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Korea Environmental Policy Bulletin

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Korea Environmental Policy Bulletin KKoreaorea EnvironmentalEnvironmental PPolicyolicy BulletinBulletin Issue 1, Volume , 2007 Policies on Conservation of the DMZ District Ecosystem . Background CONTENTS The Korean Peninsula has been divided by the 248km-long . Background 1 Military Demarcation Line (MDL) from East to West across . Concept and Current Situation the areas of Ggeutseum Ganghwa-gun, and Myeongho-ri within the DMZ District 3 1. Spatial Concept 3 Goseong-gun since the end of the Korean War in 1953. 2. Setting up DMZ District Management Along this line a 2km-wide Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was Range 5 set up on both sides of the line. As a historical relic of 3. Geographical Features and Configuration 6 4. Land Use and Land Cover 6 national division the DMZ is unique because it allowed the 5. Climate and Ecosystem 9 conservation of the natural ecosystem as both North and 6. Current Economic/Social Conditions 9 South Korea have strictly restricted access to the area. Along 7. Land Ownership 9 8. Results of National Environmental with the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range and Coastal areas Conservation Assessment 10 the DMZ is one of the three Core Eco-Networks for the conservation of the national natural environment (See . Conservation Strategies for the DMZ District Ecosystem 11 Fig.1). 1. Range of Measures 11 2. Basic Principles 11 To systematically manage the DMZ District thorough 3. Conservation Strategy 12 analysis of the ecosystem including the natural . Implementation of Major Plans and environment should come first. In line with this there have Policies 13 been a number of studies beginning in 1965 with an 1. Designation of Protected Areas based on Field Survey Data 13 investigation of the ecosystem along the northern part of the 2. Establishment of Measures for the Civilian Control Line (CCL) conducted by The International Residential Area near DMZ 14 Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 3. Protection of Biodiversity through Designating a Biosphere Reserve 14 However since the studies place disproportionate emphasis 4. Maintaining Environmental on partial aspects of the ecosystem and maintenance plans Characteristics through Public-Private Joint Commission 14 an effective plan has yet to be introduced. In particular as 5. Operation of a Joint Research Group on environmental conservation plans are not embodied Environmental Impact of Rail & Road development plans and actions are not controlled so the Construction Projects within the DMZ 15 area that needs conservation is not managed properly. Conclusion 15 Ministry of Environment Korea Environment Institute Republic of Korea 1 Fig.1 Eco-Networks of the Korean Peninsula * EMR : Environmental Management Region Due to a recent thawing of tensions on the Korean Act to scale back the civilian access distance from Peninsula active exchanges between the two Koreas 10km to 1km from the MDL and Act on the are expected. Accordingly with possible development Designation and Management of the Unified Special projects envisioned the environmental effects of Economic Zone which would allow a number of such plans should be taken into consideration. economic activities within the DMZ are being Therefore the National Assembly and the media discussed in the National Assembly. In line with such have been paying close attention to measures plans specific and general management plans to regarding the environmental conservation and control such activities are urgently needed in order to sustainable use of resources in the area. conserve the area. For this plans to effectively Currently the Military Base and Facility Protection manage the DMZ District have been drawn up. 2 Fig.2 A View of the DMZ Source : Green Korea United Concept and Current Situation within the DMZ District Article 2-13 of the Natural Environment Conservation South but in general the DMZ District includes the Act states that the DMZ should be managed as a DMZ the Northern area of the CCL and the border Nature Reserve Area for two years starting from the area defined by the Border Area Support Act. See point it belongs to the Republic of Korea. However <Fig.3> for spatial conditions and <Fig.4> for an to properly conserve and manage the DMZ it is vital illustration. to grasp its relationship with surrounding areas and to generally manage those relationships. In this The entire area of the DMZ was originally 248km long regard strengths weaknesses opportunities and and 4km wide according to initial regulations threats regarding the DMZ should be clearly however after the Northern Limit Line(NLL) and examined <Tbl.1>. Southern Limit Line(SLL) moved to the MDL the area reduced to about 907.3 or 0.41% of the Korean Peninsula. In addition between SLL of DMZ 1. Spatial Concept and the area 0-10 to the South the CCL is set allowing only primary industry such as agriculture and 8 097 area is set as the border area by the The DMZ District covers the DMZ and the Border Area Support Act. surrounding area. From the South s viewpoint it is defined as the DMZ and the adjacent area to the 3 Tbl.1 SWOT Analysis of the DMZ and CCL Strengths Weaknesses 1.Various animal and plant habitats 1.Rising awareness of damage among local residents due to 2.Rich forest ecosystem infringement of property during the development 3.Hub of broad eco-networks 2.Destruction of the ecosystem due to illegal development 4.Future environmental asset 3.Destruction of the ecosystem due to military facilities 4.Contaminated soil due to military facilities 5.Insufficient data on the ecosystem due to North/South tensions Opportunities Threats 1.Eco-tour area 1.Pressures to develop the area after reunification 2.Factor to boost the local economy 2.Ownership conflicts following reunification 3.Could be adopted as a Transboundary 3.Overlapping investments by self governing bodies along the Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO border area 4.Symbol of peace after reunification 4. Risk of reckless development 5. Risk of rash development due to competition Fig.3 Spatial Concept of DMZ District NLL Northern area of DMZ 2 MDL Southern area of DMZ 2 SLL 10 Northern area of the CCL CCL The border area 20 20 km South from the CCL 4 Fig.4 Current DMZ District Conditions 2. Setting up DMZ District range. So the range was set considering artificial demarcation such as legal or administrative districts Management Range and biogeographcial demarcation like bioregion and basin districts. The data used for the setup of the To effectively manage the DMZ District range is illustrated in <Tbl.2> and the management administrative and ecological characteristics as well range is shown in <Fig.5>. The total area of the DMZ as features of watershed should be given priority District is 8 248 . consideration when setting up the management Tbl.2 Data used in setting up the DMZ District management range Data Governing Body Scale Related Act Natural Environment Bioregion Map Ministry of Environment Rep. of Korea 1/25 000 Conservation Act Water Resource Unit Korea Water Resources Corporation 1/25,000 - Map Ministry of Government Administration Border Area Map -Border Area Support Act and Home Affairs Rep. of Korea Administrative District National Statistical Office 1/25,000 - Map Ministry of Environment Rep. of Korea 5 Fig.5 Designated Management Range 3. Geographical Features and including North Korea from the late 1980s to 2001 were analyzed using Landsat TM satellite imaging Configuration data1). The results are presented in <Fig.8> and <Fig.9>. Like topography of Korea in general the DMZ District Comparisons of the land cover during the two time is of an asymmetrical structure. With the Taebaek periods indicate that changes in North Korea are Mountain Chain at its center the eastern side inclines much more distinct than the changes in South Korea. steeply while the western side slopes gently. The analysis results in terms of land use and land In the eastern area the Hyangrobong mountain cover are as follows: range stretches to the coast. Unique to the area is a basin dubbed the Punch Bowl by war First there is the possibility that changes to swamp correspondents during the Korean War (See Fig.7). and wetlands could have been due to rainfall during Within the basin the average altitude is 450m while the time of filming but there seemed to have been the area around is surrounded by 1 000m high only slight change. Second although built-up areas mountains. Attempts to explain the origin of the basin occupy a small portion of the DMZ District the areas include theories such as differential erosion and almost tripled in size due to urban expansion in meteorite impact. Gaeseong and Paju. Third, big changes occurred in forested areas. The size of Forest 1 which includes forests in both good and bad conditions was reduced by roughly 30 000ha from 728 439.8ha to 4. Land Use and Land Cover 699 534.4ha. About 120 000ha of the area in which forests were in good shape were lost. Forest 2 area Changes to the land cover of the DMZ District which includes young forests shrubs bushes and 1) In this analysis the forest areas are categorized as Forest 1 and Forest 2 which include forests in good shape and bad shape respectively. Forest 2 includes some grassland. Pure grassland within the DMZ makes up a relatively small area and consists of mostly bushes and short trees. That is why grassland was included in the Forest 2 category. 6 Fig.6 The Korean Peninsula DEM Fig.7 Punch Bowl Digital Elevation Model Punch Bowl 7 Fig.8 Changes to DMZ District Land Cover Fig.9 Changes to Forest Areas between 1987-1989 and 2001 8 grassland resulting from degradation more than District is drawing attention of international doubled increasing by 90,000ha.
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