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Floating Island Macromycetes from the Carpatho-Pannonian Region in Europe

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Floating Island Macromycetes from the Carpatho-Pannonian Region in Europe ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 2009 Band/Volume: 61 Autor(en)/Author(s): Zöld-Balogh A., Dima B., Albert László, Babos M., Balogh M., Bratek Zoltán Artikel/Article: Floating island macromycetes from the Carpatho-Pannonian Region in Europe. 149-176 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Floating island macromycetes from the Carpatho- Pannonian Region in Europe A .ZoÈld-Balogh1, B. Dima2, L. Albert3, M. Babos4, M. Balogh5 & Z. Bratek1 1 Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, EoÈtvoÈs LoraÂnd University, PaÂzmaÂny PeÂter seÂtaÂny 1/c, Budapest, H-1117 Hungary 2 Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Szent IstvaÂn University, PaÂter KaÂroly u. 1, GoÈdoÈlloÍ, H-2103 Hungary 3 Karthauzi u. 4/a, Budapest, H-1121 Hungary 4 Szentes u. 52/a, Budapest, H-1147 Hungary 5 Paluster Bt. for Ecology and Conservation, VoÈlgy u. 21, Budapest, H-1214, Hungary ZoÈld-Balogh A ., Dima B., Albert L., Babos M., Balogh M. & BratekZ. (2008) Floating island macromycetes from the Carpatho-Pannonian Region in Europe. ± Sydowia 61 (1): 149±176. This study summarizes research data of the last 50 years on basidiomes and ascomycetes from sudds in the Carpathian and Pannonian Regions in Europe. The 76 basidiomycetes taxa collected from Sphagnum sudds (282 collections) belong to 3 orders (Agaricales, Boletales and Russulales), 15 families, and 25 genera. The 77 collections from non-Sphagnum sudds contained 33 species representing 4 orders (the above mentioned and Cantharellales), 12 families and 18 genera. Only three species were found in both types of sudds: Cortinarius uliginosus, Psathyrella typhae and Russula laccata. The 69 collections of ascomycetes (collected on the Sphagnum-free habitats of both kinds of floating fens) contained 27 species belonging to 4 orders (Dothideales, Helotiales, Orbiliales, Pezizales) 11 families and 19 genera. Representative ascomycetes included Lachnum virgineum, Mollisia ligni and Scutellinia crinita. More than half of the basidiomycetes are mycorrhizal (66% in Sphagnum sudds and 55% in non-Sphagnum sudds), while 92% of the ascomycetes proved to be saprobes. The following species occurred exclusively in floating islands of the studied area: Cortinarius tubarius, C. uliginosus, Hygrocybe coccineocrenata, Inocybe lacera var. helobia, Omphalina gerardiana, Russula betu- larum and R. laccata. These strongly rarefied habitats are the last asylums of sev- eral rare and unique species. Keywords: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, habitat conservation, non-Sphagnum sudd, Sphagnum sudd Floating islands are various types of natural freshwater habitats that can support fungi. A floating island is an intermediate habitat type of freshwater environments; it includes the interfaces between land and water (Tsui & Hyde 2003). They have been less surveyed than any other type of freshwater habitats, which could also include 149 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at basin, shore, slope, flat and raised bogs formed on waterlogged soil (Larson 1991, Mitsch & Gosselink1993). The ecological importance of wetlands is now widely recognised. Catallo (1993) called wetlands nature's lungs and nature's kidneys; along the same analogy, they could also be described as nature's womb (nursery areas for aquatic organisms) and according to Mitsch & Gosselink(1993) they function as liver (detoxification centre for pollutants and excess nutrients). Wetlands are known to be the home of a large number of recognized rare species; this is obviously partly due to the fact that wetland habitats themselves are rare (Doust & Doust 1995). Floating islands ± as interesting variants in freshwater marshes of wetlands ± are characterised by peat soil with a balanced cold soil temperature, a constantly cool and moist microclimate. They are nutrient-poor, partly anoxic, often acidic, and are often exposed to wind and sun. A floating island is covered by stands of reeds, high sedge or peat mosses. Successional development can lead to woody vegetation, either scrubforest or sometimes high forest (Balogh et al. 1980b, Rydin & Jeglum 2006). The origin and botanical succession of floating fens, their role in the succession of sedimentation, and the development of peat have been explored by Weber (1908), Pallis (1915), Ruttner (1963), Heil- man (1968), Junk(1970), Swan & Gill (1970), Moore & Bellamy (1974), Balogh & Frenyo (1980), Balogh (1981, 1983, 2000a, b, 2001a, 2002, 2003a), Huffman & Lonard (1983), Verhoeven (1986), Anthony (1999), Hackney et al. (2000), Bauer et al. (2003) and Rydin & Jeglum (2006). Their positive effects on water quality expressed as halobity, saprobity, toxicity and trophity have been known for decades (Balogh 1980, 1983, Balogh et al. 1980a, 1982, 1992). Based on these features they can be used for water cleaning (Balogh 1983). Sudds are important in ecosystem functioning (Balogh 1980, 1983, Mitsch & Gosselink1993) but their nomenclature has not been standardised yet. The scientific terms describing them vary greatly, they are inconsistent, e.g. in Africa they have been referred to as floating raft, floating swamp, island of floating vegetation, mat of floating vegetation, floating island (Denny 1991), sudd (Finlayson & Moser 1991). In North America and Europe they are recognized as floating marsh, floating meadow, floating island, floating mat, float- ing bog, quaking bog, floating fen and quaking fen, quaking mat and quaking mire (Mitsch & Gosselink 1993, Rydin & Jeglum 2006) and spring fen (VasÏutova 2005). Floating islands have long been known in literature. In Europe the first known description was given by the French Father Fournier (1643±1667, cited by Merrien 1975). The common memory preserving the former large networkof Carpatho-Pannonian sudds has been 150 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at immortalized by the ethnographic literature (Herman 1887/1888, Balassa 1975, Gunda 1977, 1980). On the basis of information from other continents as well, we can state that floating islands are numerous and diverse on Earth and they can be found everywhere from the arctic to the Antarctic Circle (Balogh 1983, Van Duzer 2004, 2006) and exist until intrusive and expansive water management is implemented. Crucial changes have occurred since pre-settlement times; the original floating islands (inland and coastal) have been decreasing because of drainage and other human development (Mitsch & Gosselink1993). There are very few available sources in the literature on sudd fungi. Stendlung & Charvat (1994) published on the colonisation of mycorrhizal fungi of Typha in floating mats. Moreau (2002) descri- bed Hygrocybe coccineocrenata, Hypholoma elongatum and Rick- enella fibula var. hydrina as typical Sphagnum sudd basidiomes in French floating fens. Zehfuss (2005) published a detailed report on 16 basidiomes from a Sphagnum sudd in the German Schwarzwald Mountains, also identified by the authors of the present study in the Carpatho-Pannonian Region. In the Czech Republic some sudds were researched in 14 localities of Moravian-Slovakian borderland area (VasÏutova 2005). During three years 592 records were found includ- ing 171 macrofungi species in 46 spring fens of all 4 fen types. Several studies have been published on the sudd fungi in the Carpatho-Pannonian Region; on basidiomes (Babos 1979, 1987, 1989, LaÂszlo et al. 1988, Balogh 1989, Batho 1994, LaÂzaÂr et al. 2000; Albert et al. 2004, Albert & Dima 2005, 2007), on arbuscular mycorrhizas (ReÂpaÂs et al. 1998, ZoÈld-Balogh et al. 2002a, b, 2003), on ascomycetes (Bratekand ZoÈld-Balogh 2001, 2002) and on symbiotic fungi of sudd orchids (IllyeÂs et al. 2005a, b). The studied area (with largely continental climate) is located in East-Central Europe. It belongs to three countries: Hungary, Slovakia and Romania (N458±N508, E168±E258). The inventory of sudd macro- mycetes was carried out in the habitat fragments with submontane climate at altitudes between 100 m and 500 m in the Hungarian area. Fragments with montane climate were sampled in the Carpathians (in Slovakia and Romania) at elevations ranging from 1000 m to 1700 m. These studied areas are relatively small and they are rare geomorpho- logical formations in the Carpatho-Pannonian Region, reflecting the existing fragmentation due to natural or social causes. Materials and Methods The present study is based on irregular ± though covering all seasons ± field workby the authors. Emphasis has been made on collecting representatives of all the appearing macromycetes species. 151 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Sudd basidiomes have been collected since 1959 and ascomycetes since 1994. For identification of collected species the following works were used: Dennis (1981), Moser (1983), Breitenbach & KraÈnzlich (1984), BaÂnhegyi et al. (1985), Brandrud et al. (1989±1998), Schumacher (1990), LizonÏ (1992), Courtecuisse & Duhem (1995), Hawksworth et al. (1995), Hengstmengel (1996), Yao & Spooner (1996), Krieglsteiner (2000±2003), Bratek& ZoÈld-Balogh (2001), Bellu et al. (2004) and Vesterholt (2005). Fungal taxonomies follow the categories of The Index Fungorum (CABI 2008). In case of fungal nomenclature
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