DOCSLIB.ORG

The Korean War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Korean War N ATIO N AL A RCHIVES R ECORDS R ELATI N G TO The Korean War R EFE R ENCE I NFO R MAT I ON P A P E R 1 0 3 COMPILED BY REBEccA L. COLLIER N ATIO N AL A rc HIVES A N D R E C O R DS A DMI N IST R ATIO N W ASHI N GTO N , D C 2 0 0 3 N AT I ONAL A R CH I VES R ECO R DS R ELAT I NG TO The Korean War COMPILED BY REBEccA L. COLLIER R EFE R ENCE I NFO R MAT I ON P A P E R 103 N ATIO N AL A rc HIVES A N D R E C O R DS A DMI N IST R ATIO N W ASHI N GTO N , D C 2 0 0 3 United States. National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives records relating to the Korean War / compiled by Rebecca L. Collier.—Washington, DC : National Archives and Records Administration, 2003. p. ; 23 cm.—(Reference information paper ; 103) 1. United States. National Archives and Records Administration.—Catalogs. 2. Korean War, 1950-1953 — United States —Archival resources. I. Collier, Rebecca L. II. Title. COVER: ’‘Men of the 19th Infantry Regiment work their way over the snowy mountains about 10 miles north of Seoul, Korea, attempting to locate the enemy lines and positions, 01/03/1951.” (111-SC-355544) REFERENCE INFORMATION PAPER 103: NATIONAL ARCHIVES RECORDS RELATING TO THE KOREAN WAR Contents Preface ......................................................................................xi Part I INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF THE PAPER ........................................................................................................................1 OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUES .................................................................................................................1 RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS .................................................................................................................1 HOW TO USE THIS PAPER .................................................................................................................1 RELATED FINDING AIDS ...................................................................................................................4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................6 SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT RECORDS DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER ...................8 Part II TEXTUAL RECORDS RELATING TO THE KOREAN WAR Record Group 19 Records of the Bureau of Ships ..........................................................9 Record Group 24 Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel .................................9 Records of the Decorations and Medals Branch ...............................................................................10 Records of the Casualty Assistance Branch ................................................................................11 Records of the Policy Division......................................................................................................12 Record Group 38 Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations ...12 Records of the Office of Naval Intelligence ...............................................................................12 RECORDS OF THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE BRANCH .....................................................13 RECORDS OF THE POW DESK, OPERATIONAL SECTION ...............................................13 Record Group 52 Records of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery ..................13 Record Group 59 General Records of the Department of State ..........................14 Central Foreign Policy File of the United States ........................................................................14 Records of the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs ............................................................................16 Records of the Historical Studies Division .................................................................................19 Records of the Office of United Nations Affairs ......................................................................19 Record Group 72 Records of the Bureau of Aeronautics .........................................20 Record Group 74 Records of the Bureau of Ordnance ..............................................20 Record Group 84 Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State ..................................................................................................................................................21 Record Group 92 Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General (OQMG) ..............................................................................................................................22 I OQMG Central Correspondence Files ........................................................................................23 Records of the Office of the Quartermaster Historian .............................................................27 Records of the Memorial Division ...............................................................................................28 Records of the Procurement Division .........................................................................................30 Records Relating to Food Services, Preparation, and Research ..............................................30 Record Group 111 Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer ..............30 Records of the Executive Office...................................................................................................30 Records of the Control Division...................................................................................................33 Records of the Army Communications Service Division .........................................................33 Records of the Army Pictorial Services Division .......................................................................34 Records of the Office of Inspector General ...............................................................................34 Records of the Legal Division .......................................................................................................35 Records of the Personnel Training Division ..............................................................................36 Records of the Plans and Operations Division ..........................................................................36 Records of the Procurement and Distribution Division ..........................................................38 Records of the Research and Development Division ...............................................................39 Records of the Signal Corps Center ............................................................................................39 Record Group 112 Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army) ....40 Records of the Historical Division ...............................................................................................41 Other Records ..................................................................................................................................44 Record Group 127 Records of the U.S. Marine Corps ................................................45 Record Group 156 Records of the Office of the Chief of Ordnance .................47 Records of the Executive Office...................................................................................................48 Records of the Inspector General Office ....................................................................................50 Records of the Legal Division .......................................................................................................50 Records of the Office of the Ordnance Comptroller ...............................................................51 Records of the Field Services Division ........................................................................................51 Records of the Industrial Division ...............................................................................................52 RECORDS OF THE WEAPONS AND FIRE CONTROL BRANCH, PLANS AND POLICY SECTION ..............................................................................................................53 RECORDS OF THE AMMUNITION BRANCH .........................................................................53 RECORDS OF THE AUTOMOTIVE BRANCH .........................................................................54 Records of the Plans and Programs Division .............................................................................55 Records of the Research and Development (R&D) Division .................................................55 RECORDS OF THE AMMUNITION BRANCH .........................................................................57 RECORDS OF THE ARTILLERY BRANCH .............................................................................59 RECORDS OF THE ROCKET BRANCH ..................................................................................60 RECORDS OF THE SMALL ARMS BRANCH ..........................................................................60 RECORDS OF THE ARTILLERY AND VEHICLE SYSTEMS BRANCH ...................................61 RECORDS OF THE INFANTRY AND AIRCRAFT WEAPONS SYSTEMS BRANCH .................62 Other Records ..................................................................................................................................62 Record Group 175 Records of the Chemical Warfare Service...............................63 Record Group 218 Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) ....................64 II Record Group 242 National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized 66 Collection
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Know the Past ...Shape the Future
    FALL 2018 - Volume 65, Number 3 WWW.AFHISTORY.ORG know the past .....Shape the Future The Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS and other air power pioneers, the Air Force Historical All members receive our exciting and informative Foundation (AFHF) is a nonprofi t tax exempt organization. Air Power History Journal, either electronically or It is dedicated to the preservation, perpetuation and on paper, covering: all aspects of aerospace history appropriate publication of the history and traditions of American aviation, with emphasis on the U.S. Air Force, its • Chronicles the great campaigns and predecessor organizations, and the men and women whose the great leaders lives and dreams were devoted to fl ight. The Foundation • Eyewitness accounts and historical articles serves all components of the United States Air Force— Active, Reserve and Air National Guard. • In depth resources to museums and activities, to keep members connected to the latest and AFHF strives to make available to the public and greatest events. today’s government planners and decision makers information that is relevant and informative about Preserve the legacy, stay connected: all aspects of air and space power. By doing so, the • Membership helps preserve the legacy of current Foundation hopes to assure the nation profi ts from past and future US air force personnel. experiences as it helps keep the U.S. Air Force the most modern and effective military force in the world. • Provides reliable and accurate accounts of historical events. The Foundation’s four primary activities include a quarterly journal Air Power History, a book program, a • Establish connections between generations.
    [Show full text]
  • US Strategic Nuclear Forces
    Order Code RL33640 U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues Updated September 5, 2007 Amy F. Woolf Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues Summary During the Cold War, the U.S. nuclear arsenal contained many types of delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons. The longer range systems, which included long-range missiles based on U.S. territory, long-range missiles based on submarines, and heavy bombers that could threaten Soviet targets from their bases in the United States, are known as strategic nuclear delivery vehicles. At the end of the Cold War, in 1991, the United States deployed more than 10,000 warheads on these delivery vehicles. That number has declined to around 6,000 warheads today, and is slated, under the 2002 Moscow Treaty, to decline to 2,200 warheads by the year 2012. At the present time, the U.S. land-based ballistic missile force (ICBMs) consists of 500 Minuteman III ICBMs, each deployed with between one and three warheads, for a total of 1,200 warheads. The Air Force recently deactivated all 50 of the 10- warhead Peacekeeper ICBMs; it plans to eventually deploy Peacekeeper warheads on some of the Minuteman ICBMs. The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) report also indicated that it planned to eliminate 50 of the Minuteman III missiles, leaving a force of 450 missiles that would carry, perhaps, 500-600 warheads. After submitting a study to Congress, the Air Force has begun to deactivate these 50 missiles. The Air Force is also modernizing the Minuteman missiles, replacing and upgrading their rocket motors, guidance systems, and other components.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Air Force and Its Antecedents Published and Printed Unit Histories
    UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AND ITS ANTECEDENTS PUBLISHED AND PRINTED UNIT HISTORIES A BIBLIOGRAPHY EXPANDED & REVISED EDITION compiled by James T. Controvich January 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS User's Guide................................................................................................................................1 I. Named Commands .......................................................................................................................4 II. Numbered Air Forces ................................................................................................................ 20 III. Numbered Commands .............................................................................................................. 41 IV. Air Divisions ............................................................................................................................. 45 V. Wings ........................................................................................................................................ 49 VI. Groups ..................................................................................................................................... 69 VII. Squadrons..............................................................................................................................122 VIII. Aviation Engineers................................................................................................................ 179 IX. Womens Army Corps............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Air & Space Power Journal
    July–August 2013 Volume 27, No. 4 AFRP 10-1 Senior Leader Perspective The Air Advisor ❙ 4 The Face of US Air Force Engagement Maj Gen Timothy M. Zadalis, USAF Features The Swarm, the Cloud, and the Importance of Getting There First ❙ 14 What’s at Stake in the Remote Aviation Culture Debate Maj David J. Blair, USAF Capt Nick Helms, USAF The Next Lightweight Fighter ❙ 39 Not Your Grandfather’s Combat Aircraft Col Michael W. Pietrucha, USAF Building Partnership Capacity by Using MQ-9s in the Asia-Pacific ❙ 59 Col Andrew A. Torelli, USAF Personnel Security during Joint Operations with Foreign Military Forces ❙ 79 David C. Aykens Departments 101 ❙ Views The Glass Ceiling for Remotely Piloted Aircraft ❙ 101 Lt Col Lawrence Spinetta, PhD, USAF Funding Cyberspace: The Case for an Air Force Venture Capital Initiative ❙ 119 Maj Chadwick M. Steipp, USAF Strategic Distraction: The Consequence of Neglecting Organizational Design ❙ 129 Col John F. Price Jr., USAF 140 ❙ Book Reviews Master of the Air: William Tunner and the Success of Military Airlift . 140 Robert A. Slayton Reviewer: Frank Kalesnik, PhD Selling Air Power: Military Aviation and American Popular Culture after World War II . 142 Steve Call Reviewer: Scott D. Murdock From Lexington to Baghdad and Beyond: War and Politics in the American Experience, 3rd ed . 144 Donald M. Snow and Dennis M. Drew Reviewer: Capt Chris Sanders, USAF Beer, Bacon, and Bullets: Culture in Coalition Warfare from Gallipoli to Iraq . 147 Gal Luft Reviewer: Col Chad T. Manske, USAF Global Air Power . 149 John Andreas Olsen, editor Reviewer: Lt Col P.
    [Show full text]
  • Premises, Sites Etc Within 30 Miles of Harrington Museum Used for Military Purposes in the 20Th Century
    Premises, Sites etc within 30 miles of Harrington Museum used for Military Purposes in the 20th Century The following listing attempts to identify those premises and sites that were used for military purposes during the 20th Century. The listing is very much a works in progress document so if you are aware of any other sites or premises within 30 miles of Harrington, Northamptonshire, then we would very much appreciate receiving details of them. Similarly if you spot any errors, or have further information on those premises/sites that are listed then we would be pleased to hear from you. Please use the reporting sheets at the end of this document and send or email to the Carpetbagger Aviation Museum, Sunnyvale Farm, Harrington, Northampton, NN6 9PF, [email protected] We hope that you find this document of interest. Village/ Town Name of Location / Address Distance to Period used Use Premises Museum Abthorpe SP 646 464 34.8 km World War 2 ANTI AIRCRAFT SEARCHLIGHT BATTERY Northamptonshire The site of a World War II searchlight battery. The site is known to have had a generator and Nissen huts. It was probably constructed between 1939 and 1945 but the site had been destroyed by the time of the Defence of Britain survey. Ailsworth Manor House Cambridgeshire World War 2 HOME GUARD STORE A Company of the 2nd (Peterborough) Battalion Northamptonshire Home Guard used two rooms and a cellar for a company store at the Manor House at Ailsworth Alconbury RAF Alconbury TL 211 767 44.3 km 1938 - 1995 AIRFIELD Huntingdonshire It was previously named 'RAF Abbots Ripton' from 1938 to 9 September 1942 while under RAF Bomber Command control.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Commands and Air National Guard
    2019 USAF ALMANAC MAJOR COMMANDS AND AIR NATIONAL GUARD Pilots from the 388th Fighter Wing’s, 4th Fighter Squadron prepare to lead Red Flag 19-1, the Air Force’s premier combat exercise, at Nellis AFB, Nev. Photo: R. Nial Bradshaw/USAF R.Photo: Nial The Air Force has 10 major commands and two Air Reserve Components. (Air Force Reserve Command is both a majcom and an ARC.) ACRONYMS AA active associate: CFACC combined force air evasion, resistance, and NOSS network operations security ANG/AFRC owned aircraft component commander escape specialists) squadron AATTC Advanced Airlift Tactics CRF centralized repair facility GEODSS Ground-based Electro- PARCS Perimeter Acquisition Training Center CRG contingency response group Optical Deep Space Radar Attack AEHF Advanced Extremely High CRTC Combat Readiness Training Surveillance system Characterization System Frequency Center GPS Global Positioning System RAOC regional Air Operations Center AFS Air Force Station CSO combat systems officer GSSAP Geosynchronous Space ROTC Reserve Officer Training Corps ALCF airlift control flight CW combat weather Situational Awareness SBIRS Space Based Infrared System AOC/G/S air and space operations DCGS Distributed Common Program SCMS supply chain management center/group/squadron Ground Station ISR intelligence, surveillance, squadron ARB Air Reserve Base DMSP Defense Meteorological and reconnaissance SBSS Space Based Surveillance ATCS air traffic control squadron Satellite Program JB Joint Base System BM battle management DSCS Defense Satellite JBSA Joint Base
    [Show full text]
  • Programs Issue 2018 Flyer Daedalian Flying Training
    Daedalus Programs Issue 2018 Flyer Daedalian Flying Training Educ & Trng Awards Veterans Day JROTC Awards Service Awards ROTC Scholarships Aviation Awards Air Camp Community Support First to fly in time of war The premier fraternity of military aviators CONTENTS December 2018, Vol. LIX No. 4 Departments Programs 5 8 30-31 Reunions Objectives & Programs Service Awards 6 10 32-33 Commander’s Perspective Meet the Program Manager Mentoring Program 7 11 34-35 Executive Director Top 10 Benefits of Membership Virtual Flight 14 12-13 36-37 New/Rejoining Daedalians A Daedalian History Lesson A Tribute to Les Leavoy 16-17 15 38-39 Book Reviews Education & Training Awards Air Camp 23 19 40-41 In Memoriam Sustained Giving JROTC Awards 42-44 20-21 Awards Community Support Extras 18 45-63 22 Advice for Future Aviators Flightline National Flight Academy 64 65 24-25 A Young Boy’s Wisdom Flight Contacts Scholarships 66-67 26-27 Eagle Wing DFT 28-29 Educate Americans THE ORDER OF DAEDALIANS was organized on March 26, 1934, by a representative group of American World War I pilots to perpetuate the spirit of pa- triotism, the love of country, and the high ideals of sacrifice which place service to nation above personal safety or position. The Order is dedicated to: insuring that America will always be preeminent in air and space—the encouragement of flight safety—fostering an esprit de corps in the military air forces—promoting the adoption of military service as a career—and aiding deserving young individuals in specialized higher education through the establishment of scholarships.
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Engines and Strategic Bombing in the First World War
    Aircraft Engines and Strategic Bombing in the First World War Todd Martin Published: 27 January 2016 Contents Historiography, Acknowledgments and Introduction . .3 Table I: Comparative Aircraft Engines . .5 Table II: Aircraft Engine Production, 1914-1918 . .5 Map: British Independent Force Squadron No. 55 DH-4 Day Bombing Raids, Germany, 1918 . .6 Abbreviations . .7 Part I: Aircraft Engines 1. Austria and Germany . .8 2. France . .17 3. United States . .23 4. Britain . .29 Part II: Strategic Bombing 5. The Channel . .37 6. The Rhine . .46 7. Amanty . .53 Conclusion . .69 Bibliography . .70 Title Page: NARA, RG 120, M990/10, B VII 124, Statistical Analysis of Aerial Bombardments, Report No. 110, Statistics Branch - General Staff, War Department, Nov. 7, 1918. 2 Historiography, Acknowledgements and Introduction Historiography and Acknowledgments arithmetic however which makes the following a revi- The following avoids repeating much of the well sion of the thesis of Irving B. Holley, Jr.’s Ideas and known stories of the Liberty aircraft engine and the Weapons (1953) that the American military aviation controversies surrounding American aviation in the effort in the First World War failed due to a lack of First World War. It also avoids offering a definition of airpower doctrine, a revision the need for which is strategic bombing, save to suggest that economic war- pointed to in the second volume of Mauer Mauer’s fare may be properly considered to be an element of edition of The U.S. Air Service in World War I (1978.) that definition. The following adheres to the long The continuing efforts to understand the world established understanding that many of the aircraft wars as a single historical event and to study them engines successfully used during that war were “from the middle” perspective of technology and derived from an engine designed before the war by engineering1 are appropriate and admirable and thus Ferdinand Porsche.
    [Show full text]
  • Rpioams+Ror^ £W Force. B^&O.^5^T1-H
    rpioAms+ror^ £W Force. B^&o.^5^t1-h^^ri^^f£^.4-/'<^'i HAER NO. NVT-I 38 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD Intermountain Support Office - Denver National Park Service P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225-0287 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD MALMSTROM AIR FORCE BASE, 546th MISSILE SQUADRON (MINUTEMAN III MISSILE FACILITIES) HAERNO. MT-138 Location: Malmstrom Air Force Base (MAFB) is located near the City of Great Falls, Cascade County, Montana. Its 564th Missile Squadron has five Minuteman III Missile Alert Facilities (Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra and Tango) and 50 associated Launch Facilities. The Missile Alert Facilities (MAFs) are located in Pondera and Toole Counties, Montana, and their associated Launch Facilities (LFs) are in Pondera, Toole, and Chouteau Counties. Present Owner: MAFB, US Air Force (USAF) Date of Construction Constructed as a Minuteman II system in 1965-1966; converted to a Minuteman III system in 1975 Architect: Ralph M. ParsonsCompany Builder: Morrison Knudsen Company and Associates Present Use: Deactivated Minuteman III Missile Alert Facilities (MAF) and Launch Facilities (LF) Significance: The 564th is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) squadron based at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. The fifty Minuteman ICBMs maintained and controlled by the 564th Missile Squadron (MS) were integral components of a massive Cold War defense system developed between the early 1960s and mid-1970s. The Minuteman system was designed to protect the United States from a possible nuclear attack as well as to provide a strategic deterrence, a cornerstone of American defense policy of the era. At the peak of the program, the nation's Minuteman arsenal had a total of some 1,000 operational missiles deployed at a series of northern Air Force Bases, including 200 at Malmstrom.
    [Show full text]
  • WRP New Mexico Military Asset List (MAL)
    WRP New Mexico Military Asset List (MAL) Within the Western Regional Partnership (WRP) region, there are significant military testing and training installations and ranges. WRP developed summaries from all of the Services and the National Guard, describing the history, missions, and importance of these assets. These summaries use only publicly available information and are written for the policy maker new to military issues and the military savvy person needing specific military information. It is our hope that WRP Partners use these summaries as a tool for land use planning efforts to encourage compatible growth and ensure future mission viability. Incompatible development (encroachment) comes in many forms but for the military, it means those issues that affect their ability to fulfill their mission on land, in the sea, or in the air. These military summaries are for general planning purposes. Attached New Mexico MAL summaries: Air Force: • Cannon Air Force Base • Holloman Air Force Base • Kirtland Air Force Base • Melrose Air Force Range Army: • Fort Bliss • Fort Bliss Training Center • White Sands Missile Range National Guard: • New Mexico Air National Guard • New Mexico Army National Guard Military Asset List 2016 U.S. Air Force CANNON AIR FORCE BASE : NEW MEXICO Cannon Air Force Base (AFB) is located on the high plains of Eastern New Mexico, near the Texas panhandle. It is named in honor of the late Gen. John K. Cannon, former commander of the Tactical Air Command. Beginning as a small passenger facility for civilians in the 1920’s, the military established a presence at the air base in 1942.
    [Show full text]
  • Impersonal Names Index Listing for the INSCOM Investigative Records Repository, 2010
    Description of document: US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) Impersonal Names Index Listing for the INSCOM Investigative Records Repository, 2010 Requested date: 07-August-2010 Released date: 15-August-2010 Posted date: 23-August-2010 Title of document Impersonal Names Index Listing Source of document: Commander U.S. Army Intelligence & Security Command Freedom of Information/Privacy Office ATTN: IAMG-C-FOI 4552 Pike Road Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-5995 Fax: (301) 677-2956 Note: The IMPERSONAL NAMES index represents INSCOM investigative files that are not titled with the name of a person. Each item in the IMPERSONAL NAMES index represents a file in the INSCOM Investigative Records Repository. You can ask for a copy of the file by contacting INSCOM. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Communism Spreads in East Asia
    Communism Spreads in East Asia China Korea Vietnam China’s Communist Revolution • After WWII, Mao (communist) resumed civil war against the Chiang Kai-shek aka Jiang Jieshi (nationalists) due to his weak and corrupt leadership • Mao wins ▫ People’s Republic of China ▫ Communist ▫ Supported by Soviet Union • Nationalists fled to Taiwan ▫ Supported by USA ▫ Considered breakaway province by mainland China Why Mao Won? • Support of peasants ▫ Redistributed land to peasants ▫ Ended oppression by landlords • Nationalists brought economic hardships, government corruption, reliance on West • Won railroads and captured city by city with help from peasants Mao’s Totalitarian State • One party • No religion: ▫ discouraged practice of Buddhism & Confucianism • Government control of landlords and businesses • Labor camps • Killed opposition • With Soviet help, build infrastructure • Collectivization: forced agricultural land and labor to increase productivity • Allied with the SU in 1950s Great Leap Forward • People to make superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output • Communes: several villages for agriculture and industry • Epic Fail: low quality, useless goods, food shortages ▫ Famine: 2 years= 55 million died • Mao reduces size of communes China’s Cultural Revolution • Goal: Free China of bourgeois (elite/upperclass) tendencies ▫ Red Guards (Mao’s “Gestapo”) beat and killed bourgeois ▫ Skilled workers and managers were forced to leave their jobs and do manual labor, some in labor camps ▫ Schools and factories closed ▫ Economy slowed
    [Show full text]