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Report Title 11. Jahrhundert Report Title - p. 1 Report Title 11. Jahrhundert 1024 Religion : Christentum Porter, Lucius Chapin. China's challenge to Christianity. (New York, N.Y. : Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 1924). https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001400916. [WC] 13. Jahrhundert 1295 Religion : Christentum Jahballaha III., der Katholikos der Nestorianer, kann durch seine Beziehungen zu den mongolischen Herrschern die Ausbreitung der nestorianischen Kirche erreichen und die Unterdrückung der Christen mildern. [BBKL] 1299 Religion : Christentum Giovanni da Montecorvino baut die erste Kirche in Beijing. [Wik] 14. Jahrhundert 1304 Religion : Christentum Jahballaha III. sendet ein Glaubensbekenntnis an Benedikt XI., in dem er den Primat des Papstes anerkennt. [BBKL] 1305 Religion : Christentum Giovanni da Montecorvino baut die zweite Kirche in Beijing. [Wik] 1307 Religion : Christentum Errichtung der Erzdiözese Beijing mit sieben Suffraganten (ein zu einer Kirchenprovinz gehörendes Bistum). Giovanni da Montecorvino wird Erzbischof. [Wal,Col] 1307 Religion : Christentum Andrea da Perugia wird von Papst Clemens V. nach China geschickt. [Wik] 1313 Religion : Christentum Errichtung der Diözese Zaitun (Quanzhou, Fujian). [Wal 1] 1322-1332 Religion : Christentum Andrea da Perugia ist Bischof von Quanzhou (Fujian). [Wik,BG11:S. 40] 1325-1328 Religion : Christentum Odorico da Pordenone ist in Beijing als Mitarbeiter von Giovanni da Montecorvino tätig. [BBKL] 1328 Religion : Christentum Es gibt ca. 30'000 Katholiken in China. [Col] 1333 Geschichte : China - Europa : Island / Religion : Christentum Nicolas de Botras wird Nachfolger von Giovanni da Montecorvino als Bischof von Qanbaliq (Beijing). [Sta] Report Title - p. 2 1342 Religion : Christentum Die Franziskaner Giovanni da Marignolli und Nicholas Bonet kommen im Auftrag von Papst Benedikt XII.. in Khanbaliq (Beijing) an und werden von Kaiser Shundi ehrenvoll empfangen. In den chinesischen Annalen findet aber nur das geschenkte europäische Pferd Beachtung. [BBKL] 1342 Religion : Christentum Fund des christlichen Grabes der Genueserin Catharina de Viglione in Yangzhou (Jiangsu). [Ger] 1354 Religion : Christentum Nicholas Bonet wird Bischof von Mileve (Afrika). [Cat] 1354 Religion : Christentum Giovanni da Marignolli wird Bischof von Bisignano. [Cat] 1368 Religion : Christentum Vertreibung der katholischen und nestorianischen Christen. [Col] 1368 Religion : Christentum Ende der franziskanischen Mission. [Wal 1] 16. Jahrhundert 1517 Religion : Christentum Martin Luther veröffentlicht seine 95 Thesen, was den Beginn der protestantischen Reformation bedeutet. [Wie 1] 1540 Religion : Christentum Ignatius von Loyola gründet den Jesuitenorden. [Boot] 1552 Religion : Christentum Francisco de Xavier bereitet in Indien eine Gesandtschaft nach China vor. Er ist der Überzeugung, dass eine erfolgreiche Missionierung Ostasiens auf den Kulturen dieser Länder aufgebaut werden muss. [BBKL] 1556 Religion : Christentum Der erste Dominikaner Gaspar da Cruz kommt in Guangzhou (Guangdong) an. Er wird nach einigen Monaten des Landes verwiesen. [Wal,Chen] 1557 Religion : Christentum Pro Excellenti Praeemenentia, Bulle von Papst Paul IV., Macao wird an die Diözese von Malakka angeschlossen. [Mal,Col] 1558-1559 Religion : Christentum Bau der ersten Kirchen in Macao. [Mal 2] 1565 Geschichte : China : Macao / Religion : Christentum Gründung der ersten Jesuitenresidenz in Macao unter der Leitung von Francisco Pérez, Manuel Teixeira und André Pinto. [Deh 1] 1566 Geschichte : China - Europa : Portugal / Religion : Christentum Melchior Miguel Carneiro Leitão wird apostolischer Administrator für China und Japan. [Pta5] Report Title - p. 3 1567 Religion : Christentum Melchior Carneiro wird erster Bischof von China und Japan. [Cat] 1568 Religion : Christentum Melchior Carneiro wird erster Bischof von Macao. [Deh 1] 1568 Religion : Christentum Francisco Pérez wird erster Superior von Macao. [Deh 1] 1568-1583 Geschichte : China - Europa : Portugal / Religion : Christentum Melchior Miguel Carneiro Leitão ist Bischof von Macao. Er gründet die Leprastaton S. Lázaro, das S. Rafael-Krankenhaus und ein Waisenhaus. [Pta5:S. 44] 1569 Geschichte : China - Europa : Portugal / Religion : Christentum Gründung der Santa Casa de Misericordia in Macao, eine katholische Institution für Gesundheitsfürsorge und Privatrecht. [PortJ1] 1570 Bibliographie / Bibliophilie / Bibliothekswesen / Verlagswesen / Religion : Christentum / Technologie und Handwerk Cartas qve os padres e irmaos da Companhia de Iesus, que andao nos reynos de Iapao escreuerao aos da mesma Companhia da India, e Europa, des do anno de .1549. ate o de .66.: Nellas se conta o principio, socesso, e bodade da Christadade daquellas partes, e varios costumes, e idolatrias da gentilidade. (Em Coimbra: Em casa de Antonio de Maris, 1570). Das erste Buch, das chinesische Zeichen enthält. [Int] 1573 Kunst : Allgemein / Religion : Christentum Alessandro Valignano fordert für die Christen in Macao eigene Gotteshäuser "im Landesstil", eine erste Anpassung der einheimischen Kunst im Dienste des Christentums, was ausser in der Malerei wenig Beachtung fand. [SchüS1] 1573 Religion : Christentum Costa, Manuel da ; Maffei, Giovanni Pietro. Rerum a Societate Jesu in Oriente gestarum volumen : in quo haec ferme continentur : de rebus indicis ad annum usque a Deipara Virgine MDLXVIII. Commentarius Emmanuelis Acostae Lusitani, recognitus, et latinitate donatus. (Neapoli : Apud Horatium Saluianum, 1573). [Die ersten chinesischen Zeichen von 1570 werden wieder verwendet]. [Leh1] 1574 Religion : Christentum Alessandro Valignano wird Visitator und Generalsuperior der gesamten Jesuitenmission im Fernen Osten. [BBKL] 1574 Religion : Christentum Costa, Manuel da ; Maffei, Giovanni Pietro. Rerum a Societate Jesu in Oriente gestarum volumen : continens historiam iucundam lectu omnibus Christianis, praesertimijs, quibus vera religio est cordi : in qua videre possunt, quomodo nunquam deus ecclesiam suam deserat, & in locum deficientium a vera fide, innumeros alios in abditissimis etiam regionibus substituat : nunc pluribus ultra omnes editiones priores locupletatum, ut sequens pagella demonstrat. (Coloniae : Apud Geruinum Calenium, & haeredes Iohannis Quentel, 1574). [Die ersten chinesischen Zeichen von 1570 werden wieder verwendet]. [Leh1] 1576 Religion : Christentum Super specula militantis ecclesiae, Bulle von Papst Gregor XIII. zur Errichtung der portugiesischen Diözese Macao mit Jurisdiktion für China, Japan und Korea. [Mal 2] Report Title - p. 4 1578 Religion : Christentum Alessandro Valignano entwickelt die Akkommodationsmethode, mit welcher dem Jesuitenorden der Durchbruch in China gelingt. Die Jesuiten sind überzeugt, dass das Christentum an die chinesische Kultur angepasst werden kann, dass aber die christlichen Glaubensinhalte davon nicht berührt werden. Sie stellen den Chinesen die europäischen Naturwissenschaften und Bücher als Vorbereitung zur Mission zu Verfügung. [Col,Wid] 1579 Religion : Christentum Die ersten Franziskaner kommen in Macao an. [Mal 2] 1579 Religion : Christentum / Sinologie und Asienkunde : Europa : Italien Michele Ruggieri macht erste Erfahrungen mit der von Alessandro Valignano entwickelten Akkommodationsmethode. [BBKL] 1580 Religion : Christentum / Sinologie und Asienkunde : Europa : Italien Matteo Ricci wird zum Priester geweiht. [BBKL] 1580-1609 Religion : Christentum [Erwähnungen von Matteo Ricci in einem Brief zwischen 1580-1609]. Matteo Riccis Kenntnisse des Chinesischen waren sicher gut, aber vieles missverstand er und bewertete es daher negativ. "Ich bin erstaunt, wie wenig die Chinesen wissen. Sie kennen sich nur mit Naturphilosophie aus, und sie haben die Eleganz des Diskurses, oder besser des Stils, kultiviert. Sie denken, dass ich ein Phänomen der wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisse bin." Folgende 'Absurditäten' fand er in China : 1) Die Chinesen glauben, dass die Erde flach und viereckig ist, der Himmel wie ein Baldachin darüber, Antipoden kennt man nicht. 2) Anstatt der zehn Himmel (wie bei Clavius) kennen die Chinesen nur einen einzigen, der leer ist und worin die Sterne sich frei bewegen, anstatt am Firmament befestigt zu sein. 3) Die Chinesen wissen nicht, was Luft ist, sie sprechen nur von Leere. 4) Die Chinesen zählen nicht vier klassische Elemente Feuer, Wasser, Luft und Erde, sondern fünf Elemente (eigentlich : Wandlungsphasen, nämlich Holz, Feuer, Erde, Metall und Wasser), die einander hervorbringen. 5) Die klassischen und kanonischen Bücher Chinas enthalten eine uralte, authentische Lehre über Gott. Die Kommentare und Abhandlungen des Neo-Konfuzianismus missverstand Ricci und lehnte sie ab. 6) Für unsinnig hielt er die Vorstellungen der Buddhisten, die annahmen, dass die Sonne sich während der Nacht unter dem Berg Sumeru verbirgt. 7) Die Chinesen kennen viele astronomische Instrumente nicht. [Coll9:S. 56] 1581 Geschichte : China - Europa : Portugal / Religion : Christentum Leonardo de Sá wird Bischof von Macao. [Mal 2] 1581 Religion : Christentum / Sinologie und Asienkunde : Europa : Italien Michele Ruggieri erbaut die erste katholische Kapelle in Guangzhou (Guangdong). [Deh 1] 1583 Religion : Christentum Gründung der Jesuitischen Mission = Jesuit Mission in China. [Tied1] 1583 Religion : Christentum / Sinologie und Asienkunde : Europa : Italien Michele Ruggieri und Matteo Ricci errichten die erste Missionsstation in Zhaoqing (Guangdong). Ruggierti baut die Church of Immaculate Conception mit einem Gemälde der Madonna. [Kao2,BBKL] Report Title
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