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Greece and Turkey Once Again Find Themselves in the Middle of Bilateral Tensions. Located on the Crossroads of Three Continents

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Greece and Turkey Once Again Find Themselves in the Middle of Bilateral Tensions. Located on the Crossroads of Three Continents THE CYPRUS ISSUE: HISTORICAL ROOTS AND INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS Greece and Turkey once again find themselves in the middle of bilateral tensions. Located on the crossroads of three continents, the Eastern Mediterranean is of great strategic significance. The Cyprus dispute, together with the energy exploration activities of Turkey, its role in Libya and the disputes over continental shelves in the Aegean, are all sources of concern for Greece. The Cyprus issue technically should be not a Greek-Turkish dispute, but an issue between the island’s Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot communities. However, after the occupation of the northern part of the Island by the Turkish-Cypriot, as result of the military intervention of Turkey in 1974, Greece has made a commitment to provide material and moral support to Nicosia until an accepted solution is found. On June 2020, Turkey rejected an offer by the European Union’s foreign policy chief Joseph Borrell to be the middleman in talks between Cyprus and Turkey. Hami Aksoy, spokesman for Turkey's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said Turkey doesn’t recognize Cyprus as a member of the European Union and the government of Cyprus doesn’t represent the Island, so Turkey will never sit at the table with the Greek Cypriot administration. Aksoy said the Greek-Cypriot government must negotiate with the Turkish-Cypriot government (that is recognized in the world only from Turkey). Repeated attempts aimed at reunifying the island have floundered and collapsed for decades. So, in this paper we will explore the historical roots and the internal and international aspects that make it difficult to find a solution to the complex problem of Cyprus. Cyprus’issue: historical roots The island of Cyprus has been a source of contention for a number of centuries now. The small island has been attacked, invaded and conquered since the days of the Roman Empire. Because of the violence that has always come its way, the island’s citizens have always suffered greatly through the tragedy that befalls each invasion. Through the multiple invasions that the island suffered, two main communities emerged through the passage of time: the Greek Cypriot community and the Turkish Cypriot community. The Greek Cypriots were the overwhelming majority in terms of population; however, the Turkish Cypriots always had enough numbers to be considered a significant community on the island and also called it home. The disputes that the Turkish and Greek Cypriots had with each other always came down to the same issue at the end of the day: claim over the island. This contention over the status of the island led to an escalation of tension between the two communities that has resulted in the partition that the island now sees today. In order to understand how the island of Cyprus has reached this point, it is important to understand the background to every major event that has occurred and how it plays a role in determining what possible solutions lie in the future. GREEK CYPRIOTS The island of Cyprus is roughly 1000km from the country of Greece. The major religion of Greek Cypriots is Greek Orthodox and the Church of Cyprus has the same traditions as the Church of Greece. The influence of Greek culture on the island of Cyprus dates back almost as far as history can record. In fact, the name of the island ‘Cyprus’ is derived from the Greek word of copper, ‘Kypros’. Evidence obtained through archeology shows that Greek settlers first came to Cyprus around 1200 BC. In fact, there is evidence that there was migration to the island before that as well from the area of Achaea but there it is certain that the community had settlers in Cyprus from 1200 BC. Thus, the claim of Greek Cypriots over the island of Cyprus has thousands of years of history behind it. Throughout this period of time, the island fell to many invading armies which includes the Egyptians, Assyrians, Romans and Persians. The most significant occupying power that would have a lasting impact on the island was the Ottoman Empire from 1571 to 1878. Throughout all this time, the Greek Cypriots have always been the overwhelming majority on the island and have seen themselves to be an extension of Greece. TURKISH CYPRIOTS The roots of Turkish Cypriots began when the Ottoman empire invaded and conquered the island in 1572. The community began to grow when soldiers from the conquering ottoman army elected to stay back and settle in the island as well as the steady migration of ottomans, mainly from the city of Antalya. The religion followed by Turkish Cypriots is mainly Islam and the language spoken by them was Turkish. There was a period of time on the island where Turkish Cypriots became the overwhelming majority population. During the period of 1745-1814, it was believed that Turkish Cypriots made around 75% of the population; however, this majority decreased for a number of reasons. Firstly, many Turkish Cypriots were obligated to join the Ottoman army and passed away during their service. Another major reason came about when the Ottoman empire lost control of the island to the British which resulted in a mass migration each year of Turkish Cypriots to Turkey. Soon enough, Greek Cypriots would resume their status as the major community on the island. GREEK AND TURKISH CYPRIOT CLAIM The important factor to consider here is that the island of Cyprus does not have its own separate identity. Thus, being ‘Cypriot’ means very little to people. The island is divided along the lines of foreign identities which then shapes the politics of the island. The background of both populations provides a nutshell of how each community sees their claim to the island of Cyprus. The Greek Cypriots believe themselves to be the indigenous population since evidence shows that those with Greek roots were the first settlers on the island. Despite the numerous raids and invasions, they have always stayed on the island and have been the community that has consistently grown throughout the island’s history. The Turkish Cypriots do not have the same history on the island as the Greek Cypriots do but have lived and established their roots on the island during the 3 centuries of rule that the Ottomans had over the island. While Greek Cypriots may point out the Turkish Cypriots came and went from the island, including the mass migration back to Turkey during British rule, Turkish Cypriots point out that they stayed on the island because it is their home. They were born there; their ancestors were born there; this is the only home that they have ever known. While it is not unusual for multiple communities to call a land their home, the division along ethnic lines would prove to stir some trouble during the years of British rule. The tension born during that period would escalate into violence between the two communities that would lead the island to the state that it is in today. BRITISH CONTROL OF CYPRUS In 1878, an agreement was reached between the Ottomans and the British that would allow the British to have administrative control over the island. The island itself would remain a territory of the Ottomans but would instead be ruled by the British. This was done in exchange for the support of the British during the Congress of Berlin. This was a negotiation taking place at the time in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish wars of 1877-78 in which the status of several territories were to be determined. Thus, the British would support the claim of the Ottoman empire over several territories while the Ottomans would hand over administrative control of the island to the British. This understanding would continue to exist until 1914 when World War 1 began. The Ottomans decided to join the side of the Central Powers and found themselves on the opposite sides with the British. Since the British and Ottomans were now enemies, and because they had control over the island anyway, the British annexed Cyprus as part their empire. BELIEF IN ENOSIS Enosis refers to the unification of Greek territories outside of the mainland with Greece itself. With regards to Cyprus, the desire for Enosis referred to the belief that Greek Cypriots held that Cyprus is actually an extension of Greece. Thus, they demanded that the island be formally annexed with Greece. Understandably, this did not sit well with the Turkish Cypriots. Turkish Cypriots regarded Cyprus as a separate country while Greek Cypriots did not see it that way. They viewed it as historically a Greek island and considered Enosis to be a natural right. Enosis was always a matter discussed within Cyprus but only began to gain steam when the British took control over the island. Many Greek Cypriots viewed the transfer of the island to the British as a signal of the intention to allow Enosis; the British did not see it that way. For them, Cyprus was a strategic port on the route from Europe to Asia that allowed more convenient access to their other colonies. When World War 1 broke out, and British formally annexed the island, they offered to transfer the sovereignty of the Island to Greece in exchange for Greece entering the war on the side of the British – Greece declined the offer. Greece was not indifferent to Enosis but can also be accused of not sharing the same vigor and passion for the idea in the manner that Greek Cypriots did. In 1913, the Cretan state, which was formerly governed by the Ottoman empire, succeeded in its desire for Enosis and reunited with Greece.
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