romanze. La

Indo-European Linguistics 14. 160 pp. USD trattazione discute i principali problemi che lo 109.80 / EUR 89.30 / GBP 75.90. 2001. studio della lingua latina in prospettiva diacronica ISBN 3 89586 680 6. LINCOM Studies in presenta: per ogni problema trattato viene esposta Indo-European Linguistics 15. 420pp. USD la storia dela discussione, trattati criticamente i 130.80 / EUR 106.30 / GBP 90.40. 2001. Introduzione principali tentativi di soluzione proposti, con ampio riferimento alle fonti bibliografiche. alla linguistica greca Il volume può essere utilizzato anche come Grammatical Relations in manuale per lo studio universitario, grazie a note, Pali and the Emergence of MORENO MORANI osservazioni e tabelle che forniscono un quadro sistematico della materia trattata. Il volume tiene Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Università degli Studi di Genova conto sia dei risultati raggiunti dalle trattazioni L’Introduzione alla linguistica greca intende "classiche" della linguistica indeuropea sia delle JOHN M. PETERSON offrire una breve guida per lo studio della lingua riflessione e delle proposte delle moderne scuole University of Munich di linguistica. greca in una prospettiva di linguistica storica. La This book is a detailed study of the grammatical lingua greca presenta due singolari caratteristiche: ISBN 3 89586 948 1. LINCOM Studies in la durata della sua attestazione (tre millenni e relations of Pāli, a Middle Indo-Aryan language Indo-European Linguistics 08. 340 pp. USD which is also the canonical language of the mezzo di storia) e la presenza di numerose varietà 105.40 / EUR 85.70 / GBP 72.90. 2000. dialettali. Tenendo conto di questa premessa, il therava-da-Buddhists of Sri Lanka and Southeast volume fornisce una panoramica generale delle Asia. On the basis of this data, the author takes a problematiche fonda-mentali attinenti alla new look at the concept of 'subject' in Pāli, as formazione e allo sviluppo storico della lingua, a Hindi Phonology well as the emergence of ergativity in Indo- partire dalla documentazione micenea: la lingua Aryan. The book includes a summary of much of greca è esaminata nel quadro della famiglia SHALIGRAM SHUKLA the previous literature on the syntax of Old and linguistica indeuropea, e vengono analizzati, alla Georgetown University Middle Indo-Aryan, as well as that of a number of luce delle principali teorie proposte dagli studiosi, works dealing with the origin of ergativity in i rapporti tra la lingua greca e l’indeuropeo Hindi is the world's third most commonly used Indo-Aryan and the concept of 'subject' in ricostruito, le relazioni con le altre lingue language after Chinese and English. It is a general. indeuropee, la presenza di elementi non modern Indo-European language spoken as a first Following this is a detailed look at the indeuropei nel greco. Per il secondo aspetto, si or second language by almost a half billion treatment of various grammatical operations in presentano le principali questioni relative alla people in India, as well as other parts of Asia, the major verbal constructions of Pāli - i.e., the classificazione dei dialetti greci, dei quali si Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Oceania. finite categories, the periphrastic perfect and the fornisce anche una sommaria descrizione. This book's primary aim is to describe Hindi gerundival construction. These include Per quanto l’interesse fondamentale della sounds and their pattern. Little previous coordination and subordination, the control of trattazione riguardi il greco antico nelle sue knowledge of phonology is assumed. The book is reflexivization and pronominalization, as well as principali manifestazioni letterarie, lo sviluppo comprehensive and detailed. Traditional and a description of the coding properties and the della lingua è seguito dalla documentazione current concepts and technical terms are dispensability of the various arguments in each micenea fino al periodo bizantino e moderno. Il explained. The various chapters discusse the construction. manuale è destinato agli studenti universitari e historical and sociological background of Hindi, Unlike most previous studies, the author agli insegnanti di lingue e letterature classiche, e the nature of Hindi lexicon both native and comes to the conclusion that the present-day contiene quelle nozioni fondamentali di borrowed, the conventions of the Devanagari ergative constructions of most Indo-Aryan grammatica comparata e di storia della lingua che symbols (since in the text examples are also languages do not result from an earlier passive lo possono rendere utile per un primo transcribed in the Devanagari), the articulation of construction. Instead, he proposes a model for the orientamento in problematiche complesse che Hindi sounds and their characterization in terms periphrastic perfect which in many ways formano oggetto di discussioni complesse e of distinctive features, the concept of phonemes, resembles that of the more familiar development of the perfect in west European languages. talvolta secolari. the significant allophones of Hindi, the natural

classes of Hindi sounds, Hindi syllables and their ISBN 3 89586 087 5. LINCOM Studies in Indice: structure, and Hindi stress. Indo-European Linguistics 01. 240pp. USD

ISBN 389586 974 0. LINCOM Studies in 101.70 / EUR 82.70 / GBP 70.30. 1998. PREMESSA - ABBREVIAZIONI CAPITOLO PRIMO: Il greco e le lingue Indo-European Linguistics 12. 180pp. USD indeuropee 112.30 / EUR 91.30 / GBP 77.60. 2000. I. Le lingue indeuropee. II. Metodo, obiettivi e Beginning Sanskrit I limiti della ricostruzione. III. Cenni di fonetica Hindi Morphology indeuropea. IV. Dall’indeuropeo al greco. DERMOT KILLINGLEY

CAPITOLO SECONDO : I dialetti greci e il SHALIGRAM SHUKLA University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne miceneo Georgetown University I. I dialetti greci. II. Il miceneo. This course is designed for university students Hindi is a modern Indo-European language taking Sanskrit as a minor or subsidiary subject, CAPITOLO TERZO: La formazione del greco spoken as either a first or second language by or in preparation for research. It can be completed I. Teorie a confronto. II. Greco e altre lingue almost a half billion people in India, as well as in a year by a student giving a third of his or her indeuropee. III. Elementi non indeuropei nel other parts of Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, time to Sanskrit. No previous experience of greco. formal language learning is presupposed, and the and Oceania. CAPITOLO QUARTO: Lineamenti di cronologia This book on Hindi morphology complements course can be followed with or without a teacher. del greco the author's earlier book, Hindi Phonology The aim of the course is to develop reading I. Omero. II. La lingua della lirica. III. Il dramma (Lincom Studies in Indo-European Linguistics ability, together with a knowledge of the main attico. IV. La lingua della prosa. V. La koiné. VI. 12). It describes one of the most fundamental feature of phonology, morphology and syntax. Verso il greco moderno. units of Hindi structure: the word, its internal There are sixty-five lessons, published in

68 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

3volumes, which introduce the difficulties of the includes all the words listed in Volume I. from native speakers of Kurmanjî. It adheres to language gradually, and provide practice in them the conventions of the Roman-based alphabet, as they are introduced. Each lesson contains ISBN 3 89586 200 2. LINCOM Language following Bedir-Xan’s orthography and to IPA explanations, oral practice which enables the Coursebooks 02. 242 pp. USD 65.10 / EUR forms where relevant. student to produce correct sentences by following 52.90 / GBP 45.00. 1997. Course discounts ISBN 978 3 89586 070 6. Languages of the the examples given, a passage for reading, and available! written exercises. At first, the reading passages World/Materials 468. 102pp. USD 58.40 / use very limited vocabulary and grammar, but EUR 47.50 / GBP 40.40. 2007. they gradually become more complex as more gammatical categories and forms are introduced. From lesson 11 onwards they are based on stories Standard Lithuanian GRAMMARS: found in Sanskrit literature, usually the Pañcatantra and related texts. Each story has been IAN PRESS adapted in order to avoid forms which have not Dolenjska Romani University of St. Andrews yet been introduced, and to increase the frequency of forms which are currently being PETRA CECH Lithuanian is an Indo-European language and learnt. As the course progresses, the passages belongs with Latvian to the Baltic branch of those follow their originals more closely. Dolenjska Romani as presented here is spoken by languages. It is a very young standardized The first nine lessons introduce the a group of Roma in the Dolenjska region and language, dating from the turn of the nineteenth- phonological system, using phonetic descriptions Bela Krajina in Slovenija. It is basicly a dialect of twentieth centuries and made the official which are comprehensible to users withouth the Southern Central group, but shows language of Lithuania in 1918. Its youth largely previous phonetic knowledge. Sandhi is remarkable connections to Southern Balkan accounts for the tendency to support its norms as introduced gradually, starting from Lesson 3. The dialects as well as a number of interesting established. The focus here is on a concise Devan~g~ri script is introduced in Lessons 23-7, innovations unknown in other dialects. It gained exposition of a number of aspects of the standard and is used from then on in all the reading some attention by linguists, as the scholar Rade language. It is not meant to be comprehensive, passages; roman script is used throughout in the Uhlik observed very few structures and lexemes but points up important research areas, aims to explanations, practice sentences and exercises. of Greek origin in this dialect and assumed, the provide practical help in mastering above all The main forms of the highly complex verb Dolenjski Roma's ancestors had never or hardly questions of morphology and accent, and system, the eight cases and three numbers of the touched Greek territory in the past. Thus data and complements Mathiassen 1996 and Ambrazas nouns, and most of the inflectional classes are recordings of Dolenjska Romani were evaluated 1997. After a presentation of linguistic and introduced and exemplified in stages. The in several publications during the last decade, sociolinguistic background information, spelling grammatical terminology of modern Sanskrit focussing on the degree of Greek influence on and phonology are examined, after which the scholarship has been adapted to conform with this dialect. With the integration of Slovenia into focus is on morphology and syntax, with the role linguistic theory, as in Sanskrit by DERMOT the EU, the codification of the various minorities' of accent fully borne in mind. A concise but KILLINGLEY and SIEW-YUE KILLINGLEY dialects in Slovenia became urgent. In respond to detailed exploration of nouns, adjectives, (Languages of the World /Materials 18). this demand, a codification of Dolenjska Romani pronouns, numerals, and verbs is made, in the is presented, based on a wide range of texts, case of the last in particular characterizing the ISBN 3 89586 062 X. LINCOM Language recordings and printed material of spontaneous various moods, aspect and aktionsart, and verbal Coursebooks 01. 242 pp. USD 65.10 / EUR codifications by Dolenjski Roma themselves. It classification. Adverbs, prepositions, con- 52.90 / GBP 45.00. 1997. Course discounts begins with a survey of historical traces and junctions, interjections and onomatopoeic words available! references on the group's origin, followed by a are considered, and word order and particles are comprehensive description of the dialect's examined. A short, up-to-date bibliography is phonology, morphology and syntax, including appended. Beginning Sanskrit II variants spoken in Southern Slovenija. Although A practical course based on the book does not comprise a text appendix or a ISBN 3 89586 832 9. Languages of the graded reading and exercises. glossary, all features discussed are illustrated by World/Materials 439. 65pp. USD 53.00 / EUR various examples of recordings or written texts 43.10 / GBP 36.60. 2005. for an optimal documentation of this fascinating DERMOT KILLINGLEY Romani dialect. University of Newcastle–upon-Tyne ISBN 3 89586 772 1. Languages of the Standard Breton Volume II of Beginning Sanskrit, containing World/Materials 457. 60pp. USD 56.50 / EUR Lessons 23 to 47, continues building on the 45.90 / GBP 39.00. 2006. IAN PRESS foundations of phonology, grammar and University of St. Andrews vocabulary that have been laid in Volume I. It begins with five lessons on the Devan~g~ri script, Kurmanjî Kurdish Breton is an indigenous regional language of starting with the consonant characters and France which has over the course of the last two gradually introducing additional features. From GÜLŞAT AYGEN centuries come under immense pressure. At the the fifth lesson onwards, each lesson contains a turn of the nineteenth-twentieth centuries it was story in Devan~g~ri script, giving practice in the Northern Illinois University the majority language of Lower Brittany, though material that has been learnt in that and the earlier it lacked prestige and a public presence. It was at lessons. The study of grammar resumes with the This is a descriptive grammar of Kurmanjî, a risk, and had been acknowledged to be at risk inflection of adjectives and pronominal major northern dialect of Kurdish spoken by the since at least the early eighteenth century. adjectives. Feminine nouns have hitherto been Kurds of Turkey, Eastern Syria, the Caucasus and Nonetheless, in the early nineteenth century it used only in the nominative, but the case forms of parts of Iran. Considering that there is no was codified and a standard, although a shaky these nouns are introduced half-way through the reference grammar of any dialect of Kurdish one, emerged. Some commentators consider that volume, incidentally giving greater variety to the published in English, and that there are only a it is too late, but in recent years, with the plight of stories by allowing fuller roles to female few relevant grammars published in Turkish and lesser-used languages coming under the spotlight characters. Once the inflection of the main class Iranian, this book will be a unique resource as a and the acquisition by Breton culture of great of adjectives has been mastered, the student is reference grammar for the wider linguistics popularity, the situation of the introduced to perfective participles, which are community. language has stabilized or even improved. Breton inflected in the same way. The consonant-stem This book covers the basic phonetic, has a presence in education, the Ofis ar noun inflection is then introduced, leading to the phonological, morphological and syntactic Brezhoneg is having considerable impact, and the similarly inflected progressive (conventionally structure of Kurmanjî, and includes some sample language is benefiting from the ‘post-standard’ called 'present') participle. The dual forms, which texts. The first chapter focuses on the phonetic period, users of Breton feeling more at ease in the have not been used in Volume I, are introduced in inventory and phonotactics of Kurmanjî Kurdish hitherto negatively perceived variation in the this volume. Various important syntactic features, as well as some suprasegmental features, such as language. A flexible, community standard is including the passive construction which is very stress, and common phonological processes. The emerging. The whole of the grammar is reviewed widely used in Sanskrit, are introduced in the second chapter describes the morphological and explored; everything has been checked by course of the lessons. structure: parts of speech and the relevant eminent native speakers. Variation remains, and The stories, which are an integral part of the inflectional morphology. The third chapter not every native speaker will agree with graded method followed in this course, are presents the Kurmanjî sentence structure, both everything, but linguistic debate is a sign of the longer than in Volume I, and become simple and complex, including subordinate health of the language. progressively closer to their originals. Each clauses. Finally, chapter four contains some lesson ends with exercises designed to enable the sample texts. ISBN 3 89586 834 5. Languages of the student to produce correct Sanskrit sentences This grammar relies heavily on both the very World/Materials 440. 85pp. USD 58.90 / EUR using the material that has been learnt. The few published material on Kurdic, particularly 47.90 / GBP 40.70. 2005. volume ends with a cumulative vocabulary which those of Bedir-Xan brothers and data elicited

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010♦ 69 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

Marathi Ancient Greek KASHI WALI Syracuse University SILVIA LURAGHI, ANNA POMPEI & STAVROS SKOPETEAS Università degli Studi di Pavia, Terza Università di Roma, Universität Potsdam Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the Maharashtra state of India by nearly ninty six million people. It is one of the Ancient Greek provides us with a vivid picture of dialectal variation, which is quite eighteen official languages of India. It shares its unusual for the highly standardized literary languages of the antiquity. The richness of northern boundary with Gujarati and Madhya literary and non-literary sources makes it possible to give an in-depth description of Pradesh Hindi. In the south it borders on two diachronic and diatopic variation. Besides, peculiarities especially in the verbal system as major Dravidian languages -- Kannada and Telugu. The Dravidian vicinity has considerably well as in clause linkage and subordination make ancient Greek extremly interesting from a affected Marathi in several ways specially its typological point of view. causative and anaphoric system. While the standard handbooks of Ancient Greek provide us with highly reliable This grammar describes basic information on descriptions, many of its typological peculiarities have hardly been brought to the attention the phonology, alphasyllabic writing system, morphology, and syntax of the standard Marathi. of students of linguistic typology who are not specialized in Classics. In this grammatical The introduction notes the historic information on sketch the author will give a description of the standard Classical language (V century BC), the origin, and the past and present grammatical trying to highlight aspects of general interest; data on dialectal variation and on historically works. The phonology includes the information different periods will be given in the discussion. on the vocalic, consonantal and suprasegmental system as well as various morpho-phonological Topics discussed in the book include: (1) the socio-linguistic situation of Ancient processes. Morphology highlights the significant Greece and of the Aegean area; (2) historical and dialectal classification of literary and nominal and verbal features. The chapter on non-literary sources; (3) phonology; (4) morphology: word formation; parts of speech syntax describes in detail the special system; inflectional morphology; (5) syntax of the simple sentence: word order within the characteristics such as word order, special features of ergativity, multiple headed sentence and the noun phrase; use of cases; verbal voice; TAM system; clitics; (6) parataxis correlatives, and distribution of two reflexives, and hypotaxis; use of the nominal forms of the verb; types of subordinate clauses; (7) late swataah and aapaN which are special to Marathi syntactic developments in the koiné (from IV century BC onwards). in IA family. The chapter on text has used free and interlinear translation. The book contains an ISBN 3 89586 239 8. Languages of the World/Materials 213. 106pp. USD 66.30 / EUR 53.90 / GBP extensive bibliography including past and present 45.80. 2005. grammars, recent dissertations and scholarly articles in generative linguistic theory. Gaelic, and Irish. It is closest to Scottish Gaelic feminine; and three cases--direct, oblique, and and Irish, but is not mutually intelligible with vocative. The nouns decline according to their ISBN 3 89586 314 9. Languages of the either. final segments. Case marking is postpositional. World/Materials 441. 82pp. USD 58.90 / EUR Until the nineteenth century, the great Pronouns are traditional in nature and are 47.90 / GBP 40.70. 2005. majority of the island's inhabitants were inflected for number and case. Gender is not monolingual Manx-speaking, but after the island distinguished in pronouns. Two types of came under British rule in 1765, Manx receded adjectives are there. There are three tenses--past, Tajik from public and later private life and was present, and future. Participles function as replaced by English. The last native speaker died adjectives. Sentence types, word order, in 1974. coordination, subordination, and particles have HINJI DO S I Manx is an isolating language with very little been described anlytically. The chapter sample University of Sydney morphology. The basic word order is VSO, texts presents free and interlinear translations of though the clause-initial auxiliary marks only some selected texts. Tajik is a South-West Iranian language that is tense, with the main verbal meaning carried by an genetically closely related to such major indeclinable verbal noun. Like the other Celtic ISBN 3 89586 400 5. Languages of the languages as Persian and Dari. Most Tajik languages, Manx has a system of initial World/Materials 386. 88pp. USD 53.00 / EUR speakers are in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; within consonant mutation: words beginning with 43.10 / GBP 36.60. 2003. Uzbekistan, Samarqand and Bukhara are mutable consonants have two forms, plain and particularly densely populated by Tajik speakers. lenited. In the beginning of the twentieth century, Tajik This grammar is based on a corpus of tape Persian was considered by a number of writers and recordings of the speech of ten of the last native researchers to be a variety of Persian. The speakers of Manx, with other sources used to YAVAR DEHGHANI language that this book describes is the modern confirm and supplement as necessary. Tajik language which is referred to in the Soviet Persian is a member of the Indo-Iranian language linguistic literature typically as zaboni khozirai ISBN 3 89586 765 9. Languages of the group, a subgroup of Indo-European language tojik. The morphological segmentability of Tajik World/Materials 434. 140pp. USD 68.80 / family. It is considered to be an inflectional words is markedly high compared to words in the EUR 55.90 / GBP 47.50. 2004. language, and has an SOV constituent order. Indo-Iranian predecessors of Tajik, which makes Modern Persian is spoken mainly in Iran with a

Tajik morphologically more agglutinative than population of 70 million, as well as in other parts inflectional. Outstanding features of Tajik include Mewati of world especially in USA and Europe. Its close the modal opposition between the indicative relatives are other Iranian languages like Tajik, mood and the mood of indirect evidence, i.e. the which is spoken in the republic of Tajkistan, and AKHAN USAIN inferential mood, that pervades the verbal system, L G Afghani Farsi, which is spoken in Afghanistan. and the utilization of both post-nominal and pre- John Hopkins University Persian has several dialects like Tehrani, nominal relative clauses. Esfahani, Shirazi, and Yazdi which all are Mewati, a dialect of Rajasthani language of Indo- mutually intelligible. ISBN 3 89586 316 5. Languages of the Aryan family, is spoken by about five million There are two different styles of Persian. The World/Materials 442. 110pp. USD 67.50 / speakers in Alwar, Bharatpur and Dholpur written style is phonologically and syntactically EUR 54.90 / GBP 46.70. 2005. districts of Rajasthan, and Faridabad and Gurgaon more conservative and has not been changed for districts of Haryana states of India. Extensive at least a century. However, the spoken style has linguistic research work has not carried out on been changed dramatically, especially in Manx Grammar this dialect so far. It had contributed profoundly phonology. Traditional grammarians use the to Rajasthani literature in mediaval periods. written style in describing the language. But This grammar includes chapters on JOHN D. PHILLIPS linguists, as expected, emphasize the spoken phonology, morphology, syntax, and sample style. The spoken style is economical in Yamaguchi University texts. The introductory section includes phonology and morphology. information on Mewati, its speakers, and The grammar of Persian contains chapters on Manx is the recently-extinct language of the Isle geographic and sociolinguistic data on Mewati Phonetics/Phonology, Morphology, Syntax and of Man, located in the northern part of the Irish and its subdialects. There are 9 vowels, 31 sample texts with interlinear translation. Sea between Britain and Ireland. It is a member consonants, and 2 diphthongs. Suprasegmentals of the Celtic group of the Indo-European family are not so promonent as they are in the other ISBN 3 89586 908 2. Languages of the of languages, and as such is related to the other dialects of Rajasthani. There are two numbers-- World/Materials 348. 60pp. USD 51.80 / EUR modern Celtic languages: Welsh, Breton, Scottish singular and plural, two genders--masculine and 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 2000.

70 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

the Shekhawati and its speakers, linguistic Bagri Scottish Gaelic relations with other dialects of Rajasthani. The chapter on phonology includes vowels, LAKHAN GUSAIN WILLIAM LAMB consonants, diphthongs and suprasegmentals. The John Hopkins University University of Edinburgh murmur vowels are highlighted. Retroflexion is and Colaisde Bheinn na Faoghla an important feature. The chapter on morphology This is the first comprehensive linguistic study of describes nominal and verbal morphology. There Bagri, a dialect of Rajasthani language of Indo- Scottish Gaelic (ScG), along with Irish and Manx, are two numbers, two genders, and three cases. Aryan family, spoken by about five million is a member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic Nouns are declined to their final segments. Case speakers in Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar family of Indo-European languages. At its peak marking is postpositional. The third person districts of Rajasthan, Sirsa and Hissar districts of of influence around 1000AD, it was undoubtedly pronouns are distinguished on the Haryana, Firozepur and Muktsar districts of the national language of Scotland, but ever since, proximity/remoteness dimension in each gender. Punjab of India and Bahawalpur and its fate has been one of gradual Adjectives either end in /-o/ or not. There are Bahawalnagar areas of Punjab of Pakistan. Bagri decline. Today, the Gaidhealtachd or Gaelic- three tenses and four moods. Intransitive verbs is a typical Indo-Aryan language having SOV speaking region is confined to the islands off the can be passivised. The chapter on syntax word order. west coast of the country, aside from small describes sentence types, word order, The grammar includes chapters on phonology, pockets dotted throughout the northern and coordination, subordination, and particles. Free morphology, syntax, and a sample text. There are western Highlands. Although now spoken by and interlinear translations are used in the chapter 31 consonants, 10 vowels, 2 diphthongs, and 3 only slightly more than 1% (65,978) of the of sample text. tones in Bagri. Retroflexion is an important country's population, it has had a rich influence feature. There are two numbers--singular and on Scotland's history, toponymy, art, literature ISBN 3 89586 399 8. Languages of the plural; two genders--masculine and feminine; and and national folklore. World/Materials 385. 90pp. USD 58.90 / EUR three cases--simple, oblique, and vocative. The Scottish Gaelic has received much prior 47.90 / GBP 40.70. 2001. nouns are declined according to their final linguistic attention for its complex phonology segments. Case marking is partly inflectional and (one dialect distinguishing at least 5 different partly postpositional. All pronouns are inflected lateral approximates), its system of consonant Northern Talysh for number and case but gender is distinguished mutations, and its rich dialectal variation. only in the third person singular pronouns. The However, relatively little has been published on WOLFGANG SCHULZE third person pronouns are distinguished on the its syntax. University of Munich proximity/remoteness dimension in each gender. It is a dependent-marking, nominative- There are three tenses four moods in Bagri. accusative VSO language . The verbal system Talysh is classified as a Northwest Iranian Adjectives are of two types--either ending in /-o/ tends to be agglutinating while the nominal language that is spoken by roughly 200.000 or not. Cardinal numbers upto ten are inflected. system is somewhat fusional. Pronominal forms people both in northwestern Iran and southern Both present and past participles function as are especially notable in this regard, with a large Azerbajdžan. This booklet concentrates on the adjectives. Sentence types are of traditional proliferation of 'prepositional-pronouns' evincing northern (Azerbajdžani) variants of the language nature. Coordination and subordination are different forms according to person, number, and spoken by about 80.000 people in the Astara and described in complex sentences. Particles are also gender. There are two genders (M&F), three Lenkoran areas. The morphosyntax of Northern analysed. numbers (Sing., Pl., and dual) and four cases Talysh is characterized by a complicated split extant in the language. Stem modification and system which is based on the Northwest Iranian suppletion are common morphological processes. ISBN 3 89586 398 X. Languages of the type of accusativity/ergativity dichotomy: It Distinctions of mood, aspect, and voice tend to be shows accusative features with present stem World/Materials 384. 80pp. USD 58.90 / EUR made periphrastically, employing a combination 47.90 / GBP 40.70. 2000. based transitive constructions, whereas past stem of verbal particles, auxiliaries and 'verbal-nouns' based construction tend towards an ergative that can function differently depending upon their behavior. Salient features are among others: a syntactic status. general oblique case to cover peripheric functions Marwari Finally, the grammar ends with sections on (split-O in accusative structures, split-A in

discourse phenomena, interjections and ergative structures); tripartite system of personal LAKHAN GUSAIN exclamations, the influence of English, and a full pronouns, floating clitics in ergative structures John Hopkins University oral folktale with interlinear translation. that cross-reference the agentive function A; This new grammar is the most up-to-date one backgrounding of S and A in some types of Marwari, a standard dialect of Rajasthani available on the language. It includes many subordination. Due to interferences with Azeri, language of Indo-Aryan family, is spoken by topics that have never, or only rarely, been dealt Northern Talysh shows remarkable features of about thirteen million speakers in western with in the available literature, for example ‘re-agglutination’ both in its case system and in Rajasthan comprising Churu, Bikaner, Nagaur, information structure, complex clause formation, verbal inflection. Ajmer, Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Jaisalmer, and and descriptions of various types of discourse- The present portrayal of Northern Talysh is Barmer districts of Rajasthan. It is also spoken in related constructions. It has been informed by an based on the author’s fieldwork and is both eastern parts of upper Sindh province of Pakistan. ongoing corpus-based study of register variation descriptive and explanatory: it concentrates on Having several dialects, Marwari is very rich in in the language, highlighting some of the initial features of actance typology explaining the literary style known as Dingal and has a literary differences that have been found in this data set. architecture of its ‘Operating System’ and the history of over one thousand years. It is fully-referenced throughout for further emergence of split structures from both a This grammar includes chapters on its information on Gaelic grammar and typological and a cognitive perspective. Other phonology, morphology, syntax, and a sample sociolinguistics. Useful for the language learner, important explanatory parameters make reference text. Introductory section includes geographical it also includes a glossary of the Gaelic words in to Historical Linguistics. Additionally, the and sociolinguistic sketch of Marwari and its the text and a statistically-derived list of the 100 interaction of Northern Talysh phonology and speakers. The chapter on phonology includes most frequent words in the language with grammar is described. The sketch is vowels, consonants, diphthongs, and definitions. supplemented by the documentation of an oral suprasegmentals. Glottalized sounds, murmur account (palangi ahvolot ‘Encounter with a vowels, tones, and retroflexives are very ISBN 3 89586 727 6. Languages of the leopard’) – given with full morphological glosses prominent. The chapter on morphology describes World/Materials 401. 118pp. USD 65.10 / and translation – and by a word index. nominal and verbal morphology. There are two EUR 52.90 / GBP 45.00. 2003. numbers, two genders, and three cases. The nouns ISBN 3 89586 681 4. Languages of the are declined according to their final segments. World/Materials 380. 76pp. USD 61.40 / EUR Case marking is partly inflectional and partly Shekhawati 49.90 / GBP 42.40. 2000. inflectional. The third person pronouns are LAKHAN GUSAIN distinguished on the proximity/remoteness John Hopkins University dimension in each gender. Intransitive verbs can Divehi (Maldivian) be passivised. There are three tenses and four Shekhawati is a dialect of Rajasthani language of moods. Cardinals up to ten are inflected. The Indo-Aryan family and is spoken by about three BRUCE D. CAIN & JAMES W. GAIR chapter on syntax describes sentence types, word million speakers in Churu, Jhunjhunu and Sikar Cornell University order, coordination, subordination, negation and districts of Rajasthan. Though a very important participles. The chapter on sample texts presents dialect from the grammatical and literary points Dhivehi (Maldivian) is the national language of free and interlinear translations of some samples. of view, yet very little work is carried out on it. the Republic of Maldives, an island nation This grammar describes basic information on located in the Indian Ocean south of India and to the phonology, morphology, syntax of the ISBN 3 89586 440 4. Languages of the the west of Sri Lanka. Dhivehi is an Indo-Aryan language. In addition there is a short text with language closely related to Sinhala, and with it World/Materials 427. 60pp. USD 53.00 / EUR interlinear translation. The introduction remarks 43.10 / GBP 36.60. 2004. forms the southernmost branch. Dhivehi has outline a geographic and sociolinguistic sketch of more than 240,000 speakers in the Maldives, and

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010♦ 71 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES an additional 5,000 in Minicoy of India where the ISBN 3 89586 024 7. Languages of the Modern Eastern language is known as Mahal. As the national World/Materials 34. 60pp. USD 51.80 / EUR language of the Maldives, Dhivehi is fully 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1997. developed and thriving. It has a literary history Armenian that spans at least nine centuries, and employs its own unique right-to-left script called Thaana. Latvian NATALIA KOZINTSEVA Dhivehi printed materials are abundant, and it is the language of radio and television. Dhivehi is Modern Eastern Armenian (MEA) is spoken in the medium of education, and literacy in the NICOLE NAU Armenia by about 2.7 million people, where it is Maldives exceeds 95%. Universität Kiel the standard language. It belongs to the Indo- While enjoying a privileged status within the European stock, within which it constitutes an Maldives, very little is known about Dhivehi in Latvian is the official language of the Republic isolated branch. The present sketch deals mainly the outside world. The inventory of published of Latvia, where about 1.4 million people speak it with the grammatical description of MEA. Nouns works on Dhivehi is sparse. In more recent years, as a native language, and an increasing number of have a singular/plural number distinction, a the Maldives has become more accessible to mainly Russian speaking persons use it as a postpositive definite article, a prepositive researchers, and interest in Dhivehi has grown. second language. This sketch con-centrates on indefinite article, five cases (nominative= This sketch describes standard Dhivehi, the morphology and syntax, with a short introduction accusative, genitive=dative, instrumental, dialect spoken in the capital Male' and to Latvian phonology. The sample text, as well as ablative, locative). The word order is relatively surrounding atolls, and is based on a corpus of most of the examples that illustrate grammatical free (non-rigid SOV). The subject is usually published materials and elicited information points, are taken from autobiographical narratives placed before or after the predicate, the gathered on site. Some of the more notable collected by the Latvian Archive for Oral History. complements and adverbial modifiers may be phonological features of Dhivehi include Compared to Lithuanian, the only other living placed before or after the predicate, depending on development of prenasalized stops, compensatory Baltic language, Latvian has further diverged the functional sentence perspective. In the noun lengthening of consonants from vowel loss, and from its Indo-European heritage in that it has phrase, the attribute always precedes the noun. alternations of several consonants with the glottal abandoned certain inflectional forms and Postpositions prevail over prepositions. Especial stop. Morphologically, Dhivehi has a system of categories and developed new ones. The fact that, attention is paid to verbal categories (voice, volitivity marking for verbal forms. Dhivehi for centuries, speakers of Latvian have been in aspect, tense, and mood in their relation to the syntax features a cleft-like construction in which close contact with speakers of Baltofinnic, syntactic structure of the sentence). The sketch is the focused item is generally post-verbal, and a Germanic and Slavic languages has certainly been supplemented with an original MEA text and an predicate nominal construction with an equative an important factor for innovations in all parts of extensive bibliography. the grammar. However, Latvian still resembles marker on the subject. ISBN 3 89586 035 2. Languages of the the well known old Indo-European languages in certain respects more closely than Standard World/Materials 22. 58pp. USD 51.80 / ISBN 3 929075 16 4. Languages of the Average European languages do. EUR 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1995. World/Materials 63. 60pp. USD 51.80 / EUR Latvian is a fusional language with some traits 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 2000. of agglutination. The morphology is strikingly regular, especially with nominals. Nominal Kalderaš-Romani

inflectional categories are gender, number, case, Sinhala and definiteness, which is marked on adjectives. MOZES F. HEINSCHINK, DIETER W. The five morphological cases have clear syntactic HALWACHS & ASTRID RADER JAMES W. GAIR & JOHN PAOLILLO and/or semantic functions. Particularly University of Graz Cornell University, University of Texas noteworthy in the verbal inflectional paradigm are at Arlington evidentiality and the debitive mood, a Latvian Kalderaš-Romani is one of the most prominent innovation. Characteristic features of the syntax Romani varieties: Most probably it is the are non-verbal predicates and converb geographically most widespread variety, spoken Sinhala is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Sri constructions. all over Europe, in the Americas, in Australia, etc. Lanka, where it has developed largeley Furthermore, due to the strong commitment of independently of the other Modern Indo-Aryan ISBN 3 89586 228 2. Languages of the Kalderaš Roma in the ongoing emancipation languages, which are spoken primilary in World/Materials 217. 60pp. USD 53.00 / EUR process, it plays an important role as the basis of northern India. As a result of this development, it 43.10 / GBP 36.60. 1996. a developing international Romani variety used in exhibits grammatical and phonological formal domains on the international level. characteristics not found in other Indo-Aryan Kalderaš-Romani is assigned to the northern languages. Some of these developments may be Burgenland-Romani sub-branch of the Vlax group of Romani, which traces to the influence of the neighboring subsumes varieties strongly influenced by Dravidian languages, principally Tamil and Romanian; an influence which results from the Malayalam, but many developments include the DIETER W. HALWACHS long period of time Kalderaš-Roma suffered in loss of the aspirate series of stops, the innovation & MICHAL WOGG bondage and slavery in Wallachia ("Vlax") and of a series of prenasalized stops in contrast with University of Graz Moldavia – from their arrival in these regions in nasal-stop clusters, and a new low-front vowel the 14th century until the second half of the 19th /æ/ phonemically distinct from /a/. Morphologic- with the collaboration of Gerd Ambrosch, century. ally, Sinhala posesses an unusual four-way deictic Katharina Deman und Ursula Glaeser Kalderaš-Romani is the best documented system, a system of volitivity marking of verbal Romani variety so far: grammars and dictionaries forms, definiteness marking on nominals, and Roman, this is how the Roma living in the on dialects spoken in Columbia, France, Poland, both causative and plural formation systems southern part of Burgenland (Austria precisely Romania, Russia, Sweden, etc. published during involving gemination. Sinhala has basic SOV since 1921, formerly Western Hungary) call their the last 50 years show both the variation and word order like most languages of the region. non-vlah variety of Romani. The homogeneity of this widespread variety. Nevertheless some of its most remarkable Burgenland-Roma migrated form Eastern The present description concentrates on the properties concern its syntax. Non-verb Hungary and Croatia in the 15th century. Serbian dialect of Kalderaš-Romani, which predicates do not use a copula verb, and fail to The close relationship of Roman to two other spread all over Europe during the second half of participate in subordination constructions that non vlah groups in Slovenia (Prekmurski-Roma) the 20th century – in the course of the working employ special verbal morphology. There is a and in Western Hungary is manifest from migration from the 1960s onwards and as a result cleft-like construction that uses a postverbal identical personal names as well as from various of the recent developments in the western position for focusing, but with variants with the parallel linguistic structures. At present Roman is Balkans. The grammar sketch provides an focused element in different positions, in accord in danger of extinction since it is used almost overview of Kalderaš-Romani, describing both with the high degree of constituent freedom of the exclusively in intimate communicative situations the core features of this variety as well as special language. This construction is extremely common among the minority whose number does not features of the Serbian dialect in comparison with in discourse, and it is grammatically required in exceed 2000 people. other dialects of the Kalderaš variety. certain circumstances (e.g. constituent and most The sketch will present a description of the WH-questioning). phonology, morphology, syntax, and the lexicon ISBN 978 3 89586 019 5. Languages of the Sinhala is a strongly diglossic language, with including text samples. In addition we shall World/Materials 73. 60pp. USD 51.80 / EUR Spoken Sinhala being used for everyday purposes present research material concerning language 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 2007. and Literary Sinhala for most written or scripted use and attitude towards the dialect. The data forms of communication. Available descriptions were collected and interpreted with the assistance of Sinhala tend to address Literary Sinhala of native speakers. primilary, so the present volume will focus on Spoken Sinhala. The volume will include a ISBN 3 89586 020 4. Languages of the sample of oral narrative collected by one of the World/Materials 107. 80pp. USD 51.80 / EUR authors, complete with interlinear translation. 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 2002.

72 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

Sepečides - Romani Central Breton Irish

PETRA CECH & IWAN WMFFRE AIDAN DOYLE MOZES F. HEINSCHINK University of Galway, Ireland University of Gdansk

This book offers a concise presentation of the Breton, spoken in France, is - alongside Cornish Sepe…ides is a non-vlah Romani dialect (Romani main features of Modern Irish. The first chapter and Welsh - an uninterrupted continuation of the belonging to the New Indian languages) spoken by contains a brief historical survey of the language, ancient Brittonic language of Roman Britain. As several related grand families now living in and discusses the present sociolinguistic situation. Celtic linguists are - by the nature of things - Izmir/Turkey and Volos/Greece. This formerly The next three chapters are concerned with the mostly English-speakers, the study of Breton has united group of basket weavers split up around sound-system of Irish, its morphology, and its understandably been somewhat neglected. Breton 1920, when exchanges of Greek/Turkish population syntax, and the book concludes with two sample shares many traits common to the other Neo- took place. One part of the group migrated to texts, accompanied by a phonetic transcription Celtic languages, but is of particular interest to Turkey and settled finally in Izmir, the others and interlinear translation. the general linguist as it is the only Celtic moved to Volos (Greece) and stayed there. Since In the chapter on phonology, the question of language that has evolved wholly beyond the then their previously uniform Romani developed morphophonological alternations is discussed in shadow of the inluence of the English language. under different linguistical conditions. Both detail: these include variation in the quality and Over the centuries the domination of French, variants are endangered in their transmission to the quantity of vowels, shifts in stress, and initial the language of the state since medieval times, younger generation by the impact of TV and school mutations. In the chapter on morphology, steadily eroded the hold of the Breton upon the education. The Izmir variety of Sepe…ides shows particular attention is paid to the morphosyntactic higher echelons of society. This process the characteristics of other non-Vlah dialects like use of initial mutations, numerous paradigms cumulated dramatically with a general cesseation unshortened pronominal forms, Greek, being provided of the effect exerted by various of transmission of Breton to the younger Southern-Slavic but no Rumanian lexems etc. under particles on the major lexical categories of Irish. generations in the period that immediately the influence of the agglutinative Turkish language One section is devoted to derivational followed the 1939-45, with the result that Breton it has preserved a rich derivational morphology morphology, an aspect of the language which has is at present-day suffering a terminal exponential absent from corresponding dialects. been neglected in past studies. decline as a language of a traditional As Sepe…ides has not previously been The approach to syntax is novel. Rather than homogeneous society. Its decline as a spoken described, the sketch will present a survey of the merely cataloguing the various traditional language is almost the most dramatic seen in entire grammatical system as well as short chapters sentence patterns found in Irish, the author western Europe during the 20th century. The on phonology and syntax. One chapter will analyze focusses on those aspects which are of relevance author, who is a native Breton-speaker, gives a the various influences of the Turkish language on to current syntactic research in general. All three description of spoken Breton of central western Sepe…ides and their morphological and idiomatical chapters contain a comprehensive and up-to-date Brittany, which is - paradoxically - one of the implications. Investigations are based on approx. range of references for further reading. most typical of Breton dialects, but also one of 130 hours of recorded talks ranging from tales, This study will be of interest both to general the dialects most neglected in literary works. The songs, and biographical notes to short anecdotes linguists with no previous knowledge of Irish, study contains chapters on phonology, and explanations of phrases and proverbs. and also to lecturers and students of Celtic studies morphology and syntax, and texts with interlinear interested in language. ISBN 3 89586 036 0. Languages of the translation.

World/Materials 106. 69 pp. USD 51.80 / EUR ISBN 3 89586 259 2. Languages of the ISBN 3 89586 121 9. Languages of the 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1996. World/Materials 201. 100pp. USD 66.30 / World/Materials 152. 60pp. USD 51.80 / EUR EUR 53.90 / GBP 45.80. 2001. 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1998. Late Cornish Sanskrit IWAN WMFFRE Hittite

University of Galway, Ireland DERMOT KILLINGLEY AND SIEW-YUE SILVIA LURAGHI Cornish, spoken in south-western Britain until the Università degli Studi di Pavia KILLINGLEY

18th century, was alongside Breton and Welsh - Hittite belongs to the Anatolian branch of the University of Newcastle an uninterrupted continuation of the ancient Indo-European language family, which has Brittonic language of Roman Britain. Cornish become extinct in the first half of the first Sanskrit, a living spoken minority language of the was never as numerically important as the other millenium b.C. Among the Anatolian languages Indian subcontinent used for ritual and other two languages, so that its neglect by Celtic Hittite is the best attested; for our knowledge of it purposes, has crucially influenced Western linguists is understandable, however, its position we can relay on several thousands of clay tables, linguistic thought. This sketch describes classical immediately between Brittany and Wales, makes dating back to about 1750 b.C. - 1150 b.C. One of Sanskrit, adapting traditional (Western) it particularly interesting from the point of view the biggest matters of interest concerning Hittite terminology in the light of modern linguistics, of the dialectal develoment of ancient Brittonic. lies in its differences from the ancient Indo- and taking into account indigenous (ancient Since medieval times the domination of European languages. The author does not aim at Indian) terminology. It presents the phonology Englsih, the language of state, steadily eroded the an evaluation of the relative antiquity of the elegantly, relating it to the sanskritists' hold of the Cornish language upon the higher Hittite features in comparison to those of the romanization and to Devan~g~ri. The echelons of Society, and led in the early 18th other Indo-European languages, rather, the author morphology highlights the verb, the most century to its disappearance as the language of a is going to highlight the pecularities which can be complex inflectional class, and deals with verb traditional homogeneous society. In the 20th connected with major typological issues. Topics derivation, tense, mood, aspect, voice, non- century much interest has been shown in the related in this sketch include: reflexive and reflexive polarity, deixis and language, an interest which has led to a revival of (1) the socio-linguistic situation of Anatolia in concord. The verb paradigm is exemplified in the language as a spoken medium amonst the second millenium b.C.; (2) phoneme tabular form as a complex piece of asymmetry. enthusiasts, though what precisely constitutes the inventory; graphic problems connected with the The traditional concepts of 'root' and 'stem' are relationship between the Cornish of learners in use of cuneiform and the evolution of scribal explained in relation to word and lexeme, and to the 20th century and earlier forms of Cornish habits; (3) relative chronology of Hittite texts and noun, adjective and verb formation. Phonological remains an unresolved question. periodization of the Hittite language; (4) alternation (gua and vrddhi), thematic versus The author, who is a native Breton- and morphology: word formation, parts of speech and athematic, weak versus strong and other topics Welsh-speaker, gives a description of spoken their inflectional categories; gender system; (5) are also included. Sanskrit syntax is a relatively Cornish of the 17th and early 18th centuries, a syntax: noun and verb phrase; types of adnominal neglected area. The 'compound' (sam sa), often period of the language condemned by many - too modifiers; auxiliaries; use of cases; verbal voice; treated under word-formation, is treated here as a peremtorily - as being degenerate, but a period TAM system; (6) word order within the simple phrase of indefinite length with some word-like which has left us the great majority of prose sentence; sentence initial and sentence final qualities. Fixed word order in the compound material in the language. position; clitics; position of the finite verb; (7) phrase is contrasted with free word order in the The study contains chapters on phonology, parataxis and hypotaxis; connectives and clause, which is typically SOV with alternative morphology and syntax, and texts with interlinear asyndesis; types of subordinate clauses; orders according to focus and modality. 'Verbless' translation. infinitives; (8) anaphoric relations within the text. clauses are treated in terms of BE-deletion. Voice The text for analysis is from Old Hittite, is treated in relation to valency, and to ISBN 3 89586 122 7. Languages of the particularly interesting for what concerns word agent/patient roles. Clause chaining is described World/Materials 135. 60pp. USD 51.80 / EUR order and the use of connectives. in terms of finite and non-finite clauses, relative 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1998. modifiers, conjunction and subordination, and the ISBN 3 89586 076 X. Languages of the functions of infinitives and of inflected and

World/Materials 114. 64pp. USD 51.80 / EUR uninflected participles are explained. The role of 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1997. enclitics and conjunctions in discourse is

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010♦ 73 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES described. The sketch ends with a text, a medieval didactic tale in a formal narrative style. Intermediate Bangla re-editions

ISBN 3 89586 025 5. Languages of the CLINTON SEELY World/Materials 18. 64pp. USD 51.80 / EUR University of Chicago Elements of the Com- 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1995. Intermediate Bengali is aimed at English- parative Grammar of speaking students of the Bengali language who Romanes have completed An Introduction to Bengali: Part the Indo-Germanic I, by Edward C. Dimock, Jr., Somdev Bhattacharji, and Suhas Chatterjee (2nd printing; ANIEL OLZINGER Languages D H New Delhi: Manohar, 1976) and An Introduction University of Klagenfurt to Bengali: Part II, by Somdev Bhattacharji A concise exposition of the History of Sanskrit, (reprinted; Chicago: Dept. of South Asian Old Iranic (Avestic And Old Persian), Old The language of the Sinte (called Romanes by its Languages and Civilizations, U. of Chicago, speakers) is one of the Romani (Gypsy) 1988). The present work takes for granted that Armenian, Old Greek, Latin, Umbrian-Samnitic, languages. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the material presented in those two books has Old Irish, Gothic, Old High German, Lithunian Indo-European. Romanes (Sinte) is spoken by been learned already. and Old Bulgarian. Volume 1: Introduction and about 100.000 - 200.000 people mainly in Intermediate Bengali could be use profitably Phonology. W-Europe: Germany, France (Manuš), during the second year of language study in Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, N-Italy and conjunction with A Bengali Prose Reader (for N-Yugoslavia. The Sinte were the first Gypsies to Second-Year Students), by Edward C. Dimock, KARL BRUGMANN arrive in W-Europe about 500 years ago. Most of Jr. and Somdev Bhattacharji (reprinted; Chicago: them are semi-nomadic travelling around in Dept. of South Asian Languages and Those who have impartially followed the summer time to earn their living. Civilizations, U. of Chicago, 1988). In the third development of comparative philology in the last Due to the long stay in a German speaking year, most students would do well to read diverse twenty years will be aware of the great progress it environment, the Sinte language (esp. the syntax) selections of Bengali writing such as those has made in the interval. In both the scope and the is quite strongly influenced by German. The presented in parts two and three of An Advanced nature of its work it has shown all the elasticity morphology however ist still intact. Most of the Course in Bengali, by Ernest Bender and and creative vigour of a science that is still young Sinte people use their language. As a minority Theodore Riccardi, Jr. (Philadelphia: South Asia in spite of its seventy years. That its diverse and language it has a strong group defining function. Regional Studies; University of Pennsylvania, scattered details need to be once again brought Since it is very hard for gadze (non-gypsies) to 1978); knowledge of the grammar covered in together under one systematic arrangement will gain access to Romanes, the linguistic description Intermediate Bengali will enhance the student's hardly be doubted by any competent judge. The at hand is quite a rarity. comprehension of those readings and should first edition of Schleicher's excellent The sketch contains a short phonological and increase his/her reading speed. The present work 'Compendium' appeared in 1861, and was since syntactic description and concentrates rather on draws heavily upon material in An Advanced twice published in a revised form by the author, morphology and features of narrative texts Course in Bengali for examples of grammatical the second time shortly before his death. When it (aspects, word order, discourse markers, points. was edited finally in 1876 with very few changes participant tracking). The grammatical description Each of the twenty lessons in Intermediate indeed, the two editors were already of opinion contains text samples in interlinear and free Bengali is divided into four sections: (1) a short that it required complete remodelling. Thus l feel translation. sure that the 'Elements', the first volume of which selection of Bengali; (2-3) two grammar sections; is now before the reader, meets a real need (from ISBN 3 89586 017 4. Languages of the and (4) useful information in or about the language. Lesson 1 is an exception to that the introduction of 1888 edition). World/Materials 105. 52pp. USD 51.80 / EUR pattern; it has been designed primarily as a review Contents: Definition of the science of the Indg. 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1995. of features of pronunciation of what can be called languages - Differentiation of dialects (The standard modern Bengali and of the mid- Aryan branch - The Armenian branch - The nineteenth- to mid-twentieth-century form of Greek branch - The Albanian branch - The Italic A Short Grammar of written Bengali, known as sadhu bhasa (the branch - The Keltic branch - The Germanic perfected or pristine language). branch - The Baltic-Slavonic branch) - Hieroglyphic Luwian Phonology - The sounds of the indg. primitive

ISBN 3 89586 516 8. LINCOM Language language - History of the separate Prim. Indg. JOHN MARANGOZIS Sounds (vowels as sonants, vowels as consonants, Professor Emeritus Coursebooks 03. 440pp. USD 91.90 / EUR 74.70 / GBP 63.50. 2002. nasals, liquids, ablaut, explosives, spirants) - National Technical University of Athens Other combinatory sound changes - Accentuation. This re-edition has been published as no. 02 in Luwian along with Hittite, Pallaic, Lycian, the LINCOM Classica series (originally Carian, and other Anatolian languages, belongs to Tense in Persian published 1888, London: Trübner & Co). the Anatolian branch of the Indoeuropean Its Nature and Use languages. Luwian is known from writings of the ISBN 978 3 89586 244 1. LINCOM Classica second millennium BC, as “Cuneiform Luwian” 02. 584pp. USD 93.20 / EUR 75.80 / GBP and from writings of the first millennium BC, as BEHROOZ MAHMOODI BAKHTIARI 64.40. 2010. “Hieroglyphic Luwian”. Luwian (Louvitte, Luwische) is the language TENSE IN PERSIAN: ITS NATURE AND USE, of the former land “Luwiya”, of Asia Minor, i.e. is a comprehensive work on the Persian tense A Grammar of the the S.-SW part of Asia Minor, constituted by the system, which is composed in 6 chapters. later provinces of Caria, Lycia, Pisidia, Greek Language 1) Theoretical preliminaries; 2) Review of the Pamphylia, and Cilicia. Later on, this area was related literature; 3) The morphology of Persian occupied by the Hittites, as part of the Hittite tenses; 4) The semantics of Persian tenses; 5) D. YENNI Kingdom, from the 15th to the 12th century BC., Tense in the Persian discourse; 6) Summary and and was known by the names of Kizzuwatna and conclusion; Bibliography. The object of the present work is to simply and Arzawa. Kizzuwatna was mainly the SE part and facilitate the study of Greek in the middle and Arzawa the SW of old Luwiya. The federation of The theoretical framework chosen for this higher classes of our colleges and academies. Its Arzawa consisted of a coalition of Hittite vassal study was Comrie's (1985) work TENSE, but plan has been successfully tried for many years in states, like Mira-Kuwaliya, Hapalla, Seha-River some other important books such as Dahl (1985) the schoolroom. The leading modern treatises on Valley land, and later of some additional states. TENSE AND ASPECT SYSTEMS, and Decklerk Greek grammar have been freely consulted. Their Luwian texts in cuneiform writing were stored (1991)'s work TENSE IN ENGLISH have been labors were submitted to a careful analysis, and in the archives of Hattusa, the Hittite capital, in used. Covering the different aspects of the everything that could prove of real use to the the form of clay tablets which were incinerated Persian tense, the book can be useful for those student, and which is practically attainable in an ca, 1200 BC. These texts contained the following interested in TAM studies, specially those who undergraduate course, has been selected and categories of material: are interested in Indo-European linguistics. adapted to the simple and uniform method here - Magic rituals - Mythological stories - A pursued. The grammar also includes appendices fragment of a letter - and a great number of ISBN 3 89586 674 1. LINCOM Studies in on accent and Greek dialects. (Re-edition; obscure fragments. originally published 1878 in New York; written Indo-European Linguistics 24. 220 pp. USD 100.50 / EUR 81.70 / GBP 69.50. 2002. in English). ISBN 3 89586 341 6. LINCOM Studies in Indo-European Lingustics 26. 56pp. USD ISBN 978 3 86290 073 2. LINCOM Classica 53.00 / EUR 43.10 / GBP 36.60. 2003. 12. 226pp. USD 65.80 / EUR 54.40 / GBP 45.10. 2010/IV.

74 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

A Compendium of the ISBN 978 3 89586 262 5. LINCOM Classica ISBN 978 3 86290 113 5. 61pp. USD 34.80 / 03. 889pp. Zweibändig. USD 95.20 / EUR EUR 28.80 / GBP 23.90. 2010/IV. Comparative Grammar of 76.40 / GBP 65.80. 2010. the Indo-European, Elementary Kurmanji Sanskrit, Greek and Latin Prákrita Prakáśa or The Grammar Languages. Part I & II Prakrit Grammar of E.B. SOANE Vararuchi AUGUST SCHLEICHER The dialect here treated is that of Sulaimaniyah, E.B. COWELL as far north as about latitude 36". Contents: This work is meant to be an elementary handbook for lectures and self-instruction. The want of such Pronuciation and alphabet, noun, verb, adverb, Prakrit is the general term, under which are prepositions, vocabulary (Re-edition; originally a work has been hitherto widely feit. The state of comprised the various dialects which appear to Indo-European Philology is now such that it has published 1919 in Bagdad; written in English). have arisen in India out of the corruption of the become possible to write a compendium of the Sankrit. As the word is used by the grammarians, ISBN 978 3 86290 165 4. LINCOM comparative grammar of the Indo-European it signifies ´derived`, thereby to denote its Gramatica 71. 201pp. USD 68.70 / EUR 56.80 languages. After we have discarded that part connection with the original Sanskrit. Later / GBP 47.10. 2010/IV. which is still doubtful, there remains a large store grammarians include many varieties under the of knowledge, embracing the different sides name, but most of these are probably the subtil which language offers to scientific treatment: this refinements of a alter age; as, the older the knowledge will, in my opinion, stand unshaken Greek Grammar grammarian is, the fewer we find the dialects to for all time. The chief object of a compendium of be. The oldest, Vararuchi, has only treated of four the Indo-European languages is to colleet and E.A. SONNENSCHEIN – the Máháráshtrí, the Mágadhí, the Paisáchí, and arrange in a short and appropriate form, and yet in the Śaurasení. Of these the first is considered by an intelligible manner, these results of Indo- The volume is composed of two parts, Accidence him as the most important. Its grammar is given (summarizing declension, comparison, European Philology. "Where, however, it is in the first nine sections of the ‘Prákrita Prakáśa’, impossible to avoid mentioning what is obscure conjugation) and Syntax. Contents of Accidence: the remaining three sections being severally noun, adjectives, adverbs, verbs. Contents of and doubtful, it will be expressly characterized as devoted to the pecularities of the other three such. Syntax: Sentence construction (subject, predicate, dialects (Re-edition; originally published 1868 in attributes and adjuncts, complex sentences, It is no slight task to compose a first London; written in English). handbook of this kind treating of the formation of meaning of forms (case, prepositons, voice, moods and tenses), etc. the Indo-European languages: whether the writer ISBN 978 3 86290 088 6. LINCOM In this volume a common point of view is of the present work has succeeded in temporarily Orientalia 27. 239pp. USD 65.80 / EUR 54.40 secured by basing the treatment of Syntax on a satisfying the want, others must decide; but he / GBP 45.10. 2010/IV. begs them to take it into consideration that his certain scheme of sentence analysis, which is book is a first essay in the direction pointed out. independent of linguistic form, in other words, by This book is a translation of those parts of Le parler arménien basing Syntax primarily upon meanings. This Schleicher's Compendium der vergleichenden method brings us the strong relief not only the Grammatik der Indo-germanischen Sprachen d'Akn (Quartier Bas) similarieties, but also the differences between which treat directly of the Indo-European original languages (adopted from the preface of the second part). language, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. (From the AXUDIANZ M. M (Re-edition; originally published 1919 in London; preface and the translator’s note). Table of Contents: Introduction, Phonology, Morphology written in English) En dehors de ces ouvrages (de la bibliographie), (The form of the Indo-European word). This re- j’ai utilisé ma connaissance personelle du parler edition has been published as no. 01 in the ISBN 978 3 3 86290 077 0. LINCOM de la ville d’Akn – ma ville natale – que j’ai Gramatica 69. 386pp. USD 80.10 / EUR 66.20 LINCOM Classica series (originally published quitée à l’âge de 9 ans en 1885. Je suis du 1874, 1877, London). / GBP 54.90. 2010/IV. quartier bas. D’autre part, j’ai eu la bonne fortune

de pouvoir oberserver à Paris plusieurs personnes. Table des matières: Phonétique, déclinaison, ISBN 978 3 89586 185 7. LINCOM Classica A Simplified Grammar conjugaison, mots empruntés (Re-edition; 01. 289pp. USD 80.90 / EUR 65.80 / GBP originally published 1911 in Paris; written in of the Pali Language 55.90. 2010. French).

ISBN 978 3 86290 115 9. LINCOM E. MÜLLER Deutsch-Lateinisches Gramatica 90. 156pp. USD 59.00 / EUR 48.80 / GBP 40.50. 2010/IV. I intended to help the students of Buddhistical Schulwörterbuch literature, by collecting the idiomatical pecularities of the sacred language, comparing it F.A. HEINICHEN Beiträge zur Kenntnis chiefly to Sanskrit, and in a few cases also to Neubearbeitet von C. Wagener other Indian vernaculars. As the publication of der Rom-Sprache Pali texts has taken so wide dimensions during the last ten years, I thought it would not be out of Bei der Ausarbeitung der sechsten Auflage wurde FRIEDRICH MÜLLER place to consider and work out the new materials ganz besondere Sorgfalt darauf verwandt, bei that have come into our possession through these längeren Abschnitten eine noch größere Übersicht Trotz der namentlich in neuester Zeit von books, mostly unknown to those who made Pali durch Anwendung von mehr Unterabteilungen als mehreren Seiten gelieferten Beiträge zur Kenntnis grammar an object of their study (from the bisher sowie auch durch den Druck fetter Zahlen der Romsprache dürfte dieser Beitrag, welchen preface). Contents: Alphabet, pronunciation, und Buchstaben und durch Sperrdruck der neuen ich hiermit dem linguistischen Publikum vorlege, vowels, change of vowels, change of quantity, Hauptbedeutungen zu erlangen. Auch im übrigen schon deswegen nicht unerwünscht sein, weil er nasal vowels, vowels added or dropped, hat die Ausstattung in der neuen Auflage eine grössere Originaltexte umfaßt und daher consonants, general remarks referring to erhebliche Verbesserung erfahren, indem unter abgesehen von dem Vorteile, welchen diese den consonants of different classes, compound Vergrößerung und Angleichung des Formates an Übersetzungen gegenüber darbieten, als consonants, rules of Sandhi, declension, den lateinisch-deutschen Teil der Durchschuß authentische Quelle zur Kenntnis des in Ungarn comparison of adjectives, pronominal inflexion, größer gewählt worden ist, wodurch die lebenden Rom-Volkes dienen kann. Die numerals, conjugation, Valâhassajâtaka (Re- Lesbarkeit wesentlich erhöht würde. Ein Mitteilung der Stücke, welche die vorliegende edition; originally published 1884 in London; unnötiges Nachschlagen und Weitersuchen ist Sammlung umfasst (fünf Märchen, written in English) sehr oft dadurch erspart, daß Verweise auf andere neunundzwanzig Lieder und ein Brief), verdanke Abschnitte entfernt sind und daß gleich die ich meinen ehemaligen Zuhörer, Herrn L. ISBN 978 3 86290 075 6. LINCOM lateinische Vokabel oder Phrase angegeben ist. Fialowski, einem in sprachwissenschaftlichen Gramatica 24. 163pp. USD 63.80 / EUR 52.80 Dann wurde auch eine große Reihe veralteter und Dingen gut unterrichteten jungen Mann, der / GBP 43.80. 2010/IV. seltener Wörter gestrichen und überall der mithalf unter den in Wien garnisonierenden deutsche Ausdruck gebessert (aus der Vorrede ungarischen Regimentern die Erzähler der von C. Wagener zur 6ten Auflage, 1909, Geschichten zu finden (aus der Einleitung Originalreprint des Nachdruckes der sechsten adaptiert). Auflage von 1909, Leipzig) (Re-edition; originally published 1869 in Wien; written in German)

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010♦ 75 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

sinizesi, elisione, aferesi, dieresi dei dittonghi, motion, there are important tendencies in how A Grammar of the vocale lunghe abbreviate, consonanti, il digamma, English and Spanish, and possibly other verb- and sibilanti, sprito aspro, gutturali, dentali, cononanti satellite-framed languages, lexicalise the domain Homeric Dialect doppie, liquide nasali), Morfologia (declinazione, of motion in their verb roots.

comparazione, numerali, conjugazione, aumento, D. B. MONRO verbi contratti, etc). ISBN 978 3 929075 07 6. LINCOM Studies in (Re-edition; originally published 1908 in Milano; It may be said, without fear of giving offence, Semantics 01. 305pp. USD 87.60 / EUR 71.20 / written in Italian) GBP 60.50. 2009. that a new Grammar of the Homeric dialect is sorely wanted. The admirable Griechische ISBN 978 3 86290 068 8. LINCOM Classica 9. Formenlehre of the late H. L. Ahrens is now just 236pp. USD 65.80 / EUR 54.40 / GBP 45.10. thirty years old, and is confined, as its title indi- 2010/IV. Academic Reference Books cates, to the inflexions. Not only has the course of discovery been going on since Ahrens wrote (and EARS: a User’s Manual with hardly less rapidity than in the first years of Grammatica Storica della the new science), but the historical method has NA ÍAZ EGRILLO been carried into the field of syntax. And apart Lingua e dei dialetti Italiani A D N from 'comparative philology,' the researches of Universidad de Jaén Bekker, Cobet, La Roche, and many other EUGENIO POLCARI students have brought together a wealth of Intended for researchers, pre- and post-graduate material that only needs careful analysis and Indice Generale: Suoni e loro segni, relazione students and foreign language teachers interested arrangement to make it accessible to the general storiche tra’ suoni del altino e dell’italiano in corpus linguistics, this book is a valuable and body of learners. (vocalismo, vocale toniche, vocale atone, original source of documentation for the tagger The plan of this book has sufficient novelty to consonanti), morfologie (conjugazione, EARS: a system of tags for annotation of written call for some explanation. I have not attempted to declinazione), dialetti italiani (Sardo, Corso, errors at spelling, punctuation, word, phrase, write a Comparative Grammar, or even a Siciliano, Napoletano, Pugliese, Abruzzese, clause and lexis levels in English learner corpora. Grammar that would deserve the epithet Aquilano, Umbro, Romano, Toscano, Veneziano, This manual gives a thorough description of 'historical:' but I have kept in view two principles Emiliano, lombardo, Piemontese, Genovese), the tagger, and a fully exemplified account of the of arrangement which belong to the historical or indice delle parole (Re-edition; originally guidelines for its application. This publication genetic method. These are, that grammar should published 1932 in Milano; written in Italian) finds its place among other databases, for proceed from the simple to the complex types of example, LOB, BNC, ICLE, or software releases, the Sentence, and that the form and the meaning ISBN 978 3 86290 056 5. LINCOM like MicroConc or WorthSmith Tools, with which should as far as possible be treated together. Gramatica 15. 320pp. USD 80.80 / EUR 66.80 it shares their applicability in language corpus / GBP 55.40. 2010/IV. research. However, this one is distinctive in that it ISBN 978 3 89586 002 7. LINCOM Gramatica is specific to learner corpus research, where few 15. USD 90.50 / EUR 74.80 / GBP 62.00. specific tools and detailed manuals have been 2010/IV. Semantics made available to date.

ISBN 978 3 89586 574 9. LINCOM Academic A Greek Grammar for Reference Books 01. 162pp. USD 64.20 / EUR A Crosslinguistic Study on 52.20 / GBP 44.40. 2009. Schools and Colleges the Semantics of Motion Verbs in English and Writing for Academic HERBERT WEIR SMYTH Spanish Purposes: In making this book my aim has been, in the first A Handbook for Learners of English palce, to adapt it to the needs of students using a PAULA CIFUENTES FÉREZ as a Second Language Greek grammar for the first time, and in the Universidad Católica San Antonio de second place, to include such matters as may be of special service to undergraduates during the Murcia MARIA ROSA ALONSO ALONSO earlier period of their study of Greek literature. Universidad de Vigo As regards the forms, it has been my purpose to Motion is central to human experience; it is set forth the essential facts of Attic speech, and of pervasive in our daily lives and also in our This book has been written to fill in a gap in the the other dialects so far as they occur in the communicative needs. However, it is a well literature: an exercise book for academic authors ordinarily read in American schools and established fact that languages differ in their purposes. Students of English as a Second colleges, viz., Homer, Herodotus, and the Lyric linguistic expression of motion (Talmy, 1985, Language, researchers and teachers often have poets. The present book differs from its 1991, 2000a, 2000b). Despite the vast amount of research on the linguistic expression of motion problems to write in an academic context. For precedessors of the same class, especially in five years, the author has been collecting data attaching greater importance to exact events, the fact that motion verb roots might explanations of phonetic and morphological encode information apart from path and manner is from the written production of students, changes (from the preface). The study contains an often overlooked, as are other minor researchers and teachers who studied English as a appendix of fourty pages with a list of verbs (Re- lexicalisation patterns that might occur. Second Language in academic contexts.The most edition; originally published 1916 in New York; Furthermore, scholars, more often than not, have frequent errors, common to all of them, were written in English) neglected the study of path verbs in favour of the analysed. study of manner verbs, as the differing expression The data collected have been the source to ISBN 978 3 86290 178 4. LINCOM Gramatica of manner has so far been the most interesting create this book. It contains theoretical 122. 506pp. USD 92.90 / EUR 76.80 / GBP diverging point between satellite- and verb- explanations and practical exercises covering the 63.70. 2010/IV. framed languages. Finally, hardly any work has following topics: spelling and punctuation, been devoted to an in-depth analysis of the pronoun agreement, verbal agreement, sequence semantics of motion verb lexicons in both verb- of tenses, dangling modifiers, infinitives and –ing I Dialetti Greci. and satelliteframed languages beyond the form, hedging and frequently misused words. All comparison of the motion verbs found in novels the activities are based on real examples produced Epico - Neo-Ionico - Dorico - Eolico or elicited orally in the two types of language. by students in different fields when writing in The present book tries to meet such needs by English for academic purposes. addressing the semantics of English and Spanish G.B. BONINO The material has been tested in the classroom motion verbs. Thus, in this work, a systematic and to check it applicability. The author offered the detailed account of the semantics of English and University of Vigo a training course in academic I dialetti parlati in Grecia sono ben lungi Spanish motion verb lexicons from a contrastive writing in the scientific-technological field for dall’essese oggidì classificati in modo point of view is provided. The patterns of general students, researchers and teachers. As the course scientificamente definitivo. In un paese diviso in conflations are explored, as well as more subtle was a success, five more courses were done. For tanti piccoli stati, che il più delle volte non erano path notions and fine-grained manner information two years, the author tested the material, added se non una piccola città con attorno acune borgate which can be conveyed by motion verbs in these issues that the students demanded and included parlato non presentasse varietà per così dire two languages. Comparison between English and several appendices. infinite. Ma questa grandi varietà se hanno Spanish leads to the identification of some un’importanza e grande pel linguista, ben poca ne similarities and some differences. These findings ISBN 978 3 89586 439 1. LINCOM Academic hanno del punto di vista letterario. Indice: suggest that, despite notable crosslinguistic Reference Books 02. 110pp. USD 58.70 / EUR Fonologia (vocali brevi, contrazione, crasi, divergences mainly with regard to manner of 47.70 / GBP 40.60. 2009.

76 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010