CYPRIOT NATIONALISMS IN CONTEXT EDITED BY THEKLA KYRITSI NIKOS CHRISTOFIS Cypriot Nationalisms in Context Thekla Kyritsi · Nikos Christofs Editors Cypriot Nationalisms in Context History, Identity and Politics Editors Thekla Kyritsi Nikos Christofs Political Science and History Center for Turkish Studies and School Panteion University of Social of History and Civilization and Political Sciences Shaanxi Normal University Athens, Greece Xi’an, China ISBN 978-3-319-97803-1 ISBN 978-3-319-97804-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97804-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950734 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover illustration: © Historical Museum of Labour of PEO This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present volume derives from a conference organized in Nicosia, Cyprus, under the title The Emergence and Development of Nationalisms in Cyprus. The conference—held on April 27, 2013—was organized by Petros Nikolaou and Thekla Kyritsi together with the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research. The idea of the present volume was originally developed by Nikolaou and Kyritsi. However, the fnal out- come does not resemble much the initial idea, as is almost always the case with such endeavors, where a lot of time is needed to bring the pro- ject to fruition and other obligations inevitably intervene. Nevertheless, Petros Nikolaou’s contribution to the idea and the frst stages of the pro- ject was crucial and we would like to thank him for that. Without him this project would not be possible. In addition, we would like to express our appreciation to the late Rolandos Katsiaounis (1954–2014), one of the most prolifc historians of Cyprus, who participated in the initial conference and warmly encour- aged the organizers to collect its material for publication. Although he will never see the fnal outcome of the book, his presence through his work is palpable. We would also like to thank all the contributors to this vol- ume for their impeccable collaboration throughout the different stages of the project as well as the Historical Labour Museum of the Pancyprian Federation of Labour (PEO) for providing the copyright permission to reproduce the image on the cover of the book. Thanks also go to the PROMITHEAS Research Institute for the picture of v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rolandos Katsiaounis (Fig. 12.1) and to all the people at Palgrave and the reviewers of the chapters. Nikos Christofs would like to thank his partner in life, Liana, for her continuous support (and patience) throughout the writing and editing process of this volume. Thekla Kyritsi would like to thank her husband, Giorgos, and her parents, Kriti and Pambis, for each of them has been an endless source of warm encouragement throughout the making of this project. She’d also like to deeply thank Savvas for his continuous feed- back and support. As a collective volume dealing with controversial and highly politi- cal issues, this book includes different and often contradictory views on the Cyprus issue. Without necessarily agreeing with every position, the editors have included all perspectives and opinions, as expressed by each individual author. Finally, the editors would like to note that both editors contributed equally in the preparation of the volume, as well as in the introduction of the book. CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Cypriot Nationalism(s) in Context 1 Nikos Christofs and Thekla Kyritsi Part I Early Agents of Nationalism 2 The Rise of Greek Cypriot Nationalism to Hegemony: Agency, Particularities, and Popularization 25 Yiannos Katsourides 3 National Identity, Otherness, and Bi-communal Relations Through the Cypriot Greek-Speaking Press Between 1878 and 1912 47 Petros Nikolaou 4 The Legislative Council and Its Historical/Political Implications in Cyprus (1882–1931) 75 Meltem Onurkan-Samani 5 Engendering Nationalism in Modern Cyprus: The First Women’s Organizations 93 Thekla Kyritsi vii viii CONTENTS Part II Moments of a Mass Movement 6 Cyprus in the 1940s: The Nationalization of Greek Cypriot Politics 113 Dimitris Kalantzopoulos 7 Imported Nationalism: The Appearance and Evolution of “X” Organization in Cyprus 135 Alexios Alecou 8 Failed Reunifcation Attempts in Cyprus: Makarios and Bu Memleket Bizim 155 Şevki Kıralp Part III National Identity and the Development of Prejudice 9 Between Nationalist Absorption and Subsumption: Refecting on the Armenian Cypriot Experience 177 Sossie Kasbarian 10 Turkish Migration into the North of Cyprus and the (Re)Construction of Turkish Cypriot Identity in the Turkish Cypriot Press (1995–2013) 199 Mustafa Çıraklı 11 The Development of Prejudice in Children: The Case of Cyprus 221 Maria Ioannou and Angelos P. Kassianos 12 An Appraisal of the Works of Rolandos Katsiaounis: Society, Labor, and Anti-colonialism in Cyprus, 1850s–1950s 243 Andrekos Varnava Contents ix Part IV The Local and the Global 13 Nationalism as Resistance to Colonialism: A Comparative Look at Malta and Cyprus from 1919 to 1940 261 Iliya Marovich-Old 14 Encountering Imperialism and Colonialism: The Greek and Turkish Left in Cyprus 283 Nikos Christofs 15 Patriots and Internationalists: The Greek Left, the Cyprus Question, and Latin America 307 Eugenia Palieraki Index 329 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Alexios Alecou is teaching History at the University of Cyprus and has been a Fellow at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies of University of London. He is the author of the books Communism and Nationalism in Postwar Cyprus (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) and 1948: The Greek Civil War and Cyprus (Power Publishers, 2012). Current work includes the study of post-war Greece and Cyprus, contemporary political history and British colonialism. Mustafa Çıraklı is the deputy director of the Near East Institute at Near East University. He completed his doctoral studies in Politics at Lancaster University (UK). During this time, he taught on various undergraduate and postgraduate courses at Lancaster University and the University of Manchester on comparative politics, IR theory and European studies. His primary areas of interest lie in the felds of iden- tity, immigration and citizenship. His more recent work is on unrecog- nized states and kin-states in international relations which has grown out of his work on local responses toward patron-states and their role in con- structing counter-hegemonic/hybrid identities. Nikos Christofs is an Assistant Professor at the Center for Turkish Studies and at the School of History and Civilization at Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. He has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes in Greek, Turkish, English and Spanish. He is the author of Turkey in the Long Sixties: The Left and the xi xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Radicalization of the Student Movement and edited, and contributed to, Cyprus, the Left and (Post)Colonialism (both in Greek). He is a member of the editorial board of the journal New Middle Eastern Studies. Maria Ioannou is a Lecturer at the University College Groningen, in the Netherlands. Prior to her appointment, she was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Cyprus and a Senior Researcher at the inter-communal NGO ‘SeeD’ in Cyprus. Her research interests fall in the area of Confict Resolution more broadly, and intergroup contact and prejudice reduction more specifcally. Dimitris Kalantzopoulos completed his Ph.D. in History at King’s College London (Department of History and Centre for Hellenic Studies) in 2015. His thesis was titled Competing Political Spaces in Colonial Cyprus, 1931–1950. Sossie Kasbarian is Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in Comparative Politics at the University of Stirling. Her research interests and publications broadly span diaspora studies; contemporary Middle East politics and society; nationalism and ethnicity; transnational political activism; refugee and migration studies. She is co-editor of the journal Diaspora—A Journal of Transnational Studies. Angelos P. Kassianos is a postdoctoral Research Associate in the UCL, Department of Applied Health Research. He studied in Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences in Athens and obtained his