Ett Slags Modernism I Vetenskapen: Teoretisk Fysik I Sverige Under 1920-Talet (A Kind of Modernism in Science: Theoretical Physics in Sweden During the 1920S)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ett Slags Modernism I Vetenskapen: Teoretisk Fysik I Sverige Under 1920-Talet (A Kind of Modernism in Science: Theoretical Physics in Sweden During the 1920S) ETT SLAGS MODERNISM I VETENSKAPEN Teoretisk fysik i Sverige under 1920-talet KARL GRANDIN Uppsala 1999 Titeln Fysiklektorn Henrik Petrini, vid sekelskiftet känd religionskritiker och rabu- list, hade kring 1930 kommit att intaga en modererande inställning till ny- heterna inom fysiken. Han misstänkte metafysik och pånyttväckta igno- rabimus-fasoner och det gillade han inte. ”Den modernaste mekaniken kan räkna sin upprinnelse från vågteorien för atomerna, och med dennas dunkla utgångspunkter har följt ett slags modernism i vetenskapen. I den klassiska mekaniken har man laborerat med klara utgångspunkter och stränga mate- matiska deduktioner. Nu äro vi inne i en period, där hypoteserna sakna åskådlighet och f. ö. oupphörligt avlösa varandra i hastigt tempo, den ena vildare än den andra. Och den matematiska behandlingen gör intryck av det sublimaste godtycke.” Henrik Petrini, ”Determinism eller indeterminism”, Religion och Kultur 1 (1930), 107. Jfr Epilogen. Omslagsillustrationen – i den omoderna virveln Teckningarna på omslaget illustrerar flödet kring en cylinder, där ström- ningen successivt ökar. Illustrationerna är gjorda av Ludwig Prandtl och återfinns i ett brev till C. W. Oseen. I deras brevväxling försökte de komma underfund med skillnaderna mellan sina respektive hydrodynamiska teorier. Ludwig Prandtl till C. W. Oseen, 14/5 1919, OFA. Jfr Kap. 2. iii Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, Uppsala universitet, Skrifter, nr 22 Redaktörer: Tore Frängsmyr och Karin Johannisson Distribueras av Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, Uppsala universitet, Slottet, SE-752 37 Uppsala Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen vid Uppsala universitet offentligen kommer att försvaras i föreläsningssalen i Gustavianum, freda- gen den 19 november 1999, kl. 10.15. ABSTRACT Grandin, K., 1999. Ett slags modernism i vetenskapen: Teoretisk fysik i Sverige under 1920-talet (A kind of modernism in science: Theoretical physics in Sweden during the 1920s). Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, Uppsala universitet, Skrifter, No. 22, viii + 244 pp. Uppsala. This dissertation considers the development of theoretical physics in Sweden in the 1920s. During this decade, the emphasis of the research in the theoretical physics de- partments of the Swedish universities changed from hydrodynamics to theoretical atom- ic physics. Research in hydrodynamics continued, but henceforth it was mainly con- ducted at the Technical College in Stockholm, which, during this time, was fully occu- pied with developing its own research programme. This development took place through discussion, debate and strategic judgement. This development is investigated in terms of theoretical and experimental physics cultures, as well as through the study of ‘theoretical technologies’ and theoretical tech- niques. By applying these concepts it is easier to understand the developments and to formulate pertinent questions. Hydrodynamics constituted a theoretical technology where the education, the theoretical tools and the traditions for posing and dealing with problems provided the framework for the theoretical work. Four case studies have been made, each of the first three are centred on one main character, whilst the fourth study includes them all. C. W. Oseen is investigated first. His research was devoted almost exclusively to hydrodynamics, although he was well inclined towards, though critical of, the new physics. From the central position he occu- pied within Swedish physics, he was also to judge the new physics, partly as an expert at professorial appointments and partly through the evaluation work within the Nobel physics committee. Oskar Klein and Ivar Waller both belong to the first generation of Swedish theoretical physicists to concentrate their work on the new theoretical physics, but they followed different directions. In the last case study there are examples of how a decision was finally made in favour of the new physics, in connection with the ap- pointment of a professor in Stockholm, and in connection with the Nobel Prize evalua- tions. In this way the focus of theoretical physics came to be changed. Key words: History of science, history of physics, quantum physics, theoretical physics, theoretical technologies, Carl Wilhelm Oseen, Oskar Klein, Ivar Waller, 20th-century Karl Grandin, Office for History of Science, Uppsala University, Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. [email protected] © Karl Grandin 1999 ISSN 0280-7238 Tryckt hos Repro Ekonomikum, Uppsala 1999. Innehåll Förord vii 1. INLEDNING 1 Bakgrund 2 Forskningsläge 8 Problem och metod 15 2. CARL WILHELM OSEEN 19 Hydrodynamiken 19 Verkliga viskösa vätskor 22 Gränsövergång eller gränslager: Oseen och Prandtl 27 En stadig lokal – det teoretiska laboratoriet 43 Den nya fysiken 49 Kontakten med Bohr 49 Konferenser, akademier och kommittéer 61 Etervindar – relativitetsteorin i blåsväder 72 Den nya kvantfysiken 91 Sammanfattning 97 3. OSKAR KLEIN 101 Från Arrhenius till Bohr 103 Mera förstånd på kvantteori: Bohr via Kramers 105 Neutral konferens i Lund 109 Köpenhamn och Lund 112 Ann Arbor 121 Den nya fysiken 131 Komplementariteten 136 Köpenhamnskonferensen 1929 142 v Sammanfattning 144 4. IVAR WALLER 145 Den ambulerande docenten 152 Docenttjänstgöring 160 Sammanfattning 172 5. MATEMATISK ELLER TEORETISK FYSIK? 175 Professuren i Stockholm 1930 177 Nobelkommittén och den nya fysiken 194 Slutsatser 198 Epilog 199 Summary 211 Käll- och litteraturförteckning 217 Personförteckning 241 …en människa kan ju ha specialkunskaper eller speciella erfarenheter om en flod eller källa och dess beskaffenhet utan att fördenskull veta mer än alla andra om andra saker. Men för att sprida denna lilla detalj sätter han ändå igång och skriver en bok om hela fysiken. Det är en ovana som har många stora olägenheter.* Förord Mitt avhandlingsarbete har bedrivits vid Avdelningen för vetenskapshisto- ria i Uppsala. Först och främst förtjänar mina handledare Tore Frängsmyr och Sven Widmalm var sitt stort tack. Både Tore och Sven har varit ett på- tagligt stöd särskilt i slutfasen av avhandlingsskrivandet, för det är jag ut- omordentligt tacksam. De har inte dragit sig för mödan att försöka förstå vad det är jag har velat åstadkomma, och dessutom har de haft lösningar på hur framställningen borde se ut utifrån detta. Jag har även fått råd och uppmuntran från andra håll på Avdelningen. Det var Anders Ekström som till en början fick mig att våga mig på steget över till idé- och lärdomshistorien. Anders’ nyktra och sansade omdöme har fortsatt att vara ett föredöme, det sviktar mig veterligt bara när han tror sig kunna lära mig flugfiskets konst. Torbjörn Gustafsson har ständigt varit ett föredöme med sin arbetsamhet och koncentration. Anders Carlsson har alltid och utan knyst kunna leverera kvalificerad kritik av texter och tankar och vi har haft många givande samtal genom åren. Adrian Thomasson har varit inne på materier nära mina och har även delat avhandlingsupploppet med mig. Frans Lundgren har på slutet delat rum med mig och sköter Lychnos med den äran. Kvaliteten på allt arbete vid Avdelningen skulle vara flera tiopotenser åt fel håll om inte Ulla-Britt Jansson funnits där. Redan från första början av min tid som doktorand lyckades jag dessutom av någon outgrundlig an- ledning vinna hennes förtroende, och har alltsedan dess kommit ifråga för all hjälp som är möjlig att uppbåda av Ulla-Britt själv eller av någon i hen- nes vittförgrenade kontaktnät. * Montaigne, Essäer I (1580) Sv. övers. Jan Stolpe (Stockholm, 1986), 258. Ur es- sän ”Om kannibaler”! vii Alla kollegerna på Slottet tackas också för ett gott kamratskap genom åren; fiske, fotboll, badminton, fredagsdryck, postseminarier, osv. har gjort att vitsen med forskningen framträtt i bättre relief. Jag började mitt forskande med att gräva i samlingarna på Centrum för vetenskapshistoria vid Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien. Denna syssla gjordes så mycket trevligare och mer lönande genom Urban Wråkbergs, Julia Lindkvists och Christer Wijkströms omsorger och hjälp. Numera har Cent- rum även blivit min arbetsplats, och cirkeln är på så vis sluten. Jag har tillbringat sammanlagt tre månader vid Niels Bohr Arkivet i Köpenhamn. Den generositet som visats mig vid mina besök där är svår att återgälda. Min tacksamhet riktar sig därför till Finn Aaserud och hans med- arbetare. Finn har också kommenterat delar av avhandlingen. Inte så långt ifrån Niels Bohr Arkivet ligger Avdelningen för Idé- och lärdomshistoria i Lund. Vistelserna i Lund har alltid varit något att se fram emot. Vännerna på orten har sett till detta. Jag har även haft ett gott utbyte av att deltaga i seminarier och annat vid Avdelningen för teknik- och ve- tenskapshistoria vid Kungl. Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm. Till alla andra som bistått och intresserat sig för mitt arbete under åren riktar jag också ett stort tack. Särskilt tack riktar sig till de som ägnat mina manus uppmärksamhet. Flera av de ovan nämnda har gjort det i olika ut- sträckning. Suzanne Gieser kommenterade stora delar av avdelningen i dess slutseminarieversion. Suzanne Lidström granskade abstract och sum- mary. Från en av mina huvudpersoners släktingar har jag erhållit både vänligt intresse och hjälp med stora delar av ett mycket värdefullt källmaterial. Mitt tack går därför till Arne Waller och Marianne Stockman. Som sig bör kan ingen ovan lastas för annat än eventuella förtjänster i avhandlingen, resten är mitt verk. Jag har haft doktorandtjänst vid Humanistiskt Samhällsvetenskapliga Forskningsrådet (HSFR).
Recommended publications
  • Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Name Spacecraft / 1958 “Pioneer” Mass[Luna] No
    Deep Space Chronicle: Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Spacecraft / Mass Launch Date / Launch Place / Launch Vehicle / Nation / Design & Objective Outcome* Name No. Time Pad No. Organization Operation 1958 “Pioneer” Able 1 38 kg 08-17-58 / 12:18 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 127 U.S. AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 1 c. 360 kg 09-23-58 / 09:03:23 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-3 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer Able 2 38.3 kg 10-11-58 / 08:42:13 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 130 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 2 c. 360 kg 10-11-58 / 23:41:58 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-4 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 2 Able 3 39.6 kg 11-08-58 / 07:30 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 129 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 3 c. 360 kg 12-04-58 / 18:18:44 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-5 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 3 - 5.87 kg 12-06-58 / 05:44:52 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-11 U.S. NASA / ABMA lunar flyby U 1959 Luna 1 Ye-1 / 4 361.3 kg 01-02-59 / 16:41:21 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-6 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact P Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, andPlanetary Probes1958–2000 ofAllDeepSpace,Lunar, Master Table Pioneer 4 - 6.1 kg 03-03-59 / 05:10:45 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-14 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
    [Show full text]
  • Horisont STIIHILINE SUURLIN­ NADE KASVAMINE SÜ­ VENDAB NENDE PUU­ DUSI
    MH Ш/Шл Jr ffl H^H K s Horisont STIIHILINE SUURLIN­ NADE KASVAMINE SÜ­ VENDAB NENDE PUU­ DUSI. Nikolai Ullas, professor, Lenini preemia BftjMHfi1 laureaat #Диии . Mind aga võlub Unn. Ta rühk, щй&е ta tahm, ta tuled . ENN VETEMAA, «Apoteoos sünnilinnale». Õn traagiline, et meie linnad peavad esmajärje­ korras majutama autosid, — nii seisvaid kui liiku­ vaid. DOXIADIS, kreeka arhitekt SS- I Л ** . ж 1Ш Esikaan ja esikaane sisekülg HEINO KERSNALT. EESTI NSV ÜHINGU,,TEADU S" POPULAARTEADUSLIK AJAKIRI m ASUTATUD 196 7. A. ® ILMUB ÜKS KORD KUUS® EKP KESKKOMITEE KIRJASTUS, TALLINN Horisont. NR. 8 AUGUST 1969 Läbi sajandite ideaalse poole RAIMO PULLAT 2 * * * sajandil MALLE MEELAK 3 Linn areneb LEONID VOLKOV 24 Kümmekonna aasta pärast RENE PALIS 32 Kuidas linlane puhkab ASTA PALM 40 Tallinn muudab ilmet MART PORT 42 Molekuli saladuste jälil INTERVJUU 54 Ära hüüa hunti! FARLEY MO WAT 57 Aju ja masin KIRILL MASSAJEV 69 Enne kui filmida ARTUR RÄTSEP 72 LÄBI SAJANDITE IDEAALSE POOLE RAIMO PULLAT, ajalookandidaat Inimkonna ajalugu tunneb lugema­ tohutud inimhulgad. Kapitalismi tingi­ tuid linnu — linnu, mis õn hävinud, ja mustes süveneb vastuolu linna ja maa teisi, mis püsivad tänapäevani. Mee­ vahel. Kapitalistlik linn ekspluateerib nutagem tähtsaid tsivilisatsioonikeskusi: küla. Linna ja küla antagonismi kaota­ esimesel aastatuhandel enne mele aja­ mist igatsesid paljud mineviku mõtle­ arvamist Babülon, siis Rtolemaiose jad. Täiuslikust linnaühiskonnast unista­ Aleksandria ja Justinianuse Bütsants, sid juba Platon ja Aristoteles. Sadu aas­ Rjurikute Kiiev ja kuulus kaubalinn taid tagasi vaidlesid ideaalse linna üle Novgorod, Elizabethi-aegne London, Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella jt. Medicite Firenze, Neevalinn Peter­ Citta ideale kontseptsiooni leiame kä buri, suurlinnad New Yorkr Chicago, 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Lawrence Lee, PhD [email protected] +1 856 765 4622 cern.ch/larry Broadly-trained particle physicist with expertise in searching for physics beyond the standard model at particle colliders. Particular expertise in supersymmetry, long- lived particles, and unconventional searches. Technical skills include expertise in detector data acquisition system, analysis software, and detector simulation. Professional Experience Research Associate / Postdoctoral Fellow, LPPC 2016– Harvard University, Cambridge, MA – Supervisor: J. Huth Research Associate, CoEPP 2014–16 The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia – Supervisor: P. Jackson Education Ph.D. Physics, Yale University – Supervisor: T. Golling 2014 B.S. Physics, Rutgers University – Supervisors: R. Ransome, R. Gilman, R. Tumulka 2009 Research Experience MEMBER OF THE ATLAS COLLABORATION 2009– NEW SMALL WHEEL MUON SPECTROMETER UPGRADE Micromegas Trigger Coordinator 2020– Integration of trigger electronics for the micromegas detector of the New Small Wheel (NSW) upgrade for the ATLAS muon spectrometer Online Software Coordination 2019– Designed, implemented, and/or maintain the readout, configuration, and cali- bration software systems for the NSW Micromegas Digitization 2017–18 Responsible for digitization and simulation of the readout and trigger paths for the micromegas detector for the NSW PHYSICS ANALYSIS Convener of SUSY RPV/LL sub-group 2017–19 Defined standards and direction of searches for long-lived particles and R-parity- violating supersymmetry. Served two terms. Searches
    [Show full text]
  • Cv: Erin O'sullivan
    CV: ERIN O'SULLIVAN Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] http://icecube.wisc.edu/~eosullivan Postdoctoral Appointments • 04/2017 { present: Postdoctoral Research Associate, IceCube and Hyper-Kamiokande collabo- rations, Stockholm University, Sweden • 05/2014 { 03/2017: Postdoctoral Research Associate, Super-Kamiokande and Hyper-Kamiokande collaborations, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Education • 09/2008 { 04/2014: PhD, Queen's University, SNO+ collaboration, Kingston, ON, Canada, Advisor - Mark Chen Grants • PI of a Stockholm University - University of Tokyo cooperation grant, valued at 150,000 SEK Positions of leadership • 2016 { present: Convener of the Hyper-Kamiokande software group • 2018 { present: Swedish delegate on the Hyper-Kamiokande International Board of Representa- tives • 2017 { 2018: Coordinator of the public release of the Hyper-Kamiokande design report • Referee for the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics since 2018 • 2017 { present: Internal IceCube reviewer for an analysis searching for coincidences between fast radio bursts and MeV-scale neutrinos • 2018 { present: One of four members on the task force responsible for determining the configu- ration of photosensors to be used in the final design of the Hyper-Kamiokande detector • 2015 { 2016: Review panel member for the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program • 2009 { 2014: Director of Graduate Student Members, Canadian Association of Physicists Invited presentations (16 invited presentations since 2015, including 2 international summer schools) • New windows to the Universe symposium, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, November 2018. \Neutrino astronomy with IceCube" • International Workshop on Next Generation Nucleon Decay and Neutrino Detectors (NNN), Uni- versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, November 2018. \Current and future prospects of solar and supernova neutrinos" • OKC@10 symposium, Artipelag, Stockholm, Sweden, September 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oskar Klein Centre Stockholm University Sweden
    Luca Visinelli H +46 72 141 5617 The Oskar Klein Centre B [email protected] Stockholm University Í goo.gl/exib2J Sweden luca.visinelli Education December 16, Ph.D. in Physics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. 2011 Advisor: Dr. Paolo Gondolo. Thesis: Axions in CDM and inflation models August 6, 2011 M.Sc. in Physics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. Advisor: Dr. Paolo Gondolo. Topics: Theoretical physics June 22, 2007 B.Sc. in Physics, University of Bologna, Italy. Advisor: Dr. Fiorenzo Bastianelli. Thesis: Neutrino oscillations in curved spacetime. Grade: 110/110 cum Laude October 14, “Laurea Triennale” B.Sc. in Physics, University of Bologna, Italy. 2005 Advisor: Dr. Giovanni Carlo Bonsignori. Thesis: The Interacting Boson Model. Grade: 110/110 cum Laude July 4, 2002 High School Diploma, High School “E. Fermi”, Bologna, Italy. Grade: 100/100 Research experience 2016 – Today Researcher, Stockholm University (Sweden) Principal investigator: Prof. Katherine Freese (U. of Michigan and Stockholm U.) I am currently working at Stockholm University on WIMP capture, axion cosmology and astrophysics, modeling and evolution of dark stars with the MESA stellar code, reheating after inflation. My interview at the Oskar Klein Centre can be found at this website. 2013 – 2015 Postdoctoral Fellow, Mediterranean Center on Climate Changes (CMCC), Bologna Principal investigators: Simona Masina (2013-2015), Marcello Vichi (2013-2014); I have extended the numerical code for data assimilation used at CMCC, to include observations of biogeochemical quantities in the simulation. The data assimilation code has been coupled to the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO) and to the ocean Biogeochemical Flux Model (BFM), to simulate the ocean carbon uptake for the past decades on a high performance computing.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Astronomia Nova
    Index of Astronomia Nova Index of Astronomia Nova. M. Capderou, Handbook of Satellite Orbits: From Kepler to GPS, 883 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03416-4, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Bibliography Books are classified in sections according to the main themes covered in this work, and arranged chronologically within each section. General Mechanics and Geodesy 1. H. Goldstein. Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, Mass., 1956 2. L. Landau & E. Lifchitz. Mechanics (Course of Theoretical Physics),Vol.1, Mir, Moscow, 1966, Butterworth–Heinemann 3rd edn., 1976 3. W.M. Kaula. Theory of Satellite Geodesy, Blaisdell Publ., Waltham, Mass., 1966 4. J.-J. Levallois. G´eod´esie g´en´erale, Vols. 1, 2, 3, Eyrolles, Paris, 1969, 1970 5. J.-J. Levallois & J. Kovalevsky. G´eod´esie g´en´erale,Vol.4:G´eod´esie spatiale, Eyrolles, Paris, 1970 6. G. Bomford. Geodesy, 4th edn., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980 7. J.-C. Husson, A. Cazenave, J.-F. Minster (Eds.). Internal Geophysics and Space, CNES/Cepadues-Editions, Toulouse, 1985 8. V.I. Arnold. Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (60), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989 9. W. Torge. Geodesy, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991 10. G. Seeber. Satellite Geodesy, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1993 11. E.W. Grafarend, F.W. Krumm, V.S. Schwarze (Eds.). Geodesy: The Challenge of the 3rd Millennium, Springer, Berlin, 2003 12. H. Stephani. Relativity: An Introduction to Special and General Relativity,Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004 13. G. Schubert (Ed.). Treatise on Geodephysics,Vol.3:Geodesy, Elsevier, Oxford, 2007 14. D.D. McCarthy, P.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Étude De L'atmosphère De Vénus À L'aide D'un Modèle De Réfraction Lors
    Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du passage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012 Christophe Pere To cite this version: Christophe Pere. Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du pas- sage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012. Autre. Université Côte d’Azur, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016AZUR4063. tel-01477867 HAL Id: tel-01477867 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01477867 Submitted on 27 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE´ NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS - UFR Sciences E´cole doctorale no 364 : Sciences Fondamentales et Appliqu´e es THE`SE pour obtenir le titre de Docteur en Sciences de l’UNIVERSITE´ Nice Sophia Antipolis Sp´ecialit´e: “SCIENCES DE LA PLANETE` ET DE L’UNIVERS” pr´esent´eeet soutenue publiquement par Christophe PERE Etude´ de l’atmosph`ere de V´enus `al’aide d’un mod`ele de r´efraction lors du passage devant le Soleil du 5-6 Juin 2012 Directeur de th`ese : Paolo TANGA Co-directeur de th`ese : Thomas WIDEMANN le 23 septembre 2016 Jury M.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Introduction and Literiture
    A STUDY OF VIBRATION-INDUCED FRETTING CORROSION FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information ________________________________________ Fei Xie Certificate of Approval: ______________________________ ______________________________ George T. Flowers, Co-Chair R. Wayne Johnson, Co-Chair Alumni Professor Ginn Professor Mechanical Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering ______________________________ ______________________________ Thomas A. Baginski John L. Evans Professor Associate Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Industry and Systems Engineering _____________________________ Joe F. Pittman Interim Dean Graduate School A STUDY OF VIBRATION-INDUCED FRETTING CORROSION FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS Fei Xie A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 10, 2007 A STUDY OF VIBRATION-INDUCED FRETTING CORROSION FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS Fei Xie Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. _____________________________ Signature of Author _____________________________ Date of Graduation iii VITA Fei Xie, son of Zuogui Xie and Xiane Zhan, was born on February 5, 1968, in Hubei province, China. He entered the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China, in September 1986 and four years later, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. He then worked in Beijing as an electrical engineer at the Institute of Railway Science from July 1990 to March 1993 and Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics from April 1993 to August 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • Einstein's Contributions to Atomic Physics
    IOP PUBLISHING PHYSICA SCRIPTA Phys. Scr. 79 (2009) 058101 (10pp) doi:10.1088/0031-8949/79/05/058101 Einstein’s contributions to atomic physics Lorenzo J Curtis Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA E-mail: [email protected] Received 15 January 2009 Accepted for publication 16 January 2009 Published 29 April 2009 Online at stacks.iop.org/PhysScr/79/058101 Abstract Many of the epoch-breaking papers that have been published by Einstein are remembered today as treatises dealing with various isolated phenomena rather than as direct consequences of a new unified world view. This paper traces the various ways in which ten papers published by Einstein during the period 1905–1925 influenced the development of the modern atomic paradigm, and illustrates how these discoveries can be made intuitive and pedagogically useful. PACS numbers: 30.00, 01.65.+g 1. Introduction It is clear why Drude accepted these manuscripts without hesitation. There is a striking clarity of exposition in these four Models for atomic structure are often associated with certain papers that makes it apparent that these were not to Einstein individuals, such as the ‘atoms’ of Thomson, Rutherford, a series of isolated studies of separate problems. The papers Bohr, Schrödinger and Dirac. Although it is seldom were instead a manifestation of a new enlightenment that had specifically mentioned, many aspects of the development of come into existence in the mind of Einstein that made these these models were suggested or heavily influenced by Albert seemingly different problems become recognizable pieces of Einstein in papers that are primarily remembered for other a puzzle that fell uniquely into place.
    [Show full text]
  • Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment Report 2012-2014 If Not Indicated Differently, Pictures Are Taken by Co-Workers at the Division
    Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment Report 2012-2014 If not indicated differently, pictures are taken by co-workers at the Division. Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment with KTH Environmental Humanities Laboratory. POSTAL ADDRESS KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden VISITING ADDRESS Teknikringen 74D, 5th floor, Stockholm PRINTED BY US-AB, 2015 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 BRIEF BACKGROUND 6 STRATEGY 8 KTH ENVIRONMENTAL HUMANITIES LABORATORY 10 INTERNATIONALIZATION 14 TEACHING AND TRAINING 18 RESEARCH PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS 24 COOPERATION, COMMUNICATION AND IMPACT 29 PUBLISHING 31 OUR WORKPLACE 34 APPENDIX: COWORKERS 2012 – 2014 36 APPENDIX: VISITING SCHOLARS 40 APPENDIX: ARRANGED CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS AND SUMMER SCHOOLS 42 APPENDIX: COLLOQUIA 51 APPENDIX: ARCHIPELAGO LECTURES 55 APPENDIX: RESEARCH PROJECTS 56 APPENDIX: PUBLICATIONS 2012-14 68 INTRODUCTION FOR A NUMBER of years the Division of History of Science and Technology, KTH issued an annual report listing our publications and conference participation, semi- nars and visits as well as teaching and PhD training. These reports have proven valu- able for many reasons, not the least as both personal and institutional reference over time. We can now look at these documents and compare, see patterns and remem- ber. In this report, we have tried to take a step further, including some discussion and reflection. THE LAST FEW years have been transformative in many ways and the Division has grown in scale and in scope. In 2011 the name was changed to the Division of His- tory of Science, Technology and Environment and we have doubled the turnover since 2005. We are in the middle of our second strategy and it is valuable to try and both summarize and look forward in a more concerted way.
    [Show full text]
  • Dsc Pub Edited
    1964 40) Atlas booster separation and left the system Ranger 6 inoperable. The cameras were to have trans- Nation: U.S. (17) mitted high-resolution photos of the lunar Objective(s): lunar impact approach from 1,448 kilometers to 6.4 kilo- Spacecraft: P-53 / Ranger-A meters range in support of Project Apollo. Spacecraft Mass: 364.69 kg Impact coordinates were 9°24' north latitude Mission Design and Management: NASA JPL and 21°30' east longitude. Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Agena B (no. 8 / Atlas D no. 199 / Agena B no. 6008) 41) Launch Date and Time: 30 January 1964 / no name / [Zond] 15:49:09 UT Nation: USSR (24) Launch Site: ETR / launch complex 12 Objective(s): Venus flyby Scientific Instruments: Spacecraft: 3MV-1A (no. 4A) 1) imaging system (six TV cameras) Spacecraft Mass: c. 800 kg Results: This fourth American attempt at Mission Design and Management: OKB-1 lunar impact was the closest success. The Launch Vehicle: 8K78 (no. T15000-19) spacecraft, the first Block III type vehicle Launch Date and Time: 19 February 1964 / with a suite of six TV cameras, was sterilized 05:47:40 UT to avoid contaminating the lunar surface. The Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 1 series would also serve as a test bed for Scientific Instruments: future interplanetary spacecraft by deploying 1) radiation detector systems (such as solar panels) that could be 2) charged-particle detector used for more ambitious missions. The Block 3) magnetometer III spacecraft carried a 173-kilogram TV unit 4) piezoelectric detector (replacing the impact capsule carried on the 5) atomic hydrogen detector Block II Ranger spacecraft).
    [Show full text]