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Wenzhou Christianity and Its Link to Economy, Politics, and Globalization

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Wenzhou Christianity and Its Link to Economy, Politics, and Globalization 저작자표시-비영리-변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는 아래의 조건을 따르는 경우에 한하여 자유롭게 l 이 저작물을 복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연 및 방송할 수 있습니다. 다음과 같은 조건을 따라야 합니다: 저작자표시. 귀하는 원저작자를 표시하여야 합니다. 비영리. 귀하는 이 저작물을 영리 목적으로 이용할 수 없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는 이 저작물을 개작, 변형 또는 가공할 수 없습니다. l 귀하는, 이 저작물의 재이용이나 배포의 경우, 이 저작물에 적용된 이용허락조건 을 명확하게 나타내어야 합니다. l 저작권자로부터 별도의 허가를 받으면 이러한 조건들은 적용되지 않습니다. 저작권법에 따른 이용자의 권리는 위의 내용에 의하여 영향을 받지 않습니다. 이것은 이용허락규약(Legal Code)을 이해하기 쉽게 요약한 것입니다. Disclaimer 국제학석사학위논문 The City of Churches: A Study on the Development of Wenzhou Christianity and its Link to Economy, Politics, and Globalization 온주 기독교 연구: 경제, 정치, 세계화를 중심으로 2015년 2월 서울대학교 국제대학원 국제학과 국제지역학전공 장 민 애 The City of Churches: A Study on the Development of Wenzhou Christianity and its Link to Economy, Politics, and Globalization A thesis presented By Minae Jang To Graduate Program in International Area Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master In the Subject of International Studies Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University Seoul, Republic of Korea February 2015 The City of Churches: A Study on the Development of Wenzhou Christianity and its Link to Economy, Politics, and Globalization 온주 기독교 연구: 경제, 정치, 세계화를 중심으로 지도교수 정 종 호 이 논문을 국제학 석사학위논문으로 제출함 2015년 2월 서울대학교 국제대학원 국제학과 국제지역학전공 장 민 애 장민애의 석사학위논문을 인준함 2015년 2월 위 원 장 정 영 록 (인) 부 위 원 장 김 재 석 (인) 위 원 정 종 호 (인) THESIS ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATE The undersigned, appointed by The Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University Have examined the thesis entitled The City of Churches: A Study on the Development of Wenzhou Christianity and its Link to Economy, Politics, and Globalization Presented by Jang, Minae Candidate for the degree of Master of International Studies, and hereby certify that the examined thesis is worthy of acceptance: Signature Committee Chair Cheong, Young-Rok Signature Committee Vice Chair Kim, Jaesok Signature Committee Member Jeong, Jong-Ho © Copyrights by JANG, MINAE 2015 All Rights Reserved Abstract The City of Churches: A Study on the Development of Wenzhou Christianity and its Link to Economy, Politics, and Globalization Minae Jang Graduate school of International Studies Seoul National University In the era of a post-mao market transition, China made a remarkable development in its economy and became the world’s second largest economic super power with the fastest growing rate. Despite the socialist state’s intention to limit its opening only on economy, the liberalization of the market has led to the opening of other sectors and has eased the Maoist state control over various social arenas. Among the many social changes, one of the most astonishing is the growth of Protestant churches, particularly those of unregistered house churches. The recent phenomena of economic growth, rising Protestantism, and the fragmentation of TSPM churches and house churches all exist in one area called Wenzhou. Especially, house churches in Wenzhou were considered as exceptional examples with having physically large church buildings and presentations of their faith within the public square and workplace. All evidences point that the unregistered Wenzhou house i churches are not “underground” at all but rather “on-ground churches”. This article investigates this distinctiveness of house churches in Wenzhou through the lens of the linkage between this religion and the local economy, politics and its trends and desire towards globalization. To study the relation between the Wenzhou house churches and the local economy, the author focuses on the role of the entrepreneur which is an overlapping intersection that encompasses both arenas. Most house church leaders are successful entrepreneurs and they have consolidated their position both within the religion and society. And also, through understanding the general perception of Wenzhou house church members towards “doing business” and “making money” caused by Wenzhou’s economic development and the entrepreneur Christians, the author differentiate Wenzhou Christianity from that of other areas. Moreover, through the frame of church-state relations, this paper argues that unlike other areas, Wenzhou’s unregistered house churches enjoyed much liberalized social space by integrating their economic power and social participation with the local government’s politics. In doing so, even though the churches may face sporadic state persecution for their unlawful status, the local government view house churches as a benefit to the local economy and social stability. Finally, this study discovers that with its distinctiveness in m obility, Wenzhou house churches have large overseas connections with ii overseas Wenzhounese and Christian communities from different nation s. Wenzhou churches pursue their development by applying the imitati on strategy. Consequently, the network overseas not only nurtures the development in Christianity, but also within the local economy and thus became a core factor which Wenzhou house churches obtain their legitimacy. In hence, the above mentioned distinctiveness are part of natural consequences caused by both Wenzhou’s economic growth and the strategic accommodation between the local government and the house churches in Wenzhou. The implications of Wenzhou house church’s scope of possible influence remain uncertain, however, there is a possibility that as Wenzhou Study and the Wenzhou model of economic development serves as a microcosm of China’s rural industrialization and modernization. Keywords: China, Protestantism, Wenzhou, house church, Wenzhou Economy, local government-religion relations Student Number: 2013-22072 iii Table of Contents Abstract (English) ...................................................................................................... i Table of Contents .................................................................................................. iv I. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1. Research Background and Study Question .......................................................... 1 2. Previous Studies ................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Economy and Religion ....................................................................................... 3 2.2 Discourses on Chinese Christianity .............................................................. 5 3. Research Methodology ............................................................................................... 10 II. Protestantism in China ............................................................................ 12 1. Development of Protestantism in China ......................................................... 12 2. Development of Protestantism in Wenzhou ................................................ 15 III. The City of Churches: Wenzhou ................................................ 18 1. The Development of Wenzhou Region ........................................................... 18 iv 1.1 Wenzhou: The Regional Background ........................................................... 19 1.2 The Wenzhou Economic Development Model ....................................... 21 1.3 State and Local Policy ...................................................................................... 23 2. Wenzhou’s Christianity....................................................................................... 25 2.1 Economy and Religion ........................................................................................ 28 2.2 Politics and Religion: Church-State Relations ....................................... 35 2.3 Going Global ........................................................................................................ 45 IV. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 54 Bibliography................................................................................................................ 57 Abstract (Korean) ............................................................................................... 68 v I. Introduction 1. Study Background and Research Questions In the era of post-mao market transition, China made a remarkable development in its economy and became the world's second largest economic super power with the fastest rate of growth. Despite the socialist state’s intention to limit its opening only on economic matters, the liberalization of the market has led to the opening-up of other sectors and has eased the Maoist state's control over various social arenas. Among the many social changes, perhaps the most astonishing has been the growth of Protestant churches. The number of Protestant Christians is growing so rapidly and steadily that some even expect it could have more churchgoers than any other countries by 2030 (Aikman 2003; Lambert 1999; Bays 2003; Dunch 2001). However, although religious freedom has expanded in China since the country began opening to the outside world in 1979, because the government still imposes strong opposition toward any kind of social gathering, it is still extremely limited and the Protestant church exists in fragmented form. Two major groups within the division exists, one called the Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) churches and then the unregistered illegal house churches. The limitation of freedom of religion mainly rose from the issue of government repression on “house churches １ (jiating jiaohui 家庭敎會)
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