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Georgios Grivas Inhoudsopgave Inhoudsopgave ........................................................................................................................... 1 Dankwoord ................................................................................................................................. 2 Voorwoord ................................................................................................................................. 3 Verantwoording .......................................................................................................................... 7 Introductie: de kwestie Cyprus in een notendop ........................................................................ 8 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 8 Ottomaanse overheersing: opkomst en verval ....................................................................... 8 Een Britse kroonkolonie ......................................................................................................... 9 De nieuwe constitutie en de eerste problemen van de ontluikende republiek (1960- 1964) 10 1964- 1974: een woelige periode ......................................................................................... 12 Coup en Turkse inval (1974) ................................................................................................ 12 Nasleep en proximity talks ................................................................................................... 13 Meest recente ontwikkelingen: het Annanplan .................................................................... 14 Lawrence Durrell: een korte biografie ..................................................................................... 16 Bitter Lemons ........................................................................................................................... 20 Het verhaal ........................................................................................................................... 20 Aan de oppervlakte ............................................................................................................... 23 Tussen de regels ................................................................................................................... 27 Georgios Grivas ........................................................................................................................ 34 Poging tot een objectieve biografie ..................................................................................... 34 Typerende opmerkingen ....................................................................................................... 37 Dudley Barker ...................................................................................................................... 42 Charles Foley ............................................................................................................................ 47 Een korte biografie ............................................................................................................... 47 De memoires ............................................................................................................................ 51 Introductie ............................................................................................................................ 51 Typering van zichzelf ........................................................................................................... 52 Grivas‟ relatie met de Britten en zijn motieven voor de strijd ............................................. 56 Het verloop van de strijd ...................................................................................................... 58 Grivas‟ complottheorie ......................................................................................................... 65 Grivas‟ visie op de Grieks-Cyprioten ................................................................................... 67 Grivas‟ mening over verraders ............................................................................................. 69 De problematische relatie met Makarios .............................................................................. 70 De relatie met Athene ........................................................................................................... 73 Grivas‟ visie op de Turks-Cyprioten .................................................................................... 75 De evolutie in de relatie tussen Grivas en de Britten ........................................................... 78 Grivas‟ mening over Harding ............................................................................................... 81 Grivas‟ mening over Foot .................................................................................................... 82 Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 84 Lawrence Durrell versus Generaal Georgios Grivas: een vergelijking .................................... 86 Slotbeschouwing ...................................................................................................................... 90 Appendix: Achtergrond en ideologische situering van de verschillende auteurs, aangehaald in het subhoofdstuk „Typerende opmerkingen‟. ........................................................................... 91 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................... 93 1 Dankwoord Mijn grootste dank gaat uiteraard uit naar mijn promotor, prof. Dr. Gunnar De Boel, die mij van de nodige raad en sturing voorzag en mij, tijdens onze leerrijke samenkomsten, vaak tot nieuwe inzichten bracht. Daarnaast wil ik ook graag dr. Pieter Borghart bedanken, die steeds klaar stond om mijn vragen te beantwoorden. Ook mijn familie en dan in het bijzonder mijn ouders mogen hier niet vergeten worden. Zij zorgden niet alleen voor de financiële, maar ook voor de morele steun gedurende de voorbije vier jaar. Bedankt ook aan heel mijn vriendenkring, waarbij Ellen toch een speciale vermelding verdient. Zowel bij mijn klasgenoten, die in het zelfde schuitje zaten, als bij mijn andere vrienden kon ik steeds mijn hart luchten. Hier vallen ook mijn medegroepsleden van „vzw Slagweg‟ onder, die het voorbije jaar met mij meeleefden, maar vooral voor de nodige ontspanning zorgden, tussen al dat werk. Ten slotte wil ik hier graag nog mijn grootste steun en toeverlaat eventjes in de bloemetjes zetten: mijn vriend Sacha. Niet alleen voor het af en toe overnemen van de huishoudelijke taken en voor het nalezen van mijn tekst, maar vooral voor de vele oppeppende babbels en de hulp bij de lay-out. Bedankt aan iedereen !!! 2 Voorwoord Nadat ik me vorig jaar een semester intensief bezig hield met het bestuderen van wat de „Kwestie Cyprus‟ wordt genoemd, werd ik nog meer geboeid door het ingewikkelde conflict. Ik had alle bronnen hieromtrent, die beschikbaar waren in Gent, uitgepluisd en met elkaar vergeleken, maar nog steeds bleef ik op mijn honger zitten. Wat mij echt boeide, werd namelijk niet of toch nauwelijks weergegeven in die werken, namelijk het sociologische aspect. Hoe beleefden en beleven de Cypriotische Jans met de pet die ganse ontwikkeling? Hoe kwam de lokale bevoling de woelige periode van de jaren vijftig door? En hoezeer stonden de Grieks-Cyprioten nu eigenlijk echt achter de eenmaking met Griekenland? Met deze vragen in het achterhoofd, vertrok ik in juli voor veertien dagen naar het eiland. Ter plaatse merkt een nietsvermoedende toerist waarschijnlijk bitter weinig van de turbulente, en nog zo recente, geschiedenis van de plek. Stranden, pretparken, tavernes, uitgaansmogelijkheden en pittoreske dorpjes vormen een degelijke façade voor de pijn die de oudere bevolkingslagen nog steeds in hun hart dragen. Anderzijds krijg je dan weer de indruk dat de kwestie toeristisch wordt uitgebuit. Tochtjes naar het Turkse deel met de tourbus, een ritje langs Episkopi1, flaneren door de Ledrastraat, vroeger „Murder Mile‟ genoemd2, totdat je op het einde opbotst tegen de „Green Line‟, een kort stukje afsluiting bewaakt door een gewapende VN-militair, waarbij menig toerist poseert voor de foto. In een zijstraat van de Ledrastraat bevindt zich dan weer het observatorium, een torenhoog gebouw, waarin een lift je naar de bovenste verdieping brengt. Tegen betaling kun je hier eventjes over de muur heen kijken, naar het verboden stadsdeel waar de Turkse vlag3 trots wappert. Eer betonen bij het graf van Makarios4 of een rondritje langs Famagusta‟s „Ghost town‟5, het kan allemaal. Men zou bij dit alles kunnen de bedenking maken dat wanneer er nu uiteindelijk, na al die jaren, toch nog een oplossing uit de bus zou komen, dit in feite nefast zou zijn voor de plaatselijke economie. Veel van wat het eiland aan toeristische trekpleisters te bieden heeft, gaat namelijk gepaard met de huidige gescheiden situatie. 1 Eén van de Britse basissen, nog steeds aanwezig op het eiland. Dit gebied vormt als het ware een miniland binnen Cyprus: uitgerust met zelfs zijn eigen kerncentrale, voetbalstadium, bioscoop, school en grootwarenhuis verschaft het alles aan zijn bevolking, die bestaat uit soldaten met hun families. Dit miniatuur Verenigd Koninkrijk is dan ook enkel toegankelijk voor de bewoners. Toeristen en Cyprioten komen er niet in. 2 In de Ledrastraat,
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