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Chapter V the Ideological Chasm in the Post-EOKA Era and the Formation of Greek Underground Paramilitary Organizations 97 https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Operation of Underground Armed Movements In Cyprus and their influence on the Transition of a Colony into a Republic 1955-1963 Petros Savvides Submitted for the M. Phil. History (Research) University of Glasgow September 2007 ProQuest Number: 10394171 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10394171 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 UNIVERS nr] X I R K A R V t J 11 Abstract The dissertation examines the formation and operation of opposing (Greek and Turkish) underground armed movements on the island of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean, between 1955-1963, and analyzes their cataiytic contribution to the violent inter-communal strife during the last colonial years (1955-1958) and their ambiguous, manipulative role in the first years of the newly established Republic of Cyprus (1959-1963). The first chapter, as a prelude to the main argument, presents the ideological background of the Cypriot Greek aspiration for Enosis and the factors that gravely predetermined the outcome of the anti-colonial armed struggle. The following chapter analyzes the operational conception, the underground structure and the internal politics of EOKA, as well as the reasons that led to the strategic failure of its anti-colonial campaign despite its tactical triumph. The third chapter presents the revival of Pan-Turkism, the covert colonial incitement of the Turkish factor (Turkish Government and minority), as well as the desperate Cypriot Turk underground efforts (KITEMB, VOLKAN, 9 Eyiul Cephesi, Kara Cete) against the underground domination of EOKA. The following chapter focuses on the important underground action of TMT (November 1957-August 1958) and the four phases of its militant development, and examines how its violent Taksim offensive contributed towards the derailment of Enosis. The fifth chapter analyzes the ideological chasm between former EOKA members, after the termination of the anti-coionial struggle, and the antagonistic operation of Greek Cypriot underground paramilitary movements (KEM, PSA, OPEK, EOK, Lyssarldes Groups) for the acquisition of political power during their reputed preparation against Turkish underground ambitions. The last chapter presents the military infiltration of Turkey into the island, the re-establishment of TMT on a paramilitary structure under the control of Ankara and the clandestine operations for the importation of arms and ammunition, and investigates the internal jntrigues within the organization for domination over the community between 1958-1963. Ill Introduction The last years of colonial rule and the first years of the newly established Republic of Cyprus are deeply interconnected, both in their visible political maneuvers and their invisible underground armed manipulations. The eruption of the explosive inter-communai strife of December 1963-August 1964, that almost brought the decline of the young Republic, is not the exclusive outcome of post-colonial constitutional friction, sociopolitical suspicion, and the deterioration of the inter-communai environment. Its roots lie in the last colonial years when the two communities - the Greek seduced by the idealist aspiration for Enosis under the immature guidance of its political leadership and the incompetent diplomatic maneuvers of motherland Greece, and the Turkish by the Pan-Turklst objective of Taksim under the aggressive strategic ambitions of motherland Turkey - skillfully manipulated by the colonial ruler and its divide et impera doctrine, were frivolously led into a violent confrontation, the deep wounds of which were hastily veiled under the imposed Zurich and London Agreements. The purpose of this research is to study the operation of the underground armed organizations of the two communities, and interpret their influence on the destiny of the island during the critical transformation of the Crown colony into an independent Republic. While the existing bibliography had examined, quite extensively, the political aspects and diplomatic developments of the 1955-1963 period,^ the ’ Robert Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus 1954-1959, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Nancy Crawshaw, The Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978); Francois Crouzet, Le Conflict de Chypre 1946-1959[The Cyprus conflict 1946-1959], 2 vols (Brussels: Emile Bruylant, 1973); Charles Foley, island in Revolt {London: Longmans, 1963); John Reddaway, Burdened with Cyprus: The British Connection (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986); Stephen Xydis, Cyprus: Conflict and Conciliation, 7554-7555 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1967); Diane Weston Markides, Cyprus 1957-1963, From Colonial Conflict to Constitutional Crisis: The Key Role of the Municipal Issue, Minnesota Mediterranean and East European Monographs, No. 11 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2001); Stanley Kyriakides, Cyprus: IV underground armed movements, the leaders of which, ironlcaliy, were the political leaders of the two communities, for a variety of reasons - extremely limited secondary bibliography, almost complete absence of archival material, the controversial activities of the underground organizations are still considered today a taboo - were left almost untouched. Beyond the scarcity of secondary bibliography,^ the extreme secrecy behind the operation of the underground Constitutionalism and Crisis Government {PhWadie\ph\a\ University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968); Robert Stephen, Cyprus, a Place of Arms: Power Politics and Ethnic Conflict in the Eastern Mediterranean (London; Pall Mail Press, 1966); Thomas Ehrllch, Cyprus, 1958-1967 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974). ^ While there are tens of books and articles describing the patriotic activities of EOKA (from former members, journalists, school teachers, and others), the main bibliographical sources for the operational conception, the unorthodox tactics, the underground structure, the armory, and the operations of EOKA, are the published works of its leader Digenis, which are considered reliable on their military content but less objective on their political/national views: Georgios Grivas-Digenis, Apomnemonevmata Agonos EOKA 1955-1959 [Memoirs of the EOKA struggle 1955-1959] (Athens: [n. pub.], 1961); Georgios Grivas-Digenis, Agon EOKA kai Antartopoiemos: Poiitikostratiotiki Meieti[EOKk struggle and guerilla warfare: A political-military study] (Athens: [n. pub.], 1962); Georgios Grivas-Digenis, Chronikon Agonos EOKA 1955-1959 [Chronicle of the EOKA struggle 1955-1959] (Athens: [n. pub.], 1971); Georgios Grivas, The Memoirs of General Grivas, ed. by Charles Foley (London: Longmans, 1964); Georgios Grivas, Guerilla Warfare and EOKA’s Struggle, ed. by Charles Foley (London: Longmans, 1964). Other useful works on EOKA are: Spyros Papageorgiou, Kypriaki Thiella 1955-1959 [Cypnot storm 1955-1959] (Nicosia: Epiphaniou, 1977); Giannis Spanos, EOKA, Etsi Polemoun oi Ellines [EOKA, that’s how the Greeks fight], 3 vols (Nicosia: Andreas Spanos, 1996-2001); Archeion ton Paranomon Egrafon tou Kypriakou Agonos 1955-1959 [Archive of Illegal documents of the Cyprus struggle 1955-1959], ed. by Spyros Papageorgiou, 2nd edn (Nicosia: Epiphaniou, 1984). The underground operation of TMT during its invisible period, between 1957-1963, was considered, for many years, a well-preserved secret among the Turkish community in Cyprus. Researcher Dr Ahmet An, in his book Kibrls Nereye G/cZ/yo/'? [Where is Cyprus heading to?], 2nd edn (Istanbul: Everest Yayinlari, 2003), pp. 141-171, traces the first important disclosures about TMT in 1993, when part of the personal diary of Lieutenant Colonel Riza Vuruskan was presented in Dervis Manizade, 65 Yil Boyunca Kibris, Yazdikiarin Soylediklerim [Cyprus during 65 years, what I have written and what I have said] (Istanbul: [n. pub.], 1993). On 4 February 1995, the first public discussion entitled The position of the Turkish Resistance Organization V organizations and the criminal involvement of some of their members did not permit the keeping of formal records.^ Both limitations posed an important and the Cyprus Problem’ initiated a series of apocalyptic
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